Geog W12 Study Guide
A map showing this week's unemployment rate by state as a shaded choropleth map shows what type of data:
discrete
Moving features apart to make the map more clear, or to allow room for labels is called?:
displacement
US maps during the Cold War often showed?:
distance rings and attack paths for bomber aircraft and missiles
A distance table only shows half of the distance matrix because:
distances from A to B are assumed to be equal to B to A
The length of a line can be measured on a map with:
terrago toolbar
Which of the following metrics compares the area of a feature to the area of a circle with the same perimeter?
the Miller shape index
The fact that cartometry depends upon the size of the spatial units used for an analysis is known as:
the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem
Cold War spy satellites and balloons used aerial cameras to spy on what denied territory?
the Soviet Union and China
Maskirovka was used by what country during the Cold War on its maps?:
the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
What mapping service is offered by the Department of Agriculture's National Resource Conservation service?:
the Web Soil Survey
The number of nodes, number of links, total length of links and number of circuits in a network can be used to compute
the alpha index the beta index the gamma index the eta index
Comparing Landsat images of Tehran, Iran in 1985 and 2009, the major difference is:
the amount of urban expansion
Metrics of compactness include:
the area-perimeter ratio the Miller shape index the Schumm elongation measure the Lee Sallee index
Shaded relief methods depend heavily on:
the aspect and zenith angle of the illumination
What are some of the conventions associated with contours?:
the contour interval is a round number only reference contours are labeled enclosed depressions have contours with hatch lines pointing downslope when contour lines are too close together, a carrying contour is used
Determining position without use of a positioning aid or map requires relating ones self to what?
the environment
Embedded inertial coils in the tarmac on streets allows automated traffic light switching and:
the geosensing of traffic flow
A forest zone was measured for area using cell counting from a map and then an image. Which is probably true?:
the image gave a larger area than the map
What is critical to interpreting an area nominal map?
the legend
Two things used at sea that drastically improved accuracy in positioning in the late 1700s were:
the lunar distance method and the marine chronometer
An example of a feature that has changed its length over three different mappings is:
the madrid bar
When we zoom in on a map in a computer window:
the map extent decreases and the amount of detail shown increases
Generally speaking, the more contours on a map with a given contour interval:
the more the slope
A distribution metric that compares the measured mean point separation to the expected mean point separation if the distribution were random is:
the nearest neighbor statistic
In a fully connected planar graph:
the nodes connect with all the adjacent nodes, forming a convex hull
Online mapping systems generalize to many levels, and show the map at the window size and zoom level that is appropriate. This means that at particular map scales during zooming:
the number of features, labels, and line smoothness "jumps"
Which of these measures distance within a network?:
the number of nodes encountered the sum of the lengths of all the links traversed the number of links traveled the diameter
The motto for the 1942 Montana State Highway Commission map was:
"Travel strengthens America"
Google Earth's Mike Jones said of Google Earth:
"We are like an iPod for Earth images."
The first benchmark for mapping heights in the US was called:
"buttermilk"
Which of the following values for Yule's Q describe two point patterns that have no apparent spatial association with each other?
0
Azimuths range from:
0 to 360
A perfectly straight road would have [blank] zero crossings and a sinuosity value of [blank].
0...1
If the RF is 1:50 000, and the ground distance is 1km, what is the map distance?
0.02 m
Ch.9 The human eye can resolve objects that are about how big?:
0.1mm
A lake that is approximately square-shaped would have an area-perimeter ratio approaching
0.25
Clownfish often live in association with sea anemones. Which of the following values for Yule's Q might you expect to see when comparing the distribution of sea anemones and the distribution of clownfish?
0.751
At the scale of 1:40M, a map of the earth would be how long at the equator?
1 m
Tiny, Virginia is at 17SLB8986407347. This coordinate resolves to what resolution on the ground?
1 m
If a point is at (1,1) in an arbitrary coordinate system using meters, and another point is at (2,2). The distance between them is:
1.414m
A fully connected aspatial planar graph has 20 links. Compared to this a second network that has the same number of links and a connectivity of 0.5. How many nodes does the second network have?:
10
The direct distance between points on two contours is 150m on the ground, and the contour interval is 15m. What is the slope?:
10%
A letter/number designator in the MGRS, such as 16TDM, references a cell that is how big on a side?
100,000m
The approximate length of a degree at the equator and the earth's circumference are:
111,111m; 40,000,000m
The contour interval is 10m, and the index contour is 100m. What contour is the second one crossed going uphill after leaving the index contour?:
120m
The metes and bounds system was used to partition which parts of the US?
13 original colonies
To walk from Catalhoyuk to Hasan Dagi would take:
14 days
The first college classes in photogrammetry date from:
1920's
The first generation of USGS topographic maps made using air photos date from:
1950's
If a measured length on a map is 10 millimeters, and the object on the ground is 100m long, what is the RF?
1:10 000
Some standard map scales are:
1:100 000 and 1:24 000
Countries such as Mexico and Canada and the US Department of Defense use what standard scale maps:
1:50 000
On a map with 30mm between successive contours, you measure to a point that is 6mm from the lower contour. The contour interval is 20m, and the lower contour is 520m. What is your best estimate of the elevation?
20 x (6/30) + 520 = 524
The bearing to a tower is Azimuth 20 degrees. What is the back bearing in degrees?
200 degrees
How many sections are there in a Township?
36
Two streams, both of order 3, meet to form a single stream. This stream's order is:
4
Two successive index contours are labelled 500 and 700 feet. Counting the contours between the two lines (and not the lines themselves) gives 4 intermediate contours. What is the contour interval?:
40 feet
Cave painting first appeared:
40,000 years ago
If your eyes are at about 1.7m high, about how far away can you see a golf ball on the ground on a perfectly clear day in a flat open area:
4998m
How many numbered UTM zones are there?
60
Humans first migrated out of Africa:
60,000 years ago
Which is the steepest slope?:
90 degrees
What is an analemma?
A diagram showing the highest position of the sun at every day during the year, often shown on globes
Ch. 2 Which geometric model gives the most accurate and precise description of the earth's surface, but is only occasionally used in mapping?
A geoid
Stephanie Meese in a 2006 paper claimed the mural actually showed:
A geometric design and a leopard skin
Which of the following is true of photogrammetry for mapping?
A geometric model of the camera, its lenses and its field of view are necessary. The height above ground of the aircraft carrying the camera must be known. Photographs taken at nadir are desirable. It is almost as old as photography.
Three ways of stating map scale are:
A graphic scale, a verbal statement, such as "one inch to a mile" and the RF
What would you expect of a minor road on a map at 1:24 000?
A great deal of detail would be shown, such as curves and angles
Land partitioning systems assign what to each land parcel?
A label (or code)
Ch.12 What is "An information or entertainment service accessible through portable devices via a mobile network that is capable of making use of the geographical position of the device"?
A locational based service
To measure map distances directly off the map, use:
A map wheel The paper strip trick Calculate from coordinates Use the TerraGo toolbar
Ch.19 A system of lines or channels that cross or interconnect is a:
A network
GPS makes use of:
Atomic clocks, microwave and trilateration
Ch. 7 A map is:
A scaled model of all or part of the earth's surface Features are converted to symbols Involves simplification Is very critical for spatial reasoning
The reference point used for mapping the USA on the NAD27 datum was:
A single point at Meades Ranch, Kansas
What two features does the Catalhoyuk map allegedly show?
A volcano with two peaks and a town plan
The accuracies of geodetic grade, mapping grade, and recreational grade GPS receivers in meters, respectively, are:
About 0.001, 0.5-2, and 5-20
Which statement is false?
All human spatial knowledge is related to navigation
On an equivalent projection:
All of the Tissot's indicatrix circles are the same area
What should be true of a map legend?
All the symbols used in the map should also be on the legend The symbols set should contain none that are unused on the map or map series There should be an explanation of how the map deals with missing or unavailable data The text should be clear and worded unambiguously
The Catalhoyuk mural/map is in a museum in what city?
Ankara
Which definition is that of a map projection?:
Any method used in cartography to represent the two dimensional curved surface of the earth or other body on a plane
Grids and coordinate systems refer only to points and squares. What do land partitioning systems refer to?
Areas, polygons and parcels
What is true of multi-themed maps?:
As time sequences become long or as more variables are shown, pattern is harder to see It is better to show only change, and leave unchanged areas blank It is better to use maps placed together than to combine themes Animation is the most effective way to show change and relationship among variables.
Which of these is not a global navigation satellite system (GNSS)?
Baidu
John Harrison perfected the chronometer. This allowed the accurate measurement of longitude because:
Because the earth turns through 15 degree of longitude every hour
Which two geobrowsers are supported by Microsoft?:
Bing Maps 3D and Worldwide Telescope
The software from which Google Earth developed helped to end what war in December 1995:
Bosnia and Herzegovina
The first space remote sensing program which ran from 1958-1972 was called:
CORONA
Other examples of land partitioning are:
Cadastral or land ownership maps Voting districts Counties School districts
The Roman land partitioning system that allocated fields of 20 x 20 actus was called:
Centuriation
The US Public Land Survey System used what units for length and area?
Chains, miles and acres
The North American Datum of 1927 used which Ellipsoid?
Clarke 1866
The best way to get the area of the 50 United States is to:
Consult the CIA world fact book
Which is the third and last cartographic transformation?
Convert features to symbols
The conversion of US mapping in 1983 associated with the new NAD83 datum:
Converted grids from feet to meters
The error in GPS attributable to the geometry of the overhead satellites when taking a position is called:
DOP
In New York, if you take the 2 train from 241st Street in the Bronx, and transfer to the Far Rockaway-bound A train, you'll travel over 38 miles, the longest trip possible. In networks, this is called the:
Diameter
Three types of cartograms are:
Dorling, contiguous, non-contiguous
Congressional districts are a land partitioning such that:
Each state gets at least one, but otherwise all contain equal numbers of voters
Which statement about UTM is true?
Eastings in zones are in meters with the central meridian set at 500,000.
The English units of the rod and the chain were standardized as 16.5 and 66 feet by:
Edmund Gunter in 1620
What type of data are often shown on a cartogram based on state population?
Election results
The scholar who estimated the Earth's radius using a camel train, a well, and an obelisk was:
Eratosthenes
Differential correction for GPS is based on what principle?
Errors on a static receiver can be subtracted from the reading on a roving receiver
Which of these "experiments" proved that the earth was round?
Ferdinand Magellan's circumnavigation (1519-1521). The Bedford level experiments and sequels 1870 Cambridge University Geography professor H. Yule Oldham repeat of the Bedford Level experiment in 1901 Direct observation from a balloon in 1931
Ch.4 Why not use globes instead of maps?
Flat maps can be printed, stored and displayed on a computer with ease.
Metes and Bounds were also used to partition:
French long lots and Spanish/Mexican land grants
Precision or intelligent agriculture uses:
GPS geosensors the wireless web geotags
The North American Datum of 1983 (NAD83) uses an ellipsoid that is almost identical to:
GRS80 and WGS84
Which projection has been optimized for covering the 50 United States?
GS-50
What is defined as: the study of the size and shape of the earth and the properties of its magnetic and gravity fields
Geodesy
Grid systems use projections because:
Geographic coordinates are based on angles, not distances They need to minimize or account for error due to the earth's curvature They need to be tied to a specific datum The earth is not flat
Which method of human reasoning makes most use of spatial reasoning?
Graphicacy
Ch.5 What is located at 51 degrees 28' 38"N 0 degrees 0' 0"E?
Greenwich, England.
Using direct environmental observation, how accurately is it possible to determine latitude and longitude?
Half a degree (55km)
The Des Moines panoramic view in Andreas' Illustrated Historical Atlas of the State of Iowa 1875 was promoted by the:
Hawkeye Insurance Company
Geographer Mark Monmonier is the author of which book?
How to Lie With Maps
When using letters for 6 x 8 degree grid cell designators, and for 100,000 grid cells in MGRS and the US National grid, what letters are excluded?
I, O
Bhuvan is the equivalent of Google Street View for which country?:
India
What three countries are in dispute over Jammu and Kashmir?
India, Pakistan and China
Computer mapping increasingly uses what tool?:
Internet and the world wide web
Which of the following statements about RADAR is false?
It can be used to map underwater features.
We need to account for magnetic declination because:
It changes over time It changes depending on where you are It can vary both east or west of True North It can be accounted for on a compass
Ch.6 What impact does land partitioning have on the landscape?
It determines the shape of fields It assigns people to police, fire, school and voting districts It can lead to long straight roads It impacts land ownership, property inheritance and taxation
Which of the following statements about LiDAR is false?
It is generally less accurate than RADAR.
What is true of the Madrid loop?
It is in Kentucky, but is surrounded by Missouri It was close to the center of a massive earthquake in 1812 It is on the Mississippi River It is where the course of the river was changed by the 1812 earthquake
Which of the following is true of quadrat analysis?
It is sensitive to the size and orientation of the quadrats. It is a simple method of investigating and measuring distributions. It uses point counts within a grid, or pattern of cells. It compares expected with observed counts within quadrats.
An advantage of using a virtual model of terrain is:
It supports stereo viewing
Google Earth was reengineered from what prior product in 2005?:
Keyhole Earthviewer
An example of a claim to territory due to discovery is:
Norway's claims to Antarctica (Amundsen first to South Pole)
The Census map of the 1860 distribution of slave population in the South influenced:
Lincoln's issuance of the emancipation proclamation
On the equatorial aspect of Mercator's projection:
Lines of any fixed compass bearing are straight All parallels and meridians are straight lines Local direction and shape is preserved The poles cannot be shown
What is the name of the current National grid system in Australia?
Map grid of Australia
A lesson from this module concerning cartometry is:
Map measurement error is a function of how much generalization has been applied to a map
Who said "Travel is fatal to prejudice, bigotry, and narrow-mindedness, and many of our people need it sorely on these accounts"?
Mark Twain
One of the reasons Meese believed this about the mural is that:
Mellart changed his own interpretation
To convert radians to degrees:
Multiply by 180/PI
Ch. 22 The first geobrowser was:
NASA World Wind
Which is a legitimate Township and Range description:
NE1/4SE1/4) of Section 35, Township 25S Range 17W, 6th Principal Meridian
Mercator's projection was and is most useful for
Navigation out of sight of land
Any particular star appears to advance its position against the sky's daily cycle by:
One degree per day
The scale model of New York in the Queens museum is at 1:1 200. This means that:
One inch corresponds to 100 feet
The meter was originally defined as:
One ten millionth of the distance from the equator to the north pole, along the Paris meridian.
What software is a user-contributed free road map of the whole earth?
Openstreetmap
Distances on the ground can be measured with:
Pacing A tape A surveyors wheel A chain
You calculate the nearest neighbor statistic for two point distributions, A and B. Distribution A yields a value of 0.94, while distribution B yields 1.75. Which of the following is true?
Points in A are more randomly distributed than points in B.
The star around which the night sky appears to revolve is called:
Polaris
Ch.10 Prior to GNSS, observations of what were used for positioning?
Polaris the moon the sun shadows
Which statement is true about the State Plane Coordinate System?
Projections used are the oblique and transverse Mercator, plus the Lambert conformal conic
The revenue from Section 16 in each township was set aside for:
Public education
Coordinates can be used to compute the distance between two points by using:
Pythagoras' theorem
[Blank] is suitable for mapping large areas of terrain at medium resolution, while [blank] is suitable for mapping smaller areas at hight resolution.
RADAR...LiDAR
Correction for the earth's curvature was made by:
Remarking the base line every 24 miles (4 sections) along the Principal meridian.
What is the acquisition of information about an object without being in physical contact with it?
Remote Sensing
Why is a graphic scale often graded differently to the left and right of the central zero point?
So that large distances can be marked off first using the paper strip trick, and the remainder measured in more detail on the left.
Which of these are part of the planet earth's motion?
Rotation around the sun Rotation around the polar axis Rotation within the Milky Way galaxy Movement of the Milky Way group
Where is Abauntz cave?
Spain
Geography 12 is intended to teach you:
Spatial reasoning and thinking Map geometry, construction and content, practical map use, reading and navigation Map representation, Cartometry and map analysis Basics of cartography's sister disciplines
Which of these is an example of a spatial search strategy?
Start at the most likely places, e.g. place where last seen,Start at the most likely places, e.g. place where last seen,Wander at random through the search area,Do a sweep search, e.g. volunteers arms length apart through brush
Which characterizes Google Street View?:
Street view images are collected by driving specially equipped cars (bikes, etc) around using GPS for position and with multiple cameras Images are seamed together so that the Google Street View application can simulate a view, and allow navigation Street view uses the little man icon on the navigation toolbar Web sites, geotagged photos, web cams also can be shown
Both strike and dip are angles. Which is the direction from true north of the trend of a geological outcrop?
Strike direction
Which of these was decided at the International Meridian Conference?
That longitude shall be counted in two directions up to 180 degrees, east longitude being plus and west longitude minus.
In 1870, what experiment to prove the earth's curvature involved a bet between John Hampden and Alfred Russel Wallace?
The Bedford Level experiment
The version of the metric system we now use was standardized in 1960 and renamed:
The International System of Units
A geobrowser that allows you to search and download any of the USGS's map information is:
The National Map Viewer
Which statement is correct for the USPLSS?
The baseline stretched east-west, and the principal meridian north-south from the principal point
The distance of 10 000 000 meters is approximately:
The distance from the equator to the North Pole, on the meridian passing through Paris
Which definition is that of a geoid?
The equipotential surface of the Earth's gravity field which best fits, in a least squares sense, global mean sea level
What happens to the islands in the northern end of Chelsea Lake, Wisonsin as you go from the 1:24 000 to 1:100 000 maps?
They are combined into a single island
Ch. 23 Who were the Zeno brothers?
The fictitious discoverers of fictitious Frisland, an island in the North Atlantic in 1390
What is a graticule?
The grid of parallels of latitude and meridians of longitude shown on the map
Geoids are usually described as:
The height above or below an ellipsoid
What might you expect of a mapped area covered in hills that were once sand dunes?
The hills would have similar directional orientation
What is a representative fraction?
The map distance, divided by the ground distance in the same units
If the graticule on a projected map has lines that meet at right angles:
The projection is conformal
What would you expect of a projection in which x depends only on longitude and y only on latitude?
The projection would be cylindrical
Meades Ranch, Kansas is known as:
The single point or "datum" that defined the North American Datum of 1927
Which of these was among Aristotle's proofs for a round earth?
The star Polaris is seen lower in the sky as one travels South
Hutchins alerted the president to what fact?
The survey would have to compensate for the curvature of the earth
What is true of secant projections?
They can be used for azimuthal, cylindrical or conic projections They can be used for equatorial, oblique or transverse aspect The projection surface cuts through the globe surface If the line of secancy is a parallel, it is called a standard parallel
Why are place names not completely adequate for describing locations?
They depend on language They are not unique They vary over time There are many places with the same name
What is true of compromise projections?
They preserve neither direction/shape nor area
Which of the following is true of the Deccan traps?
They were formed by a single flow of tectonic material across the landscape. They are found in India. In ancient times, temples were carved out of them. They are primarily comprised of basalt.
Who sent Thomas Hutchins to Ohio to start the Public Land Survey?
Thomas Jefferson
Which map projection statement is false?
Tissot's indicatrixes are always circles
The Canadian Dominion Land Survey differs in which of the following ways from the USPLSS?
Townships are given arabic numerals, Ranges Roman. The section numbers start in the lower right, instead of the upper right It covers western Canada, rather than the US A subdivision of a section into 16 parts is possible, called a Legal Sub-Division
Catalhoyuk is in modern day:
Turkey
Responsibility for place names in the United States lies with the:
US Board on Geographic Names
What is the correct difference between the US National Grid and the Military Grid system?
USNG uses NAD83, not WGS84
Slicing the earth (or an apple) along parallels of latitude divides the earth into?
Unequal sized slices
To calculate the length of a line with 10 straight segments given by 11 coordinates:
Use Pythagoras' theorem on each segment individually, then add the lengths together
To follow a bearing to a target in the field:
Use a compass or map to select a target on the right bearing Calculate how many paces to take Carefully count down the paces Walk around obstacles, using side-steps out and then back when you are around the obstacle
How can spatial changes be detected and interpreted?
Using multiple co-registered maps or images
Graphicacy and spatial reasoning make use of:
Visual aids, maps, photographs, charts and graphs
A way to improve GPS accuracy is to use:
WAAS Differential correction Post processing Carrier phase tracking
What was found in Abauntz cave?
What may be the world's oldest map
The ultimate spatial literacy question is
Where am I?
Where do we absolutely need coordinates?
Where there are no landmarks Where all landmarks are the same as each other Where landmarks have been removed or destroyed When you are lost
Using geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) is insufficient for grids because:( 5.4.1-2 )
You get different locations depending on the choice of ellipsoid Geographic coordinates are angles at the center of the earth, not distances The length of a degree of longitude depends on its latitude Geographic coordinates work for the sphere and ellipsoid, not a flat plane
What is true of using maps or images from different times to detect and understand spatial change?
You need time-complete data with a short enough temporal step
Zooming ends when:
You reach the limits of the map's resolution
Which of the following can be used to compare the level of correspondence between two distributions?
Yule's Q statistic
Which type of area feature is clearly defined and can be mapped unambiguously:
a Section within a Township
What is "a map in which the geometry of the map has been transformed by uneven rescaling to show some other variable as being represented by geographic space?"
a cartogram
What is a fictitious entry of a misrepresented street on a map for the purpose of "trapping" potential copyright violators?
a cartographic trap
A quadrat is:
a cell within a grid, often used in spatial analyses
A decision point in a maze is where:
a choice must be made with respect to which way to go
What is an automated system for the capture, storage, retrieval, analysis, and display of spatial data?
a geographic information system
After the scale transformation, the earth is represented as:
a globe
. What is a cycle within a network?
a loop that separates a polygon
A fly-through animation involves:
a moving observer and a static frame
Which geographic data value and its cartographic element is nominal only?:
a place name
Which of these is a small multiple:
a series of small similar graphics or maps, allowing them to be easily compared
What landscape metric best described the complexity of the boundaries of the 50 states?:
a shape index
What object is the maximum size that can be represented by a fine pencil dot at 1:24 000?( 3.3.1-4 )
a smart car
Arthur Strahler is known for developing what?
a stream order classification system
What is "an urban scene imaged by oblique or ground level photograph or video"?
a streetscape
A contour added usually at half the contour interval to show detail in low relief areas is called :
a supplemental contour
Ch.15 A Warntz Network is:
a surface network connnecting significant landform elements
An example of a perceptual region is:
a sweet gang's territory
Google Earth Hacks is:
a website that provides links to interesting content found or created by Google Earth users
Ch.13 Terrain depiction methods for maps can be absolute, relative or both. Which is most true?
absolute height methods show heights above a datum absolute height methods are more useful in cartometry relative height methods show the pattern and structure of the terrain relative height methods cannot show heights at all locations
HDOP, PDOP, GDOP and TDOP are measures of GPS:
accuracy
A GIS can add street addresses to automatically assigned geocodes. This is called:
address matching
On a dasymetric map, what is true:
adjacent areas need not have values in the next higher or lower class
Imhof shading involves:
adjusting regular hill shading to enhance terrain features such as ridges and peaks
Slope:
all of the above
What happened in Broughton, UK, (52.05399N, 0.6953W) in April 2009 when the Google Car showed up?
an "angry mob" blocked the car, concerned about loss of privacy
The term nadir describes:
an aerial view looking straight down
A stereo view that must be viewed with red and blue glasses is called:
anaglyphic stereo
Which of the following properties are desirable for a measure of shape?
applicable to all shapes independent of scale and orientation dimensionless intuitive
A choropleth map uses data that are:
area
A digital planimeter is a device for measuring what from maps:
areas
A radial drainage pattern might be expected:
around a single peak
How many images are necessary for viewing in stereo?
at least 2
The bearing 325 degrees uses which measure of direction?
azimuths
A map that has an inclination to present or hold a partial perspective at the expense of (possibly equally valid) alternatives shows:
bias
A saddle point is:
both a peak and a fill
What is a connection between the Interstate highway system and the zero milestone marker in Washington DC?:
both involved Dwight D. Eisenhower
The four processes of map generalization:
can happen together
Making measurements from maps is called:
cartometry
Which method can be used for measuring area:
cell counting cell intersection counting planimeter coordinates and a formula
Examples of geographic units for discrete data mapping are:
census tracts, counties and states
Two weaknesses common in maps showing climate change and its consequences are:
choice of projection and use of colors
The most compact shape possible is a
circle
Simple slope maps show slopes as:
classes, using colors
The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) was an effort to:
collect terrain information over most of the earth.
When features of the same type, such as islands, are merged together and some eliminated we call this:
combination
The bearing N25W uses which measure of direction?
common bearings
Measurable properties of an area include:
compactness
In what sister discipline were computer tools first used to automate tedious and error-prone manual tasks, such as drawing graticules on maps?
computer assisted cartography
If successive contours, going uphill, are closer and closer together, the slope is:
concave
In a tree, links meet at:
confluences
The majority of projections used for mapping the United States are:
conformal
Which of these projection types preserves direction and shape locally?
conformal
A dasymetric map is part way between what two mapping types:
continuous
A system that allows locations on earth to be described by at least two numbers is called:
coordinate system
An example of a mixed feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:
coral reef
An impact of simplification is that as the map scale gets less detailed:
curves get smoother and wiggles disappear
GPS does not work well:
deep under water inside buildings in forests in urban canyons
The limits of visibility mean that at about 25dpi, map features suffer:
drop out
Surface features created underneath moving ice include:
drumlins
A tree with a branching ratio of 2.0 means that:
each link divides into two links at the next level
Tectonic forces include:
earthquakes volcanoes extrusions orogenies
Special contours rules and alternate symbols are used for:
enclosed depressions flat areas and lakes railroad cuts vertical cliffs
Which of these projection types preserves area?
equivalent
Slope has both magnitude and direction. The direction of maximum slope is called the:?
fall line
Areas that have to be build up in height to carry a railroad or road are called:
fill
On the map, you see a road crossing a small stream. To the left and right of the road are tightly spaced contours with small hatch lines at 90 degrees to the contour facing the stream. This symbolizes a:
fill
Hypsometric coloring:
fills the areas between successive contours with graded color sequences
An example of a "pull" use of LBS would be:
finding and navigating our way to a flower shop
GeoHack is a service that:
for any location, integrates all the web mapping services
Selection generalizes a map by:
for each feature type, deciding which features are worthy of appearing on the map
Landscape [blank] are typically visible as terrain, while landscape [blank] shape the surface of the earth.
forms...processes
Planned to be operational in 2014 with 30 satellites, operated by the Europeans is:
galileo
A list of places ordered alphabetically and including their latitudes and longitudes is a:
gazetteer
What is a list of placenames, with their coordinates:
gazetteer
What is an example of a geoenabled, location based sport?:
geocaching
Which of the following are commonly represented in a Warntz Network?
geomorphology
The US Fish and Wildlife service tracking of shearwaters in the Gulf of Maine is an example of:
geosensing
What streams spatially relevant geo-information from a static or mobile device to the web for further integration?
geosensor
Placing a coordinate on a photograph, often done automatically by a digital camera is called:
geotagging
Cirques, nunataks, and aretes are features associated with which type of landscape?
glaciated
Which GNSS was the first to be fully operational in 1994?
gps
The study of graphs, which are mathematical structures used to model pair-wise relations between objects within a network, is called:
graph theory
The instrument Romans used to lay out towns, roads and fields that measured right angles was called the:
gromon
A terrain display method used on maps that uses lines following the run of slopes downhill is
hachures
Tanaka shading:
has been called the inclined contour method works on both topography and bathymetry was devised by Japanese cartographer Kitiro Tanaka in the 1920s uses white to grey, but only along contour lines
Many online mapping programs deal with zooming by:
having precomputed ranges over which a particular generalized map is displayed
A popular form of continuous field map used on the web, for example for crime mapping, is the
heat map
Which is a metric unit of area?
hectare
Road symbols on maps are usually:
hierarchical by road type
Terrain inversion, differential of darkness/contrast, and lack of absolute heights are true of which terrain depiction method?
hill shading
Maps are used to claim territory due to what factors?:
history discovery ethnicity occupation
The measured length of a line is impacted by:
how well the end points are located how many points are used to represent the line how straight or wiggly the line is the scale of the map
The world's oldest map was probably used for:
hunting
The earliest maps were probably used for:
hunting reconnaissance avoiding hazards route finding
Which is true?:
hypsometric colors often go from green to red, while bathymetry is shaded with deepening blues
What kinds of maps are "invisible"?:
images of parts of the electromagnetic spectrum invisible to humans thematic maps of complex social or economic variables virtual travel tactile maps
Ch. 16 Which of the following have contributed error to height measurements throughout history?
imprecise geodetic models imprecise measurement methods atmospheric conditions local gravity variation
Sinkholes often form:
in areas of karst topography
Gathering together multiple air photos and maps to aid in interpretation is called:
information fusion
Which of the following enables mapping of tiny (on the scale of milimeters) changes in height of terrain over time?
interferometric synthetic aperature radara (IfSAR)
Taking multiple bearings with a compass, then tracing their back bearings from their features on the map to the point where they all come together is called:
intersection
Temperatures in Fahrenheit and Kelvin are examples of what two data levels?:
interval and ratio
A sky survey map:
is available from the Sloan Sky Survey shows the sky as visible from earth includes all the known and observed stars, planets, galaxies, etc. is visible in Google Earth
Geodetic latitude
is the angle north-south measured at 90 degrees to the earth's surface
Ch. 14 A line joining points of equal depth in the ocean is called a:
isobath
A map showing lines joining points that take equal time to reach from a fixed location uses:
isochrones
The generic term for lines joining points of equal values, of which a contour is a specific example is:
isoline
What is true of continuous geographical data:
it can be measured anywhere in geographic space it forms a field it forms a surface it can be mapped by any of the terrain mapping methods, such as isolines
What is true of discrete geographical data:
it is based on features, e.g. a county value is assumed even within the feature it is suited to choropleth mapping it often uses the unit of data collection or aggegation, such as a state
A point on the map lies between the 100 and the 120m contours. What can you say about the elevation at the point:
it is greater than 100m and less than 120m
A problem with displacement is:
it makes cartometry inaccurate
What is the advantage of having a map on paper?
it works without power it works in all weather conditions and even when folded or ripped it can hold color and line work for centuries at low cost it is easy to use and interpret
The openstreetmap.org map of Port-au-Prince, Haiti created after the earthquake of January 2010 is historical because:
its creation by volunteers was an excellent first example of volunteered geographic information
A surveying procedure in which heights at one position are used to determine heights at another by creating a line of sight along the level plane is called:
leveling
Ch.18 Using cartometry, we can measure characteristics of:
line features patterns distributions shapes
A map showing the major highways in the US as red lines is an example of what kind of map:
line nominal
Wind flow vectors that show direction and speed of wind flow are what kind of symbol?:
line ratio
A way to estimate an elevation is to measure the distance between contours above and below the location, measure the distance from the lower contour to the point, divide the second by the first, multiply by the contour interval, and add this to the lower contour height. This is called:
linear interpolation
In a planar graph:
links cannot cross
A typical GIs workflow includes:
locate input data display and reproject the map conduct a point-in-poygon analysis, add the count to the data table select the result and create a map display
When a detailed map is generalized to create a map at a less detailed scale, unless retained, the original map detail is:
lost forever
To activate a layer, such as 3D buildings in Google Earth, look for the button in the:
lower left of the display
What is probably the oldest isoline map, the first to use contour mapping, was made in 1700 by Edmund Halley. The lines it shows are lines of equal:
magnetic compass declination
What would you expect to be labeled on a world map at 1:5M?
major cities and rivers
Cartographic scale is a function of:
map resolution and extent
During World War I, aerial photography was used to:
map trenches
What is true of the National Geographic magazine:
maps, articles and photographs are available through Google Earth
What are procedures used to deliberately confuse, mislead or camouflage oneself from the enemy called?
maskirovka
Cartometry deals with:
measuring features on maps
Until recently, what USGS map feature's symbol still used hachures:
mine tailings
What is spatial literacy?
minimal skill set in humans for spatial reasoning
Which of the following are associated with folding?
monoclines and anticlines
Deposition is a process responsible for the formation of:
mud flats
Mapping using triangulation uses:
multiple stations on the landscape, between which there are clear lines of sight precise measurements of vertical and horizontal angles between stations measurement instruments such as the theodolite, a telescope with vertical and horizontal angle scales inclusion of a base line of known length in the network of resulting triangles
An example of a line feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:
national Park Boundary
Which involves using a network solution, such as a heuristic:
navigating from node A to node B finding the shortest route finding the fastest route finding the path with the fewest links
Uses for paper maps include:
navigation route planning education recreation
Ch. 24 What spatial reasoning skills are deeply embedded in humans?
navigation, spatial search,direction-finding,positioning
What kind of maps appear to minimize any bias:
non-partisan, well designed, conventional, effective and simple maps
To calculate a feature's Lee Sallee metric:
on top of the feature you overlay a circle with the same area, then take the ratio of the intersection area to the union area
In a non-symmetric planar graph:
one or more of the links can only be traveled in one direction the diameter depends on the start point the graph is constrained to a 2D plane no links can cross
Ch. 20 A multivariate map can show:
one theme over time two or more themes relationships among variables use of animation, small multiples, or choropleths
The hierarchical line symbols used to show roads on US topo maps are examples of what kind of data?:
ordinal
A map that shows US city populations classed by size and represented by four colored symbols is a:?
ordinal point map
Landscape metrics measure the values of:
patches, feature classes and whole landscapes
Which of these are environmental clues in maps and images?
patterns of vegetation,time of day and year, illumination,shadow
A set of increasingly high contours loops back around, forming smaller and smaller loops. The innermost loop encloses the:
peak
Ch. 21 What is the practice of determining the geometric properties of objects from photographic images?
photogrammetry
On maps showing networks:
places or point features are represented as nodes roads, rivers or some other line features are shown as links the nodes are often moved to make interpretation easier the links lengths can be changed to make the map less cluttered
A portable device used in surveying that can hold paper horizontal and be repositioned to align with lines of sight is a:
plane table
Continuous data are often measured by taking:
point samples
A geological map shows:
point symbols such as strike/dip markers line symbols such as fault lines area symbols such as surface outcrops greyed out base topographic information
Zero, one, and two data dimensions on a thematic map correspond to:
points, lines and area features
Ch. 8 The feature model divides a map's contents into:
points, lines and areas
What has the potential to reduce animal and plant disease, minimize application of water and fertilizer, and optimally harvest and plant:
precision agriculture
A cross section through the terrain with a straight line on the x axis and height on the y is called a:
profile
Some elements of selection are:
pruning stream and road networks selecting only cities above a certain population to display eliminating crowding applying elimination rules
An example of an area feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:
railroad yard
Zillow.com is an LBS relating to:
real estate
In the previous question, if the slope was obviously concave, you would:
reduce the estimate back toward 520m
Ch.17 Topographic and world outline maps are examples of what type of cartography?
reference
Taking a bearing with a compass, then tracing its back bearing on a map from the same feature is called
resection
The surveyors who measured fields after the Nile floods in Egypt thousands of years ago were called:
rope stretchers
During the period 1957-2006, temperatures in the Western Antarctic:
rose 0.25 degrees
Ch.3 The three map transformations to be covered in this class are:
scale, projection and symbolization
An example of a point feature shown on USGS topographic maps is:
school
The four types of map generalization covered in this module are:
selection, simplification, combination and displacement
Maps have been used in the US to promote what?:
settlement farming transportation business
Dykstra, A-star, and Bellman-Ford-Moore are examples of:
shortest path algorithms
Multipath error in GPS is caused by:
signals bouncing off of solid objects before reaching the receiver
What map generalization process reduces the number of points used to represent lines and areas?
simplification
The metric that is calculated by dividing the actual distance by the "as-the-crow-flies" distance is called:
sinuosity
Why do Hindus seek to be cremated or to visit Varanasi, India?
so that they can escape the cycle of reincarnation
Which of these is NOT an error found on maps:
social faux-pas
A stream near its [blank] is a level 1 stream; most rivers have orders [blank] or below.
source...12
Which are important properties of remotely sensed data?
spectral resolution spatial resolution swath width encoding depth
Many airlines use what kind of network?
spoke and hub
A method used in surveying that reads values from a pole where two horizontal cross hairs fall on the scale is called:
stadia
Mid-level streams:
tend to meander more than streams near their source
Examples of landscape properties include:
stream density number of peaks length of ridgelines number of enclosed depressions
Distinct landforms recognizable on the landscape are called:
surface features
Which type of area feature is usually vaguely defined when mapped:
swamps
Studying which of the following can help you read a landscape?
the presence of man-made features the height of a river the orientation of roads and railroads the composition and seasonal stage of vegetation
the "Map of the State of Nebraska showing the lands of the Burlington & Missouri RR Co. 1876" was used to promote:
the railroads, by promoting settlement and agriculture
Since 2003 what problem has left parallel diagonal lines along the edges of Landsat image swaths?
the satellite's scan line corrector failure
An oblate spheroid or oblate ellipsoid is:
the three dimensional figure traced out by an ellipse rotated about its shorter axis
Road distances in the United States are measured with reference to:
the zero mile marker in Washington DC
A map dedicated to showing the distribution of a pattern or distribution of a single variable is a:
thematic map
What is true of maps in wartime?:
they are major instruments of warfighting they are media for propaganda they can both inform and spread misinformation they can create fear and anxiety
Why are mazes good places to test spatial ability?
they deliberately remove all environmental clues to location
Bias in old maps was often inevitable because:
they were paid for by sponsors and patrons
A telescopic alidade can be used:
to measure vertical angles to spot views to different locations with a plane table in triangulation
Rubber sheeting is used:
to warp an aerial photograph into the correct map geometry
A network without cycles is called a(n):
tree
A graphic consisting of adjacent rectangles, sized and colored according to some value is called a:
tree map
What method was first used to establish accurate height measurements?
triangulation
A bivariate choropleth map shows:
two variables, such as income and education, using colors and shades
Understanding mapping history, unencoding maps' meaning, knowing how maps are constructed, and seeing how maps are structured and the rules they follow will help you:
unlocking your graphicacy
Being able to zoom anywhere on earth and see the location on a map of image view is called:
virtual travel
To fully understand a streetscape, including determining the location, date and what is happening you should:
use web accounts, and all available maps and images
Location based services are systems that:
use wireless mobile devices, the web, and positioning technology to provide access to applications and services depending on geographic location
The USGS's "Did You Feel It" earthquake website is an example of:
user-contributed geographic information
Are all map projections distorted?
yes
With which of these can you determine south, given a sunny day?
using an analog watch
LiDAR can be used to map
vegetation buildings coastlines vertical cliff faces
A clinometer is used to measure what?
vertical angles
Five lakes with different shapes are represented on a map. Which of the following lake shapes could produce a Schumm index value of 0.1?
very long and skinny
What is the science of analytical reasoning facilitated by visual interactive interfaces?
visual analytics
What is user-generated geospatial content contributed by its producers to a web based collective?
volunteered geographic information
Alluvial fans are found:
where streams pass from mountainous to flat terrain
A graphic consisting of jumbled text, with font size proportional to word frequency is called a:
word cloud
Maps showing weather and climate information can be found at:
www.weatherbug.com
When using cell counting
you count the full cells, add half the partial cells and multiple by the cell area
If you follow the strategy of: always turn left, unless it is an obvious dead end in which case backtrack to a decision point and turn right, what will happen in a maze?
you will find your way to the exit
Geoprivacy is:
your right and ability to limit knowledge of your location
