geo lab final

__________ occurs at ocean rudges, whereas ____________ occurs at subduction zones

decompression melting; flux melting

To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be

100 feet

The Public Land Survey System is used in all except

Massachusetts

A series of concentric contour lines may indicate

a depression and a hill

The topography of a landscape can be shown by

a digital elevation model, a Landsat satellite image, a contour map. (all of the above)

Shear stress is what is generated when we use which of the following tools?

a pair of scissors

a hypothesis is

a tentative explanation of a natural phenomenon or Earth material

Isotherms on weather maps differ from contour lines in that they

can go uphill

Contour lines on a topographic map

cannot cross

Geologists classify minerals into groups like silicates based on their

chemical composition

Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate

depressions

In the plate tectonic model, large-scale tensional stress is found at

divergent plate boundaries

Grain size typically increases with the metamorphic intensity in all except

dynamic metamorphism

Which of the following map elements is not shown on an aerial photograph?

elevations and slope steepness

the release of oxygen by green plants during photosynthesis is an example of a

flux involving the biosphere and atmosphere

Sinkholes typically have steep-walled sides because

gravity causes the roof of an area hollowed by solution to collapse

Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate

numerous collisions between particles extensive transportation

Contour lines on a map connect points

of equal elevation

In an anticline, the _______________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _____________ one another.

oldest; away from

A map scale of 1:24,000 means that

one inch on the map corresponds to 2,000 feet on the ground

The zero contour line is know as

sea level

Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because

sedimentary rocks form in the same environment where the plants and animals lived and died

Igneous rock form by what?

solidification of magma at the surface or within the earth

If the water table in an area drops below the level of stream channels

stream levels will drop water leaks from the stream into the ground

The difference between a plunging and non-plunging fold is that

the hinge of a plunging fold is not horizontal.

Volcanic arcs form above subduction zones During chemical weathering

the mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes

Strike and dip refer to

the orientation of a bed or fault.

In a syncline, the _______________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _____________ one another.

youngest; toward

You have been asked to draw a map of a part of your campus on a piece of 8 1/2 x 11" paper. You first try a scale of 1:1,000 but the paper is not large enough. Which of the following scales might work?

1:5,000

Match the type of fault with the stress that produces it.

Normal dip-slip: Tension Reverse dip-slip: compression Strike-slip: Shear

Collision of two continental plates would cause

Regional metamorphism

The term metamorphic grade refers to

The degree in which it has changed from it original

When chemical bonds in a mineral are stronger in some directions than in others, the result is

cleavage

Mohs hardness scale described the relative hardness of ten minerals, not their absolute hardness. This means that

diamond is harder than talc, but how much harder is not indicated

The___ of a stream is where it begins, and its ___ is where it flows into another body of water

headwaters; mouth

The major source of energy to melt rock within the Earth and to cause earthquakes is

heat energy generated inside the earth

Properties required for a material to be an aquifer include

high porosity and high permeability

What can process in the rock cycle

igneous rock into sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks into sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rocks into different sedimentary rocks

Glassy and porous textures are characteristic of

igneous rocks

The asthenosphere is

layer of low rigidity that separates the rigid lithosphere from the rigid mantle

Vertical exaggeration is often used on maps and map profiles in order to

make topographic features like hills and valleys more visible.

Every mineral has a preferred crystal shape(habit), but most mineral grains do not display that shape because

many grains interfere with one another when they grow

Porphyroblasts are

metamorphic minerals that have grown larger than the rest of the minerals

The datum on which all longitude is based is the

prime meridian

The difference between sills and dikes is that

sills are parallel to layering in surrounding rocks while dikes cut across the layering

The texture of a rock includes the ____ of its constituent grains

size, shape, and orientation

On a map with a scale of 1:48,000, a distance of 1 mile would be represented by __________ inch(es).

slightly more than 1

Dendritic, trellis and rectangular drainage patterns are the result of the

structure and erodibility of the rocks underlying region

Which of the following mineral properties is chemical rather than physical?

taste

The eastern edge of the North American continent is

the edge of the continental shelf because that is where continental crust ends and oceanic crust begins

The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that

the plate on which those organisms are found has moved from a different climate zone to its current Arctic position

A travel time curve shows graphically

the velocities of the different kinds of seismic waves

A vertical exaggeration of 1.00 on a topographic profile means

the vertical scale of the profile is the same as the map scale.

The agents that cause metamorphism include all except

time

"Base line" and "principal meridian" are reference lines in the

township and range (Public Land Survey) system

In the plate tectonic model, large-scale shear stress is found at

transform faults

The only type of plate boundary at which there is no vertical transfer material between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is a

transfrom fault

During transmission of an S-wave, particles in a rock___ as the energy passes through the rock

vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling

The epicenter of an earthquake is

vibration causes water to coat sediment grains, greatly lessening friction

Volcanic arcs from above subduction zones

wherever oceanic lithosphere is subducted

In the plate tectonic model, large-scale compressional stress is found at

convergent plate boundaries

In identifying a rock, a geologist (or geology student) must consider its

mineral content and texture