Geography 1004- Test 2, Geography 1004 Test 2

Fertility

the number of births that occur per individual or population

Natural Increase Rate

the percent by which a populaiton grows in a year.

Fecundity

the physiological ability for a couple to have a child

World Life Expectancy for 1800's

Less than 35 years old

Stage 1

Low Growth High Birth and Death Rates Poor health, harsh living conditions Low life expectancy The cultures in these societies tend to encourage high birth rates (through religious teachings and social pressure) Large families tend to perform a practical function (i.e. labor)

Why Malthus' Theory was wrong

He didnt recognize or account for the change in technology He didnt account for the demographic transition

Leading causes of death in the US

Heart disease Cancer Stroke Lower Respiratory Disease Accidents

Stage 2

High Growth Begins around 1750 for several nations as a result of the Industrial revolution Improved living conditions/health practices (improved sanitation/personal hygiene) Birth rates remain high (mother's are healthy) The excess of births over deaths ignites a population explosion Falling Death Rates

Pull Factors

Higher incomes Lower taxes Employment availibility Better Weather Medical Facilities Educational Opportunity Family Reasons Peaceable Behavior Political Stability Religious tolerance Relative Freedom

Which Women Have the Highest Fertility Among Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups?

Hispanic

Reasons for population increase in mexico

Historical Experience Delay in Quantification Optimism

Migration Theory

1. Area of Origin 2. Area of destination 3. Intervening obstacles 4. Personal Factors

In 1900, about _______% of humankind lived in cities

12-15%

How long do you think it will take to add another billion?

15 years

When did the population of the world reach 1 billion, 4 billion, and 6 billion?

1804, 1974, and 1999

First contraceptive pill became available in?

1960

By 1950, about ____% of the world's population lived in cities

30%

By 2001, about ____% (3 billion people) resided in cities

50%

If the world were 100 people

61 Asians 13 Africans 12 Europeans 8 North Americans 5 South Americas and Caribbeans

World Life Expectancy for 2000's

67 years old

World Life Expectancy for 1950's

About 45 years old

Moral Restraints on population

Celibacy Non-procreative sex Contraception (Malthus opposed artificial birth control methods on moral grounds) Homosexuality

Top 5 most populated countries

China India United States Indonesia Brazil

Cities have historically meant?

Falling fertility rates

Why do people migrate within a country?

Interregional migration Settlement legacy Job opportunity Environmental reasons (i.e. rustbelt vs. the sunbelt)

Stage 3

Moderate Growth Falling Birth Rates The gap between CBR and CDR narrows Driven by changes in social customs (fewer children, higher infant survival, urban lifestyle (children are not economic assets, smaller personal space)

Stage 4

Moderate Growth Falling Birth Rates The gap between CBR and CDR narrows Driven by changes in social customs (fewer children, higher infant survival, urban lifestyle (children are not economic assets, smaller personal space)

Obstacles of migrants

Policies of host countries cultural issues: attitudes towards immigrants, attitudes towards guest workers

Why might the emigration/immigration pressure (legal and illegal) from Mexico be so high?

Postwar surge in births in Mexico Lack of productive land

Demography

Study of human populations. Ex. Their size Composition Distribution Causes of Consequences of change in these characteristics

Malthus' Basic Theory (Malthusian Crisis)

That if when our food supply grows arithmetically and our population grows geometrically there will be a crisis point reached where we cannot supply enough food for how many people we have.

Why the Extraordinary burst in population?

Transfers of successful death control measures (public health, nutrition, and medicine). Most progress in death control occurred between 1945 and 1965

Why Canada has a lower fertility rate than the US

Use of Contraceptives Religion Public health Care System Difficult entering the labor market

Which states have the highest fertility rates?

Utah Arizona Idaho South Dakota

Which states have the lowest?

Vermont DC Rhode Island New Hampshire

Push Factors

War Famine Disease Poverty Political Corruption Lack of Employment Opportunities Religious Regions Natural Disaster Infringement of Rights

Negative Controls of Population

War Famine Disease/Pestilence/ Plague Infanticide (bad nursing of children)

Thomas Malthus

Who said "Food is necessary to the existence of man and The passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state"

Urbanization is a key (Main?) reason why?

World population began to slow after 1970

World Life Expectancy for 1900's

about 35 years old

reasons people are no longer having children

contraception urbanization countries controls on population (chinas one child policy economic costs of children

Concerns with overpopulation

extreme poverty poor soils uncertain rainfall increasing population pressures changing ownership patterns for land and cattle political and social turmoil shortages of trained agriculturalists

Characteristics of a Broad Based Pyramid

increase food production build more homes and schools plan for more job opportunities for the young in future Considerimplementing birth control programs

Intraregional Migration

rural to urban urban to suburban counter urbanization

Precision agriculture

satellite farming or site specific crop management is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.

ways that we maximize our yields on crops

soil chemistry and crop agronomy synthesis of ammonia from its elements -use of nitrogen (1909+) Organic fertilizers Mendel (the laws of genetic Inheritance) genetic crop improvement The breakthrough in wheat and rice production in Asia in the mid-1960s, which came to be known as the Green Revolution Specialization, Simplification, Concentration

Crude Death Rate

total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people

Crude Birth Rate

total number of live births in a year for 1000 people

Narrow based pyramid

work out incentives to encourage more births Consider hiring foreign labor think about the provision of proper medical services and health care for the aged and for expectant mothers