Geog 103 Test #2
which law ushered slavery into Colonial America?
Virginia Slave Code
During the Reverse Migration, the "reverse migrants" relocated disproportionately to _ Southern states
5
what was the slave landscape?
a system of paths, places, and rhythms of movement created to thwart the systems of whites
During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), the _____ and ________ generation black ________ were the primary destinations for black _________
first and second; ghettos; migrants
The slave landscape was composed of _________, __________, and ________ ________ in the land that were unimportant or indecipherable to most Whites
markers, routines, subtle changes
the black population has become _____ diverse over the past 3 decades
more
Did the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 reduce the demand for slavery?
no
what was the directionality of blacks movement during the Great Migration from 1910-1920?
north to cities like Chicago
By 1910, 1/5 of the southern region's blacks resided in ______ areas
urban
Despite some negative trends in black suburbanization, what is true about evolving contemporary black suburban neighborhoods?
wealthy and middle-class blacks, both native and foreign-born, are living in upscale neighborhoods in a variety of US regions
Overall, an estimated __ million slaves were brought to the Americas
10
What was possibly the single largest factor that caused blacks to migrate out of the south?
agricultural change
By 1910, where were most Blacks employed?
agricultural sector
During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), NYC and Chicago had more than _________________ blacks each by 1970.
1 million
when was the cotton gin invented?
1793
Between what years did the Great Migration take place?
1910-1970
what was the second period of the Great Migration?
1920-1950
when was the third period of ghetto development?
1950-1970
Between what years is the Civil Rights Movement defined as taking place?
1955-1968
A new black entrepreneurial class emerged during the ______, and the number of black ____________ increased
1960's; businesses
By _____ the Reverse Migration was in progress and it _______________ in subsequent decades
1970; accelerated
Rose utilized a ______ black threshold to identify "ghetto centers," which applied to Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis between _________________
25,000; 1910-1920
According to Rose, by 1928, __ ghetto centers existed, and more than ____ were outside the South
28; half
The states with the highest out-migration flows were:
AL, VA, GA, NC, MS
Civil rights resistance can refer to any way that... :
African Americans live, work, move, and survive on their own terms
At the beginning of the Great Migration, this state lost many black migrants
Alabama
what are ghettolets?
Black suburbs that resulted resulted in the geographic expansion of urban ghettos
what is the Reverse Migration?
Blacks moved from major US regions in the North and West back to southern states
Before the 19th century, the majority of Black slaves resided in this region
Chesapeake Bay
Reverse migrants moved disproportionately back to 5 southern states:
FL, GA, TX, MA, NC
Understanding the spatiality of African American resistance relies on the increased use of ___ technologies to liberate the idea of "geospatial intelligence"
GIS
_____________ were one of the areas recognized by Harold Rose, and were magnets for black ___________________
Ghettolets; suburbanization
By 2014, which 5 nations accounted for 50% of Black foreign-born people in the US?
Haiti, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ethiopia
According to Frey, the greatest concentrations of foreign-born blacks are in which immigrant states?
NY, NJ, FL, CA
When did the reverse migration take place?
began in the 1970's and accelerated in the 1980's and 1990's
What were leapfrog suburbs?
black ghettoized suburbs that developed in declining white areas
what is residential succession?
blacks replaced whites that moved out of their white neighborhoods, and it was originally in the North
Racial geography resulted in a _______________ pattern of suburban racial settlement
checkerboard
Most of the emerging Black suburbs were ___________ existing black settlements
close to
During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), the South's share of the total black population ____________, and the black urbanization rate increased from __% to __%
decreased; 50% to 75%
what was the 1965 Hart-Celler Act?
dramatically increased immigration from Latin America and Asia, provided visas to relatives of people in the US legally or people with skilled job
Before 1910, black migration was ____ to ____
east to west
During the great migration period, persistent struggles led to progress on ____________, _______, and _______________ grounds
economic, social, geographic
During the great migration period black Americans saw gains in the _________________ class
entrepreneurial
Ginsburg theorized that escape from slavery as a process heavily relied on ___________________ cognition and reading and exploiting __________________
environmental; landscapes
the "slave landscape" specifically helped slaves to do what?
escape
What was Robinson's problem with the government's definition of the Black middle class?
he felt it was wrong to categorize people making incomes near the poverty line as middle class
East St. Louis was an example of this extreme form
hyper-segregated cities
there has been a dramatic __________ in the number of African and Black Caribbeans between the years 1970-2014
increase
what was the function of the Green Book?
it helped African American travelers identify places that would welcome them
A legacy of the Great Migration in the north is _______________________________________
large black urban populations
What did Jim Crow Laws do?
legally separated whites and blacks from birth to death at the state level
what geographical knowledge did the white elites have that slaves didn't?
ordinal directions, distance, , maps
what was the factor responsible for meeting the housing demands for southern blacks from 1950-1970?
race-specific demand
the Reverse Migration refers to the __________________ from all other regions to the ______________ states
relocation; Southern
In the 1950's and 1960's, blacks acquired housing through ______________ _______________ and a ________________ ____ resulted in better housing availability for some blacks
residential succession; construction boom
These were institutional mechanisms used by northern whites to restrict black-american living spaces:
restrictive deeds, redlining, loan denials, and steering
Name forms of resistance used by slaves to combat resistance
sabotage, theft and vandalizing property, and intentionally slowing down their work
Racialization leads to ________________ ___________________
segmented assimilation
The SNCC and the slave landscape are examples of:
social institutions and African-American resistance
In chapter 12, in order to better understand African-American resistance, the authors suggest engaging the _________ strategies employed to address fundamental racism
spatial
The two types of black suburban ring settlements that occurred in the North in the mid-late 20th century were: _________ _____________ from the central city into adjacent suburban jurisdictions and the development of _______ _______ surrounding historically black communities already in existence
spatial spillover; vacant land
Over the past several decades, geographers have devoted growing attention to the _________ and _________ experiences of African Americans
spatial; social
Between 1970, and 1990, a _____________ effect occurred, where some middle-income blacks had been ______________ to higher income, while poor income groups __________________________
squeezing; elevated; stayed the same
This was the new urban form resulting from the Great Migration, and occurred over 3 decades
the national ghetto system
Why did slavery come to the US?
there was a need for hard physical labor in tropical and subtropical areas
How did geographical intelligence give slaves the confidence to escape?
they believed they knew ways of moving that their masters did not
why are geospatial technologies and methods used increasingly by African American activists?
they demonstrate the impact of unfair policy on the social and economic wellbeing of African Americans
What was one of the most important jobs that the SNCC did?
they detailed economic interconnections that existed in many southern towns and counties
What was the main goal of the SNCC?
to broaden the scope of democracy to include everyone and deepening the concept to include every relationship
During the great migration period there was a growing black ____________ ______ population
working class
