Geog 103 Test #2

which law ushered slavery into Colonial America?

Virginia Slave Code

During the Reverse Migration, the "reverse migrants" relocated disproportionately to _ Southern states

5

what was the slave landscape?

a system of paths, places, and rhythms of movement created to thwart the systems of whites

During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), the _____ and ________ generation black ________ were the primary destinations for black _________

first and second; ghettos; migrants

The slave landscape was composed of _________, __________, and ________ ________ in the land that were unimportant or indecipherable to most Whites

markers, routines, subtle changes

the black population has become _____ diverse over the past 3 decades

more

Did the invention of the cotton gin in 1793 reduce the demand for slavery?

no

what was the directionality of blacks movement during the Great Migration from 1910-1920?

north to cities like Chicago

By 1910, 1/5 of the southern region's blacks resided in ______ areas

urban

Despite some negative trends in black suburbanization, what is true about evolving contemporary black suburban neighborhoods?

wealthy and middle-class blacks, both native and foreign-born, are living in upscale neighborhoods in a variety of US regions

Overall, an estimated __ million slaves were brought to the Americas

10

What was possibly the single largest factor that caused blacks to migrate out of the south?

agricultural change

By 1910, where were most Blacks employed?

agricultural sector

During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), NYC and Chicago had more than _________________ blacks each by 1970.

1 million

when was the cotton gin invented?

1793

Between what years did the Great Migration take place?

1910-1970

what was the second period of the Great Migration?

1920-1950

when was the third period of ghetto development?

1950-1970

Between what years is the Civil Rights Movement defined as taking place?

1955-1968

A new black entrepreneurial class emerged during the ______, and the number of black ____________ increased

1960's; businesses

By _____ the Reverse Migration was in progress and it _______________ in subsequent decades

1970; accelerated

Rose utilized a ______ black threshold to identify "ghetto centers," which applied to Chicago, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, and St. Louis between _________________

25,000; 1910-1920

According to Rose, by 1928, __ ghetto centers existed, and more than ____ were outside the South

28; half

The states with the highest out-migration flows were:

AL, VA, GA, NC, MS

Civil rights resistance can refer to any way that... :

African Americans live, work, move, and survive on their own terms

At the beginning of the Great Migration, this state lost many black migrants

Alabama

what are ghettolets?

Black suburbs that resulted resulted in the geographic expansion of urban ghettos

what is the Reverse Migration?

Blacks moved from major US regions in the North and West back to southern states

Before the 19th century, the majority of Black slaves resided in this region

Chesapeake Bay

Reverse migrants moved disproportionately back to 5 southern states:

FL, GA, TX, MA, NC

Understanding the spatiality of African American resistance relies on the increased use of ___ technologies to liberate the idea of "geospatial intelligence"

GIS

_____________ were one of the areas recognized by Harold Rose, and were magnets for black ___________________

Ghettolets; suburbanization

By 2014, which 5 nations accounted for 50% of Black foreign-born people in the US?

Haiti, Nigeria, Trinidad and Tobago, and Ethiopia

According to Frey, the greatest concentrations of foreign-born blacks are in which immigrant states?

NY, NJ, FL, CA

When did the reverse migration take place?

began in the 1970's and accelerated in the 1980's and 1990's

What were leapfrog suburbs?

black ghettoized suburbs that developed in declining white areas

what is residential succession?

blacks replaced whites that moved out of their white neighborhoods, and it was originally in the North

Racial geography resulted in a _______________ pattern of suburban racial settlement

checkerboard

Most of the emerging Black suburbs were ___________ existing black settlements

close to

During the 3rd period of ghetto development (1950-1970), the South's share of the total black population ____________, and the black urbanization rate increased from __% to __%

decreased; 50% to 75%

what was the 1965 Hart-Celler Act?

dramatically increased immigration from Latin America and Asia, provided visas to relatives of people in the US legally or people with skilled job

Before 1910, black migration was ____ to ____

east to west

During the great migration period, persistent struggles led to progress on ____________, _______, and _______________ grounds

economic, social, geographic

During the great migration period black Americans saw gains in the _________________ class

entrepreneurial

Ginsburg theorized that escape from slavery as a process heavily relied on ___________________ cognition and reading and exploiting __________________

environmental; landscapes

the "slave landscape" specifically helped slaves to do what?

escape

What was Robinson's problem with the government's definition of the Black middle class?

he felt it was wrong to categorize people making incomes near the poverty line as middle class

East St. Louis was an example of this extreme form

hyper-segregated cities

there has been a dramatic __________ in the number of African and Black Caribbeans between the years 1970-2014

increase

what was the function of the Green Book?

it helped African American travelers identify places that would welcome them

A legacy of the Great Migration in the north is _______________________________________

large black urban populations

What did Jim Crow Laws do?

legally separated whites and blacks from birth to death at the state level

what geographical knowledge did the white elites have that slaves didn't?

ordinal directions, distance, , maps

what was the factor responsible for meeting the housing demands for southern blacks from 1950-1970?

race-specific demand

the Reverse Migration refers to the __________________ from all other regions to the ______________ states

relocation; Southern

In the 1950's and 1960's, blacks acquired housing through ______________ _______________ and a ________________ ____ resulted in better housing availability for some blacks

residential succession; construction boom

These were institutional mechanisms used by northern whites to restrict black-american living spaces:

restrictive deeds, redlining, loan denials, and steering

Name forms of resistance used by slaves to combat resistance

sabotage, theft and vandalizing property, and intentionally slowing down their work

Racialization leads to ________________ ___________________

segmented assimilation

The SNCC and the slave landscape are examples of:

social institutions and African-American resistance

In chapter 12, in order to better understand African-American resistance, the authors suggest engaging the _________ strategies employed to address fundamental racism

spatial

The two types of black suburban ring settlements that occurred in the North in the mid-late 20th century were: _________ _____________ from the central city into adjacent suburban jurisdictions and the development of _______ _______ surrounding historically black communities already in existence

spatial spillover; vacant land

Over the past several decades, geographers have devoted growing attention to the _________ and _________ experiences of African Americans

spatial; social

Between 1970, and 1990, a _____________ effect occurred, where some middle-income blacks had been ______________ to higher income, while poor income groups __________________________

squeezing; elevated; stayed the same

This was the new urban form resulting from the Great Migration, and occurred over 3 decades

the national ghetto system

Why did slavery come to the US?

there was a need for hard physical labor in tropical and subtropical areas

How did geographical intelligence give slaves the confidence to escape?

they believed they knew ways of moving that their masters did not

why are geospatial technologies and methods used increasingly by African American activists?

they demonstrate the impact of unfair policy on the social and economic wellbeing of African Americans

What was one of the most important jobs that the SNCC did?

they detailed economic interconnections that existed in many southern towns and counties

What was the main goal of the SNCC?

to broaden the scope of democracy to include everyone and deepening the concept to include every relationship

During the great migration period there was a growing black ____________ ______ population

working class