Geography 1004- Test 2, Geography 1004 Test 2
Fertility
the number of births that occur per individual or population
Natural Increase Rate
the percent by which a populaiton grows in a year.
Fecundity
the physiological ability for a couple to have a child
World Life Expectancy for 1800's
Less than 35 years old
Stage 1
Low Growth High Birth and Death Rates Poor health, harsh living conditions Low life expectancy The cultures in these societies tend to encourage high birth rates (through religious teachings and social pressure) Large families tend to perform a practical function (i.e. labor)
Why Malthus' Theory was wrong
He didnt recognize or account for the change in technology He didnt account for the demographic transition
Leading causes of death in the US
Heart disease Cancer Stroke Lower Respiratory Disease Accidents
Stage 2
High Growth Begins around 1750 for several nations as a result of the Industrial revolution Improved living conditions/health practices (improved sanitation/personal hygiene) Birth rates remain high (mother's are healthy) The excess of births over deaths ignites a population explosion Falling Death Rates
Pull Factors
Higher incomes Lower taxes Employment availibility Better Weather Medical Facilities Educational Opportunity Family Reasons Peaceable Behavior Political Stability Religious tolerance Relative Freedom
Which Women Have the Highest Fertility Among Major U.S. Racial and Ethnic Groups?
Hispanic
Reasons for population increase in mexico
Historical Experience Delay in Quantification Optimism
Migration Theory
1. Area of Origin 2. Area of destination 3. Intervening obstacles 4. Personal Factors
In 1900, about _______% of humankind lived in cities
12-15%
How long do you think it will take to add another billion?
15 years
When did the population of the world reach 1 billion, 4 billion, and 6 billion?
1804, 1974, and 1999
First contraceptive pill became available in?
1960
By 1950, about ____% of the world's population lived in cities
30%
By 2001, about ____% (3 billion people) resided in cities
50%
If the world were 100 people
61 Asians 13 Africans 12 Europeans 8 North Americans 5 South Americas and Caribbeans
World Life Expectancy for 2000's
67 years old
World Life Expectancy for 1950's
About 45 years old
Moral Restraints on population
Celibacy Non-procreative sex Contraception (Malthus opposed artificial birth control methods on moral grounds) Homosexuality
Top 5 most populated countries
China India United States Indonesia Brazil
Cities have historically meant?
Falling fertility rates
Why do people migrate within a country?
Interregional migration Settlement legacy Job opportunity Environmental reasons (i.e. rustbelt vs. the sunbelt)
Stage 3
Moderate Growth Falling Birth Rates The gap between CBR and CDR narrows Driven by changes in social customs (fewer children, higher infant survival, urban lifestyle (children are not economic assets, smaller personal space)
Stage 4
Moderate Growth Falling Birth Rates The gap between CBR and CDR narrows Driven by changes in social customs (fewer children, higher infant survival, urban lifestyle (children are not economic assets, smaller personal space)
Obstacles of migrants
Policies of host countries cultural issues: attitudes towards immigrants, attitudes towards guest workers
Why might the emigration/immigration pressure (legal and illegal) from Mexico be so high?
Postwar surge in births in Mexico Lack of productive land
Demography
Study of human populations. Ex. Their size Composition Distribution Causes of Consequences of change in these characteristics
Malthus' Basic Theory (Malthusian Crisis)
That if when our food supply grows arithmetically and our population grows geometrically there will be a crisis point reached where we cannot supply enough food for how many people we have.
Why the Extraordinary burst in population?
Transfers of successful death control measures (public health, nutrition, and medicine). Most progress in death control occurred between 1945 and 1965
Why Canada has a lower fertility rate than the US
Use of Contraceptives Religion Public health Care System Difficult entering the labor market
Which states have the highest fertility rates?
Utah Arizona Idaho South Dakota
Which states have the lowest?
Vermont DC Rhode Island New Hampshire
Push Factors
War Famine Disease Poverty Political Corruption Lack of Employment Opportunities Religious Regions Natural Disaster Infringement of Rights
Negative Controls of Population
War Famine Disease/Pestilence/ Plague Infanticide (bad nursing of children)
Thomas Malthus
Who said "Food is necessary to the existence of man and The passion between the sexes is necessary and will remain nearly in its present state"
Urbanization is a key (Main?) reason why?
World population began to slow after 1970
World Life Expectancy for 1900's
about 35 years old
reasons people are no longer having children
contraception urbanization countries controls on population (chinas one child policy economic costs of children
Concerns with overpopulation
extreme poverty poor soils uncertain rainfall increasing population pressures changing ownership patterns for land and cattle political and social turmoil shortages of trained agriculturalists
Characteristics of a Broad Based Pyramid
increase food production build more homes and schools plan for more job opportunities for the young in future Considerimplementing birth control programs
Intraregional Migration
rural to urban urban to suburban counter urbanization
Precision agriculture
satellite farming or site specific crop management is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.
ways that we maximize our yields on crops
soil chemistry and crop agronomy synthesis of ammonia from its elements -use of nitrogen (1909+) Organic fertilizers Mendel (the laws of genetic Inheritance) genetic crop improvement The breakthrough in wheat and rice production in Asia in the mid-1960s, which came to be known as the Green Revolution Specialization, Simplification, Concentration
Crude Death Rate
total number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people
Crude Birth Rate
total number of live births in a year for 1000 people
Narrow based pyramid
work out incentives to encourage more births Consider hiring foreign labor think about the provision of proper medical services and health care for the aged and for expectant mothers