geo lab final
__________ occurs at ocean rudges, whereas ____________ occurs at subduction zones
decompression melting; flux melting
To show topography in a rugged, mountainous area, the most appropriate contour interval would be
100 feet
The Public Land Survey System is used in all except
Massachusetts
A series of concentric contour lines may indicate
a depression and a hill
The topography of a landscape can be shown by
a digital elevation model, a Landsat satellite image, a contour map. (all of the above)
Shear stress is what is generated when we use which of the following tools?
a pair of scissors
a hypothesis is
a tentative explanation of a natural phenomenon or Earth material
Isotherms on weather maps differ from contour lines in that they
can go uphill
Contour lines on a topographic map
cannot cross
Geologists classify minerals into groups like silicates based on their
chemical composition
Small tick marks (hachures) on contour lines indicate
depressions
In the plate tectonic model, large-scale tensional stress is found at
divergent plate boundaries
Grain size typically increases with the metamorphic intensity in all except
dynamic metamorphism
Which of the following map elements is not shown on an aerial photograph?
elevations and slope steepness
the release of oxygen by green plants during photosynthesis is an example of a
flux involving the biosphere and atmosphere
Sinkholes typically have steep-walled sides because
gravity causes the roof of an area hollowed by solution to collapse
Well-rounded grains in a clastic sedimentary rock indicate
numerous collisions between particles extensive transportation
Contour lines on a map connect points
of equal elevation
In an anticline, the _______________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _____________ one another.
oldest; away from
A map scale of 1:24,000 means that
one inch on the map corresponds to 2,000 feet on the ground
The zero contour line is know as
sea level
Most fossils are found in sedimentary rocks because
sedimentary rocks form in the same environment where the plants and animals lived and died
Igneous rock form by what?
solidification of magma at the surface or within the earth
If the water table in an area drops below the level of stream channels
stream levels will drop water leaks from the stream into the ground
The difference between a plunging and non-plunging fold is that
the hinge of a plunging fold is not horizontal.
Volcanic arcs form above subduction zones During chemical weathering
the mineralogy of previously existing rocks changes
Strike and dip refer to
the orientation of a bed or fault.
In a syncline, the _______________ rocks are exposed in the axial region of the fold, and beds typically dip _____________ one another.
youngest; toward
You have been asked to draw a map of a part of your campus on a piece of 8 1/2 x 11" paper. You first try a scale of 1:1,000 but the paper is not large enough. Which of the following scales might work?
1:5,000
Match the type of fault with the stress that produces it.
Normal dip-slip: Tension Reverse dip-slip: compression Strike-slip: Shear
Collision of two continental plates would cause
Regional metamorphism
The term metamorphic grade refers to
The degree in which it has changed from it original
When chemical bonds in a mineral are stronger in some directions than in others, the result is
cleavage
Mohs hardness scale described the relative hardness of ten minerals, not their absolute hardness. This means that
diamond is harder than talc, but how much harder is not indicated
The___ of a stream is where it begins, and its ___ is where it flows into another body of water
headwaters; mouth
The major source of energy to melt rock within the Earth and to cause earthquakes is
heat energy generated inside the earth
Properties required for a material to be an aquifer include
high porosity and high permeability
What can process in the rock cycle
igneous rock into sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks into sedimentary rocks, sedimentary rocks into different sedimentary rocks
Glassy and porous textures are characteristic of
igneous rocks
The asthenosphere is
layer of low rigidity that separates the rigid lithosphere from the rigid mantle
Vertical exaggeration is often used on maps and map profiles in order to
make topographic features like hills and valleys more visible.
Every mineral has a preferred crystal shape(habit), but most mineral grains do not display that shape because
many grains interfere with one another when they grow
Porphyroblasts are
metamorphic minerals that have grown larger than the rest of the minerals
The datum on which all longitude is based is the
prime meridian
The difference between sills and dikes is that
sills are parallel to layering in surrounding rocks while dikes cut across the layering
The texture of a rock includes the ____ of its constituent grains
size, shape, and orientation
On a map with a scale of 1:48,000, a distance of 1 mile would be represented by __________ inch(es).
slightly more than 1
Dendritic, trellis and rectangular drainage patterns are the result of the
structure and erodibility of the rocks underlying region
Which of the following mineral properties is chemical rather than physical?
taste
The eastern edge of the North American continent is
the edge of the continental shelf because that is where continental crust ends and oceanic crust begins
The presence of tropical plants and animals hundreds of millions of years old near the North Pole suggests that
the plate on which those organisms are found has moved from a different climate zone to its current Arctic position
A travel time curve shows graphically
the velocities of the different kinds of seismic waves
A vertical exaggeration of 1.00 on a topographic profile means
the vertical scale of the profile is the same as the map scale.
The agents that cause metamorphism include all except
time
"Base line" and "principal meridian" are reference lines in the
township and range (Public Land Survey) system
In the plate tectonic model, large-scale shear stress is found at
transform faults
The only type of plate boundary at which there is no vertical transfer material between the lithosphere and asthenosphere is a
transfrom fault
During transmission of an S-wave, particles in a rock___ as the energy passes through the rock
vibrate perpendicular to the direction the wave is traveling
The epicenter of an earthquake is
vibration causes water to coat sediment grains, greatly lessening friction
Volcanic arcs from above subduction zones
wherever oceanic lithosphere is subducted
In the plate tectonic model, large-scale compressional stress is found at
convergent plate boundaries
In identifying a rock, a geologist (or geology student) must consider its
mineral content and texture