GEOG-1 Exam #2

in aquatic environments, about 10-15% of eaten material is used for growth in ____. herbivores carnivores herbivores and carnivores neither herbivores nor carnivores.

herbivores and carnivores

Conversion of carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen involves ____. A)photosynthesis B)evapotranspiration C)respiration D)perspiration

photosynthesis

Climate affects soil ____. A) depth over time B) no answers are true C) E horizon formation D) all answers are true E) acidity F) weathering

All answers are true

Which is true? A) Vegetation modifies soil development B) None are true. C) Animals modify soil development D) Soils modify vegetation growth E) All are true.

All are true

Sedimentary rocks form because of ____. organic deposition x All three answers are correct. cementation of clastic materials chemical binding No answers given here are correct.

All three answers are correct

Subduction occurs at convergent ____. oceanic-oceanic plate boundaries oceanic-continental plate boundaries continental-continental plate boundaries oceanic-oceanic and oceanic-continental plate boundaries

oceanic-oceanic and oceanic-continental plate boundaries

Extrusive igneous rocks have _____. large crystalline structures because the rock expands small crystalline structures because they cool faster small crystalline structure because they exfoliate large crystalline structures because they are metamorphic

small crystalline structures because they cool faster

Isostatic rebound is caused by ____. continental glacial melting erosion continental glacier formation plate collisions

continental glacial melting

The Moho (Mohorovicic) Discontinuity separates the ____. crust and lithosphere lithosphere and asthenosphere asthenosphere and inner mantle crust and asthenosphere

crust and lithosphere

Biogeography is the combination of: A) Phytogeography & Zoology B) Pedology & Geomorphology C) Phytogeography & Pedology D) Zoogeology & Pedology

Phytogeography & Zoology

We know that plate tectonics existed before Pangaea because ____. present continents are made up of continental collision fragments none of these answers is true one continent split apart, making smaller continents some continental fragments were under water

present continents are made up of continental collision fragments

California has all biomes except ____. tundra mediterranean scrub conifers desert tropical rainforest

tropical rainforest

The Dust Bowl in the 1930's is understood in terms of: A) land use B) none of the three answers C) climate and weather D) climate, weather and land use

Climate, Weather and Land Use

The solum is the ___. A) B through C horizons B) O through A horizons C) A through B horizons D) pedon

A through B horizons

The longest long-term storage in the carbon pool is found in the ____. A) hydrosphere B) soil C) crust D) plants E) atmosphere

Crust

Eluviation is a strong component of ____ soil horizons A) C B) B C) none of the selections D) E

E

____ are associate with bogs, but not tundra. A)Gelisols B)Inceptisols C)Entisols D)Oxisols E)Histosols

Histosols

____ biomes often have winter rainfall and summer drought. desert temperate grassland savanna Mediterranean scrub

Mediterranean scrub

Before photosynthesis, the ____ horizon did not exist. A) B B) E C) A D) O

O

Species living in one habitat in a geographic realm are different from species in a similar habitat of a different geographic realm because of ____. convergent evolution different niches ecology mutation natural predation

convergent evolution

Carbon storage from the atmosphere to the earth's crust, plants, soil, and marine sediments requires ____. A) transpiration B) evaporation C) photosynthesis D) respiration

photosynthesis

Metamorphic rock ____. melts completely and cools x rearranges internal rock structure by heat and pressure is deposited in layers is lithified and cemented

rearranges internal rock structure by heat and pressure

____ has the most field capacity. A) silt B) silt clay loam C) sand D) clay E) loamy sand

silt clay loam

Mild winters are a hallmark of many____ biomes. northern coniferous forest temperate deciduous rainforest tropical rainforest all three answers are correct none of the answers is correct

temperate deciduous rainforest

____ changes the soil characteristics (e.g. soil type) in a soil catena. A)Water-borne deposition B)all of the answers are incorrect C)Water-borne transport D)Water infiltration E)Water infiltration, transport and deposition

Water infiltration, transport and deposition

We can estimate the density of the earth using ____. deep rock sample density the size and mass of the earth deep rock samples and earth's mass and size neither answer

deep rock samples and earth's mass and size

____ is most permeable A) sand B) (All are equally pereable) C) silt D) clay

sand

Metamorphized ____ becomes slate. shale granite limestone sandstone

shale

Clay accumulation, but not calcium carbonate or gypsum in the B horizon is consistent with ____ formation. A)Alfisols B)Oxisols C)Aridisols D)Spodsols

Alfisols

Sedimentary rock can be composed of ____. igneous rock all rock types metamorphic rock sedimentary rock

all rock types

____ are caused by pyroclastic flows and volcanic ash fall. A)Vertisols B)Andisols C)Ultisols D)Mollisols

andisols

Lithification occurs ____. over time when water is squeezed out due to cementation after melting

due to cementation

The Appalachian Mountains, although old, remain above the water because ____. of recent terane wrecks continental crust is lighter than water x continental crust is lighter and floats higher on the mantle erosion makes the crust thinner around the mountains, and isostacy causes them to rise

erosion makes the crust thinner around the mountains, and isostacy causes them to rise

Continental crust is primarily made of ____. feldspar and manganese feldspar and silica manganese and silica manganese and iron

feldspar and silica

Quartz (SiO2) is a common element in the continental crust because ____. it precipitates from the sky it sinks into the earth as silicone rusts it rises as it melts in subduction zones it forms by mafic rock weathering

it rises as it melts in subduction zones

The asthenosphere is ____. liquid plastic solid rubbery

plastic

Taiga is most likely to have ____ below it. A)Mollisols B)Ultisols C)Oxisols D)Spodsols

spodsols

___ developed one of the two lines separating Indomalayan and Australian zoogeographic realms. Alexander von Humboldt Alfred Weber Charles Darwin Francis Crick

Alfred Weber

Translocation occurs in the ____ soil horizon. A) all of these horizons B) O C) E D) B E) A

all of these horizons

Oceanic crust is ____ than continental crust denser and thicker denser and thinner lighter and thicker lighter and thinner

denser and thinner

A vertical wall-like structure of igneous rock is called a laccolith batholith sill dike

dike

Minerals are _____. crystalline lattice structures (no answer is correct) inorganic inorganic crystalline structures

inorganic crystalline structures

Animals in different habitats in the same zoogeographic realm differ because of ____. animal ranges differ convergent evolution ecological niches natural selection

natural selection

Exfoliation occurs due to ____. contracting while cooling pressure release when overlying rock is removed rocks expand when heated rocks are compressed by extreme pressure after forming x

pressure release when overlying rock is removed

The nature of the solid core is studied using refraction and time delay information from ____ passing through it. primary (P) waves secondary (S) waves primary and secondary waves none of these options is correct

primary (P) waves

Soils in ____ climates are more likely to be neutral A)wet (rainy, such as AF) B)semi-arid (steppe, BS) C)none of the above D)dry/arid (desert, BW)

semi-arid

Plate boundaries are located by following sites of ____. sea floor spreading sea floor spreading and trenches none of these answers is correct subduction trenches abrupt changes in the record of geological strata all answers are correct

all answers are correct

The region within which a species operates most effectively adapted is called its ____. habitat niche zoogegraphic realm convergent evolution

niche

Plants have ____ in a zone of physiological stress. a high population a low population no population intolerance their optimum range

a low population

Illuviation is common in soil horizon ____. A) A B) none of the answers is correct C) B D) E

B

The concept of sea floor spreading was supported by ____. similarity of now unconnected rock formations parts continents fitting together like pieces of a puzzle none of these answers fossils of the same species on only parts of once connected continents all three answers

all three answers

Island species vary based on island size distance to mainland variety of niches all three answers are correct no answers are correct

all three answers are correct

The rate of photosynthesis is influenced by ____. relative humidity temperature recent rainfall all three are factors none of these answers

all three are factors

The production of herbicides by sage to suppress other plant growth is an example of ____. amensalism predation mutualism vicariance

amensalism

Primary succession involves growth of ____. annual vegetation growing on bare soil perennials taking over from annuals first forest trees taking over grasslands deciduous forest taking over from initial conifer growth

annual vegetation growing on bare soil

Soil distributions are highly related (correlated) to ____. A)climate B)weather C)none of the above D)organisms

climate