GEOGRAPHY 305: INTRO TO THE CITY EXAM #2

"Walking in Memphis: Revisiting the street politics of Ms. Jacqueline Smith;" Wang

- This piece visits the street politics of Ms Jacqueline Smith in her two-plus decades of protests outside of the hotel in which MLK was assassinated. (611) - The motel in which he was killed is now a Civil Rights Museum that is a growing heritage tourism spot despite being in the American South, where landscapes of civil rights memorialization are often contested publicly along other types of racism (611) - Money has been pumped into making this motel a civil rights museum while being located next to the neighborhood of South Main which has faced divestment and heavy gentrification. (611) - Smith has protested outside of the motel for 27 years, having lived in the motel as a teenager but was forcibly evicted once it was turned into a museum. (611) - Smith remind folks that the transformation of the motel into a state-owned money-making property did not benefit many of South Main's African-American residents, nor dit MLK's widow endorse the project. (612) - Smith argues that MLK would have wanted her to be able to stay at the motel without a memorial. Rather, the state putting money towards helping the poor. (612) - MLK is memorialized in many places, but the renaming of things to MLK things is not always accepted (612) - Some people see renaming as taking away from the reflective atmosphere of heritage that they do not share or identify with (612) - Memorials of the civil rights movement in the south often are placed side-beside with memorials of Southern heritage (612) - To characterize these struggles as simply "race relations" in the south is a departure from the point. (612) - Heritage tourism became central to urban redevelopment efforts in many Souther cities, that while memorializing more appropriate things, it is often dictated by commercial interests. (612) - Southern heritage tourism and its increase is turning it into a profit-making enterprise that goes hand in hand with plans of urban regeneration and gentrification that displace African-American residents in those same neighborhoods. (613) - The geography of civil rights today often overlaps with the lasting geography of racism. (613) - Gentrification in Smith's neighborhood has increased in recent years and has resulted in drastic changes in physical landscapes and demographics around the museum (613) - Of the $25 million that went into building a new wing and refurbishing the museum, none went to projects that work with local residents (614) - The resulting depression led to a drop in property prices that allowed developers to come in and produce a "neighborhood renaissance," that excluded the original residents (614) - Developers are not interested in producing affordable housing for original residents (614) - Smith argues that few people remember that King's most pressing goal was to help lift people out of poverty in their own neighborhoods (614) - Smith argues that the primary issue is cultural appropriation. (614) - Asks the question of if building a fancy museum in the name of civil rights actually qualifies as fighting for civil rights? Or is it just about prosperity for a certain group of people? (614)

"Home Is Where The Han Is: A Korean American Perspective on the Los Angeles Upheavals;" Kim

- 1/2 of the $850 million estimated material losses incurred during the LA upheavals was sustained by a community that no one wants to talk about (215) - Korean Americans in LA were at the front lines of violence and suffered damage to their livelihoods (215) - Author explores the question of is recovery is possibly for Korean Americans and how can they "become American" without dying of Han. (215) - Han is a Korean world that is translated as the sorrow and anger that grow from accumulated experiences of oppression. (215) - When people die of han, it is called dying of hwabyong, a disease of frustration and rage following misfortune. (215) - Korean Americans were situated between those who have (Whites) and those who have not (Blacks and Latinos. (216) - Koreatown in LA represented a home for Koreans in America (216) - Koreans watched in horror at the destruction of Koreatown and the targeting of Korean shops in South Central LA after the Rodney King Verdict. - Argues it was the courageous African American women and men of the 1960s who redefined the meaning of "American" (216) - These "people suggested that people could reject the false choice between being treated as a perpetual foreigner in their own birthplace, on the one hand, and relinquishing their identity for someone else's il-fitting and impossible Anglo American, on the other." (216) - American education talked nothing about Chicanos, Latinos, Koreans, and most of African and native Americans was distorted to justify oppression. (217) - African American community leaders suggested that Korean American merchants were foreign intruders trying to stifle African American economic development (217) - Anti-Korean flyers were distributed by African American political candidates (217) - Latinos felt pleasure in raiding Korean stores and Chinese Americans distanced themselves from Koreans. (217) - Chinese and Japanese argued that they had always gotten along with African Americans in the past (217) *NOT FINISHED*

"How does it feel to be a problem: Akram;" Bayoumi

- Akram is a 21 year old Palestinian American who works 65 hours a week during the school year at his father's grocery store while attending school full-times (117) - Everywhere that Akram turns - from television shows, movies, news reports, customers - the culture is arguing that Islam is to be feared and that Arabs are a problem to be dealt with (117) - Akram's identity is under siege and so he is looking for a way to redeem is own sense of self. (118) - This article is the story of Akram, about race and class opportunity, and about trying to find your way in a world of progressive disenchantment. (118) - The solution to the problem of everyone around you believing that you don't belong, for Akram, is moving to Dubai, a new land of opportunity that is Arab-American's new dream. (118) - His father's grocery store, Mike's Food Center, is in Flatbush, just outside of Brooklyn, that is mostly a Caribbean neighborhood (118) - Akram did not become more religious after the terrorist attacks of 9/11, something unlike many other members of Brookyln's Muslim Youth. (121) - He is equally at home with Arabs, African Americans, and West Indians; a twenty-first century US American that absorbs and reflects all of the ethnicities and histories surrounding him. (121) - Arab-Americans are considered "middlemen minorities," ethnic businessmen and women who function as intermediaries between inner-city clients and the conglomerates that want to sell them things but don't want to deal with them directly. (122) - Middlemen minorities tend to stick together, usually in families, to overcome hardships that derive from hostility in the host society (122) - Middleman minorities are often forced into merchant professions. (122) - Work often pays off financially for middleman minorities but often require long hours and intense dedication to do so. (122) - Middleman minorities exhibit strong attachment to their ancestral homeland and have a high degrees of ethnic solidarity. (122) - Akram's father came to the US from his West Bank Village and bought Mikes Food Center after finding solace in people of his own kinds (124) - Akram is the first to go to college, after the success of his father's store. (125) - Akram's father's success is a textbook example of the American dream, but it is no longer enough for Akram (125) - Akram's feelings of displacement in America began in high school, a place that had its only political geography of race and ethnicity divided by floor and lockers. Second floor belonged to Hispanics, Asian kids next to the library, Goths in the first floor lobby, the third floor left to Russians and African Americans. Arabs didn't have their own space. (127) - The third floor of the school had a lack of identity politics, the reason why it drew Akram there. (127) - One teacher had called out Akram for wearing a traditional hatta, a scarf, and insinuated that it was an act of hatred. (127) - On 9/11, Akram's teacher wanted the students to talk about their reactions, but their reactions scared Akram. "We should go over there and bomb them." "Kill them." Akram started to cry, saying "these people had nothing to do with it, why you saying these things" (knowing that these people in the middle east were innocent.) (129) - Akram was worried about the women in his family who wore hijabs and what may happen to his family now that 9/11 occurred. (130) - The following weeks saw merciless murdering of Arab-Americans by whites retaliating against the events of 9/11 (131) - After Akram's father got into an argument with someone accusing Arabs of celebrating the 9/11 attacks, the man would lie and tell everyone passing his store that they support bin Laden and Hamas (132) - September 11 threw American's bedrock of racial stratification into flux. (133) - After 9/11, the question remained to which group Arabs belonged to? Are they white? Brown? or Black? Or are they their own category? (134) - Have Arabs and Muslims today become less "white" and more "colored"?? (134) - There has been a shift from black racialization towards brown racialization. (134) - Overnight African American now meant American while Arab American meant terrorist. (134) - Akram went to Israel to visit his family, and although encountering scary situations, it showed him independence and allowed him to connect with his roots. (142) - When Akram came back, he focused on school and working. (143) - Akram looked at places that needed English speaking teachers, and Dubai caught his attention. (144) - Dubai is the new American dream for many Arab-American youth (144) - Dubai is a place that will gain from America's loss (145)

"America's Global Project;" Beauregard

- America's suburban way of life crafted America's global dominance as a result of suburbia's consumer-based lifestyle making possible the prosperity in the ideological construction of the US as an international power. (144) - Urban way of life post-war was less appealing because they were more vulnerable to attack. (144) - Suburbs were designed to create a "better world abroad and a happier society at home" (144) - US global dominance post WWII was not about territory or subjugation, it was about establishing itself at the center of the global economy on the basis of free-trade. (144) - The key to the US's success was the casting of the US as a model to be emulated (democracy/capitalism) (144) - The suburbs led the way to grounding the nation in values of a distinct "American way of life" - they stood for the achievement at home - the realization of the American dream - and American exceptionalism. (145) - Post WWII saw white families moving to the suburbs where light manufacturing was increasing and black families moving toward city-centers of industrial cities that were in poor shape and increasingly abandoned after the fall of heavy manufacturing. (145) - "Racial inequity was the country's shame." The irony of black kids playing in garbage against the backdrop of the Capitol Dome made Americans uncomfortable so they pushed those that could cast that image out. (145) - "To be American was to be fervently nationalistic and staunchly anticommunist." Race, cities and communism were joined in a symbolic narrative that shaped cities and those in them as un-American (146) - The US destroyed two enemy CITIES with two atomic bombs. The destructive power of these bombs and the narrative told by scientists and reporters of such destruction shaped the American psyche and led to the mass migration of American cities out of cities. (148) - The federal government moved to keep the Soviet Union from the knowledge of how to make an atomic bomb. Also established an early-warning radar system to detect incoming bombers. School children were required to participate in air-raid-drills. People began building fallout shelters. (150) - Government solution to moral and ethical problems that arose with fallout shelters vs the rich and the poor was to disperse the cities into suburbia. - Discovered that the "optimum" size of a city could be calculated from the destructive capacity and strategic intent of the enemy. - Federal policy created an interstate highway system was intended to designate certain highways for the movement of troops, war material, and supplies. - Anticommunism was taking up by public housing critics as a way to keep public housing from dominating the housing sphere. - Home ownership was considered a safeguard against socialism. - McCarthyism used public housing as a tool to attack Democrats and weaken the New Deal and establish himself asa foe of communism -Family-centered culture isolated in the suburbs due to anxieties of the atomic bomb, mccarthyism and communist subversion. - Homosexuals were denied from suburban life as they were perceived as a threat to marriage, motherhood, and was the "feminization" of gay men that eroded masculine vigor needed to fight communism. Forced to live in cities. - USs' factories had not been destroyed by WWII, unlike that of the other world powers, which gave the US an advantage in the post war period. - The Marshall Plan, the Lend Lease Agreement, and the Truman Doctrine all used as a way to spread the American idea across the globe. It put America at the center of Europe. - American way of life spread through US consumer goods. - "Kitchen Debate" between Khrushchev and Nixon.

"Decolonization is not a metaphor;" Tuck and Yang

- Decolonization brings about the repatriation of Indigenous land and life. Adopting the discourse turns the term into a metaphor and disregards those that have experienced the adverse effects of settler colonialism (1) - The decolonial desires of white people could be reframed as a new form of resettlement, reoccupation, and rein habitation that could further colonialism. (1) - These attempts at decolonization seem to some to be only a way to reconcile white settler guilt and complicity and secure settler futures in space and place (1) - Settler colonialism has shaped schooling and educational research in the United States (2) - Settler colonialism influences the organization, governance, curricula, and assessment of compulsory learning (2) - The language of decolonization has been superficially adopted into education as a way to supplant discussions of social justice, critical methodologies, or approaches which decenter settler perspectives (2) - While many hold discussions about the need to "decolonize our schools," none have discussed Indigenous people, their struggles for recognition for sovereignty, or the actual contributions of Indigenous intellectuals regarding frameworks fo decolonization (3) - There also is almost no recognization of settler colonialism in the present in the places in which this discussion takes place in North America (3) - When metaphor invades decolonization, it kills the possibility of decolonization, reentering whiteness, extending innocence to the settler (3) - The easy absorption and adoption of the decolonization discourse is another form of settler appropriation (3) - Decolonization does not have a synonym (3) - Postcolonial theories of colonially attend two forms: external colonialism and internal colonialism. (4) - External colonialism refers to the expropriation of Indigenous worlds, animals, plants, and human beings and extracting them in order to transport and build wealth, privilege, and appetites of colonizers (4) - Internal colonialism refers to the biopolitical and geopolitical management of people, land, flora, and fauna within the "domestic" borders of the imperial nation that uses particular modes of control - prisons, ghettos, minoritizing, schooling, policing - to ensure ascendancy of a nation to its white elite. (4) - Settler colonialism operates through internal and external colonial modes simultaneously because there is no separation between the metropole and colony (5) - Settler colonialism is different than other forms of colonialism because settlers come with the intention of making a new home on the land (5) - Land is the most valuable, contested, required element of settler colonialism (5) - In settler colonialism, land is converted into property and relationships toward land are based on transactions between the owner and his property (5) - In order for settlers to make place their home, they have to destroy and disappear the Indigenous peoples that live there who have creation stories, not colonization stories, about how they came to be to a place (6) - The settler sees himself as holding dominion over the earth and its flora and fauna (6) - Settlers are not immigrants, immigrants are beholden to the laws of the lands they migrate to. Settlers become the law. (6) - Colonial subjects that are displaced by external colonialism, as well as radicalized and minoritized by internal colonialism, still occupy stolen Indigenous land. (7) - Decolonization as a metaphor allows people to equivocate contradictory decolonial desires because it turns the term into an empty signifier to be filled in any pursuit towards liberation (7) - Believes that decolonization in the settler colonial context must involve the repatriation of land simultaneous to the recognition of how land relations to land have always been differently understood and enacted. (7) - Settler colonialism and its decolonization implicates and unsettles everyone (7) - Americans have had a fascination with Indigeneity as one of simultaneous desire and repulsion. (8) - Everything within a settler colonial society attempts to destroy or assimilate the Native in order to erase them from the land (9) - Argues the easy adoption of decolonization as a metaphor is a form of settler anxiety because it is a premature attempt at reconciliation in which the settler tries to escape or contain their own settler status (9) - There is a settler desire to be made innocent, to find mercy or relief in the face of relentless settler guilt and haunting (9) - White people maintain and reproduce white privilege in self-defined anti-racist settings and organizations (9) - There is a self-positioning of white people as simultaneously the oppressed and never an oppressor, and having an absence of experience of oppressive power relations (10) - Settler moves to innocence are strategies or positioning that attempt to relieve the settler of feelings of guilt or responsibility without giving up land or power or privilege, without having to change much at all. (10) - In the moves to innocence, settlers locate or invent a long-lost ancestor who had Indian Blood and use this to mark themselves as blameless in the eradications of Indigenous people (10) - Whites claiming Indian blood tend to reinforce mythical beliefs about Indians (10) - Settler nativism or the Indian-grandmother complex is a settler move to innocence because it is an attempt to deflect a settler identity, while continuing to enjoy settler privilege and occupy stolen land (11) - Kim Tallbear argues that the one-drop rule dominates understandings of race in the United States, and therefore people in the US have not been able to understand Indigenous identity (12) - Through the one-drop rule, blackness is expansive, ensuring that a slave/criminal status be inherited by an expanding number of black descendants. YET, the one-drop rule defines Native Americans as subtractive, constructed to become fewer and fewer in number and less Native (12) - Contemporary Native nations are considered less authentic and less indigenous than every prior generation in order to phase out Indigenous claims to land and policies (12) - This one-drop rule is done through blood quantum registries and policies, which were forced on Indigenous nations and communities and have overshadowed former ways of determining tribal membership (12) - Both are used as a way to guarantee white settlers as the true and rightful wonders and occupiers of the land (12) - In the radicalization of whiteness, blood quantum rules are revered so white people can state white while claiming descendant from an Indian grandmother (13) - In 1924, the Virginia legislature passed the Racial Integrity Act, which enforced the one-drop rule EXCEPT for white people who claimed a distant Indian grandmother, all because aristocratic First Families in Virginia claimed descendency from Pocahontas (13) - Ancestry is different from tribal membership; Indigenous identity and tribal membership are questions that Indigenous communities alone have the right to struggle over and define, not DNA tests, heritage websites, and certainly not the settler state (13) - Settler adoption fantasies are longstanding narratives in the United States that are fueled by rare instances of ceremonial adoptions(14) - One of the most influential narratives of the adoption narrative is penned by James Fenimore Cooper who grew up in Six Nations territory. Him and his daughter imagined frontier romances full of tragic Indians, inventive and compassionate settlers, and virginal white/Indian women in a virgin wilderness (14) - Cooper's books fantasize the founding and expansion of US settler nations by fictionalizing the period of 1740-1804 in the narrative of one white man. (15) - A more nuanced move to innocence is the homogenizing of various experiences of oppression as colonization (17) -There is a difference between colonization between natives and whites versus blacks and whites. (18) - Indigenous people are counted, codified, represented and included/disincluded by education researchers and rendered visible only as "at risk" people and asterisk people. "At risk people are Indigenous people that are on the verge of extinction, culturally and economically bereft." (22)

"Indigenous Cities: Urban Indian Fiction and Histories of Relocation; The City as Confluence" Furlan

- In 2005, Chicago Alderman Mary Ann Smith commissioned a mural in the city's 48th ward to be located on the north and south walls of the Foster Avenue underpass to Lake Shore Drive (169) - She wanted the art to represent the diversity of Chicago's Indian community who are often found in Uptown Chicago (169) - These images are juxtaposed with large tiles that depict a giant ear of corn, Natives on skateboards, and eagle in flight, etc.. (169-170) - Their is also a giant onion, a reminder of Chicago's real or imagined etymology (170) - All of these images combine the contemporary and historical, urban and rural, cosmopolitan and tribal relationships between the Native people and the rest *170) - The poem "Indian Land Dancing" celebrates the wild rice harvest during a time when all of Indian land was thriving (170) - The imaginative move from Indigenous communities to an urban one mirrors the relation of many to cities in history (170) - The Mural calls attention to circuits of movement of diverse Indigenous peoples in Chicago (170) - The narrative calls upon communal and individual memory (170) - The author invoked the mural as a way to offer a lens for placing indigenous texts in an urban setting and as a way to bring together the Chicago community (170) - Discussess Power and her book about growing up in Chicago as a Native American woman (170) - Chicago, for Power, is Indian Territory, even it that is obscured by the present. She argues that this place calls for a different kind of storytelling (172) - Indigenous people have inhabited the area of Chicago for 10,000 years (172) - Indigenous Chicago was cosmopolitan. It was a Potawatomi territory that was inhabited by people of various tribal nations and was a center of trade, later especially with French fur traders (173) - The Treaty of Chicago officially purged the area of its Indigenous population, but historians now show a persistent Native presence in the city still today (173) - Chicago's lands were ceded in multiple treaties, but to some minds, Lake Michigan is Indian Territory, due to the lakebed never being ceded in treaty. See sand bar case (173) - Fort Dearborn Massacre was the attacking of fort evacuants during the War of 1812 by Potawatomis while in route to Fort Wayne, and some argue that Chicago's origin story is based on Not Dearborn and the history written after the incident regarding a captivity narrative. (174) - The fort is commemorated as the firs outpost of civilization in the territory and a preserved tree is saved by the Chicago Historical Society that commemorates the battle (174) - The creation of Fort Dearborn Massacre as a monument was done so at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition that celebrated and showcased tribal peoples as it celebrated Columbus's discovery (174) - Here, villages of (living) Lakota and Inuit peoples and other triable exhibits were done with mannequins that drew millions of visitors that promoted an excitement for the frontier. (175) - The years between 1893-1934 saw activism within the Progressive Era marked by people like Pokagon who reacted to the Columbian Expo with the "Red Man's Rebuke" that attempted to take control of the narrative of Indigenous people in Chicago. (175) - Chicago was one of the first cities chosen by the Bureau of Indian Affair's for their relocation program for job-training initiatives (176) - Where they failed, other agencies stepped in to help provide social and community services (176) - The relocation era was also one of protest. The Chicago Indian Village (CIV) movement was spurred by the eviction of 35-year old Menominee woman Carol Warrington and her six children who had withheld rent to protest poor living conditions (176) - The Native American Committee (NAC) set up a tipi across from her apartment and others followed, creating a little "Indian Village" (176) - The group demanded an Indian housing complex and adjacent cultural center to be built in the Uptown neighborhood (176) - Power constructs alternate histories through accretion- the layer of memories that make meaning when we read together (177) - Tribalography describes the way that authors seek to create a tribal text - one that transcends simple generic classification and the constraints of time. (177) - Roofwalker is an urban text, one that "brings together" a constellation of Indigenous Chicago stories that make meaning through accordion and reenact an urban form of tribalography that reflects on the chaos of city life. (178) - Roofwalker maps the layers of Indigenous histories in Chicago in a literal bricolage that is centered on specific places and sites (178) - Power demonstrates how history gets constructed and reconstructed and how the urban landscape gets described and re-storied as she describes Chicago's place-story (179) - History and place are "inextricably intertwined" (179) - Roofwalker demonstrates how stories uncover lost histories in search for places-stores (179) - Power argues the John Harvard statue at Harvard means that the public history if often wrong and the wrong people are commemorated. This monument really memorializes Harvard's whiteness and obscures its original purpose. The statue shows the wrong date of Harvard's foundation, it looks nothing like him, and the college was not founded by Harvard himself, but instead by a legislative body. (179) - Power argues that the inauthentic history portrayed by the Harvest monument reflect the inauthentic history portrayed about Indigenous history in America (180) - The title of Power's story "First Fruits" is a reference to a 1643 pamphlet penned by John Elliot. There is uncertainty of whether or not he was penned by him, but it was written in use for fund-raising for the Massachusetts Bay colony, but contains many misstatements and overestimations, particularly in regard to how many Natives had converted to Christianity. (180) - Power discusses the Fort Dearborn Massacre monument commissioned by George Pullman of a woman and her child being saved from a hostile Indian hatchet-wielding Potawatomi leader while a Dr. lies dead on the ground. Many reinforced this monument with the narrative that barbarians needed to make way for civilization in Chicago, despite that not being apart of Chicago's history due to it being a speculation city (182) - Monuments "satisfy the desire to commemorate, to mark a place, to represent the past to the present and future, to emphasize one narrative of the past at the expense of others, or to simply make the past past." (183) - In this monument, Indians are depicted as wild and savage in this narrative, and this narrative became Chicago's official history, it gave a narrative satisfying enough for an origin story (183) - The monument was officially removed from the Historical society and relocated to a park, where it was moved once again and resides in a storage facility due to protestation and for its memorialization of conflict and Indian savagery. (183-184) - The only Indian's that Chicago memorializes is those that are inaccurate and one-sided (184) - The parent's role as both storyteller and archivist is important in the urban space (185) - Both of Power's parents challenged and undermined the dominant narrative Indigenous history in Chicago and inserted their perspective into history on record. (185) - Space can be conceptualized as a "meeting of histories" (186) - We often think of rural spaces, like the frontier, as contact zones, as places where histories intersect (186) - There is a native story of a girl with bright red hair with whom her mother tells her about the vikings coming down long before Columbus and marrying into tribes. This departs from the traditional US narrative that Columbus "discovered" North America (187) - Power's message is that historical past is not truly past bt continues to have relevance in the present in a convergence of both time and place (188) - The American Indian Center plays a role in Indian society within the city, as a hub, the community center is a collecting center, a center that promotes storytelling among the native community (190) - Power declares that Indian's have been the transformers in American history, most specifically, that Indians have been both agents of history and the tellers of tribal histories. (192) - Traditional thinking of artists figures or artist heroes in fiction insists that these characters, godlike in nature are inherently autobiographical; they re always versions of the author themself. But the author suggests that people pay more attention to the recurrence of artist figures whether or not they have autobiographical origins (193) - Forms of material culture constitute texts that can and should be read within a Native context. (193) - The author argues that the creative acts in Roofwalker are creation stories. They are assertions of Indigenous story and history - and often negation sos dominant colonial discourse. They re also artistic confluence: their creators are beading or telling or painting or plotting new articulations of history in the urban space (198) - Power is invested in erasing or destabilizing borders: between history and memory, between reservation and city, ,between past and present, between Indigenous and Western knowledge (200) - Roofwalker works to erase generic classification.. In keeping with tribalographic reading, this suggests that erasure has meaning on a meta level, or that genre crossing functions to signify the crossings of urban life: the migration from reservation to city, temporal crossings, and the diverse alliances within the American Indian community. (202) - Power's book erases the boundary of story, her stories overlap with their beginnings and endings, they cannot be contained within a single essay (202) - Lake Michigan is monolithic, asserting its power. The city thinks it controls it, but the lake takes back territory, remembering where its territory used to be. (202) - The lake in Roofwalker transcends the borders of time. (203) - The city, for Power, is a revolutionary space where borders can at least be unbelievable and unreliable. The Indigenous history in Chicago is ever present and relentless. (211)

"The Subprime and Foreclosure Crisis: Ten Years Later;" Olinger

- In September 2007, Lehman Brothers collapsed, setting off a chain reaction that led to the Great Recession. (1) - The pain inflicted on American households as a result of the crisis has been great, but new rules and protections have allowed many to bounce back, but for people of color, the crisis has not ebbed. (1) - The national unemployment rate was highest in 2009 act 10%, but was significantly higher for workers of color. Today it is 4.4% (1) _ For some communities, the crisis has grown still today, making recovery extremely uneven. (1) - For example, Black median wealth never recovered from the 2001 recession and Latino wealth has not recovered from the Great Recession. Yet, white wealth was untouched in the 2001 recession and rebounded after two years from the Great Recession (1) - The average wealth of white families has grown 84% over the past 30 years, 1.2 times higher than that of Latino households, and 3 times that of Black households (2) - The wealth divide is projected by 2043 to have doubled from $500,000 to over 1 million (2) - It will take 228 years to resolve inequality for bLack families under these conditions (2) - If current trends continue, Blacks are projected to have zero median wealth by 2053. (2) - The Great Recession drained $17 trillion in wealth from American families, blacks lost 66% and hispanics lost 53% of their household wealth. (2) - The nation's median wealth decreased 20% from 1983 to 2013 dye to the growing racial wealth gap. (2) - The affordable housing crisis has now moved on from lower-income households to many middle income households. (2) - Foreclosures, tighter credit and housing markets, and economic challenges for workers have created housing burdens (2) -1/5 renting American households spends at least 30% of their income on housing. (2) - The burden is more pronounced for renters of color, nearly 60% for black renters and 57% of Latino renters spend more than 30% of their incomes on housing. (2) - In nearly every state, rents have outpaced growth in incomes (2) - Homeownership has remained steady (63%) or declined, reflecting the unaffordability of housing (2) - In the aftermath of the Great Recession and foreclosure crisis, the federal government undertook financial regulations to reinstate soundness to a financial system that had gone through too much deregulation. (3) - This resulted in the creation of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) that returned nearly $12 billion to millions of victims of financial wrongdoing across the country. The Trump Administration is threatening to take way these protections. (3) - Generations of radicalized laws, policies, and practices have imposed a racial bias on our collective normative values over time, creating structural racialization (3) - People, as a result, unconsciously promote patterns of inequity in our society (3) - This can be seen in credit scoring practices, where research suggests that credit is negatively effected by just being a borrower of color. (3) - The housing market is ripe for exploitation and large scale investors have joined in in hopes of reaping profit. (4) - "Land contracts" are unevenly regulated and are predatory and designed to fail, but give owners of properties promises to the legal total of land after successful completion of payments towards the full purchase price of the home. They are responsible for all aspects of homeownership despite not being the true owner. (4) - Historically, land contracts promoted redlining in communities of color. (4) - Investors are taking up foreclosed homes and marketing them to locked-out homeowners (4) - Research has shown there are problems or abuses in 80% of the states. (4) - The rise of "FinTech" firms is concerning due to their ability to exploit a regulatory vacuum because they are not considered "traditional banking entities" (4) - FinTech firms promise faster loan application and approval processes but they are known to violate the standards of fairness in lending and failing to deliver on promises. (4) - The companies are not required to uphold the same amount of transparency that banks are (5) - Online lending and land contracts mean tracking consumer protections is more challenging. (5)

"Fatal Couplings of Power and Difference: Notes on Racism and Geography;" Gilmore

- Is attempting to disarticulate "commonsense couplings of sites and struggles and disrupt assumptions such as the idea that politics happens in the milieu of the state." (15) - Emulates the work of scholars who try to find something other than the perpetual recapitulation of place-based struggles that are displaced but never resolved, (15) - Defines place as the range of kinds of places, as intimate as the body, and as abstract, yet distinctive, as a productive region or a nation-state. (15) - "States are territorial resolutions of crisis" (16) - "If race has no essence, racism does (16) - Racism is singular because its practitioners exploit and renew fatal power-difference couplings (16) - Violence is the cause of premature deaths and produces political power in a vicious cycle. (16) - An example of nonfatal power-difference couplings is mutuality. (16) - Racism is a practice of abstraction, a death-dealing displacement of difference into hierarchies that organize relations within and between sovereign political territories (16) - Racism limits and pushes disproportionate costs of participating in an increasingly monetized and profit-driven world on those who cannot reach the power aids that would relieve them of some of these costs (16) - Racism produces effects on the "sovereign" scale, one by one, that sum up form the category "human being" (16) - A geographical imperative lies at the center of every struggle for social justice. For example, if justice is embodied, then it is always spatial, or part of process of making a place. (16) - Prisons are geographical solutions to social and economic crises, politically organizes by a racial state that is itself in crisis. (16) - Geographers have used three frameworks too study race: (1) environmental determinism, (2) Areal differentiation, (3) Social construction. (17) - Two assumptions: (1) Social formations are structured in dominance within and across scales (2) Race is in someway determinate of sociospatial location. (17) - Argues race is contradictory but also overdetermined. (17) - Structures change under the conditions of power redistribution, such as in times of crisis (17) - Attempting to figure out the ways in which organizing is constrained by recognition (17) - For example, women who have lived through political terrors in youth have become political activists in the future. (17) - FDR's New Deal regime paved way for social welfare apparatuses to take shape as Progressive-era bred reformists used state power to resolve the Great Depression's antagonisms (18) - The programs guaranteed demand by redistributing wealth, but did so unevenly (18) - Under the New Deal, white people faired well compared to those of color, most of whom were deliberately excluded from opportunities and protections (18) - The New Deal's "creative government" resulted from the dense relationship between Southern and Northern Democrats. Southerners gave a secure legislative foundation from which whites could engineer limits to any centralized power that would disrupt the regions peculiarly fatal couplings of power and difference. (18) - Businesses relied on Jim Crow enforcement to keep labor cheap and disciplined. (18) - Lynching symbolized the metaphorical and material line that separated the South from the rest of the United States (18) - Military Keynesianism designated the socioeconomic "welfare warfare" system practiced in the United States (18) - The war against racism was a racist war in renovating the US racial state deliberately by declining to intervene in the extermination of Jews by Nazis until they no longer could do so. (18) - The US excluded European Jews from US shores effected by "paper walls," or barriers in immigration applications. (18) - War department and members of FDR's administration worked hard to define the "security zone" so that it would maximize capture of the "enemy race" (Japanese) and minimize capture of others (Germans, Italians) (19) - Argues that the "security zone" provided a pretext for FDR's successor to drop the bomb on Japan. (19) - The most radical tendencies of the African-American civil rights movement's "second reconstruction" coalesced during the WWII fight against racism and fascism (19) - In cities outside the south, radical tensions were displaced by success in the struggle for access to social welfare programs and equal educational opportunities (19) - The "urban pact" was an outcome of reformist struggles characterized by the formation of political coalitions through which Black people achieve access to public resources and employments and wielded relative electoral power. (19) - Military Keynesianism failed to prevent the mid-1970s economic crisis that gave high inflation and high unemployment. (19) - Keynes' short run remedy was not up for long-run crises. (19) - The key crisis: an apparently secular, rather than cyclical, post-1967 decline in the rate of profit created by excessive capitalist investments in productive capacity. (19) - It was the welfare state, rather than capitalisms surplus-generated crisis, that bore the popular political blame for the economic turmoil. (19) - While the postwar national security state emerged from crisis conditions, the ideological preconditions lie in the the state and state-sanction violence to the American national project. (20) - Argues that the founding moments of US nationalism are foundational to both state and culture. (1) US conceived in slavery and christened by genocide led to high expectations of state aggression against enemies of the national purpose. (2) The high incidence of war waged by the US correlates with high levels of violence, particularly homicide, experienced in the social formation of the united states as compared with 114 other nation-states. Every time the US goes to war and wins, the homicide rates go up. (3) The national exculpatory standard for murder committed in "self-defense" is aggressive. (20) - The legitimate domestic US state IS the national security, or defense, or warfare state. (20) - The local world is a very dangerous place, when the nation is basking in foreign victory, the domestic turns hostile. (20) - The key to safety is aggression. (20) - The twinned legacies of chattel slavery and the premeditated murder of indigenous peoples are central to the production of the US master race. (20) -The development of the US "herenvolk democracy" or "dictatorship of white men" depended on and fostered a connection between masculinity, state power, and national belongingness, with everyone else thus characterized as some degree alien (21) - The warfare state is the gendered racial state (21) - Intranational conflicts around inclusions and exclusion require this state to "fix" difference in order to maintain internal pacification. (21) - Two trajectories of "fix": (1) In good times, the state remedies exclusion by recognizing the structural nature of racism and institutionalizing means for combating its effects. (2) In bad times, when deepened differentiation pacifies widespread insecurity among the herrenvolk, the "fix" formalizes inequality. (21) - To secure or maintain hegemony, the state reproduces racial hierarchy through despotic power over certain segments of society. (21) - Argues that geographers should develop a research agenda that centers on race as a condition of existence and as a category of analysis, because the territoriality of power is key to understanding racism (22) - By centering attention on the most vulnerable to the fatal couplings of power and difference signified by racism, we can develop a richer analyses of how it is that radical activism might most productively exploit crisis for liberators ends. (22)

"Finally Got the News: Urban Insurgency, Counterinsurgency, and the Crisis of Hegemony in Detroit;" Camp

- Late 1960s saw Detroit as an epicenter of Black freedom, radical labor, and student movements. (43) - Global significance has not been made about class struggles in Detroit during the 1960s. (44) - The world revolution of 1968 was "an act of collective will...the rapid expansion in the ideology, culture, and civil structures of the new capitalism." It constituted a crisis of hegemony. (44) - The Detroit rebellion of July 1967 was one of a working-class rebellion. It was met with deadly force where more than 40 people were killed by the state officials and the National Guard. It exposed the repressive over of the state and the vulnerability of auto corporations to pressures of class struggle. 4000 workers shut down the Dodge auto plants that had the lowest paying and most dangerous jobs. (45) - DRUM, the Dodge Revolutionary Union Movement, the Eldon Avenue Revolutionary Movement, the Ford Revolutionary Movement became the League of Revolutionary Black Workers. (45) - Leaders of the League had honed their skills in Marist theory. Presented a Marxist framework to describe class exploitation, poverty, and police brutality. (45) - The years between 1967 and 1971 saw the highest number of strikes post WWII. Most of them were wildcat strikes. (46) - "General Strike" of 1863-65: One million Black workers freed themselves. (47) - Black radicals and socialists in Detroit deployed cultural productions to counter dominant (white) narratives of events the illuminate the importance of collective memory. (47) - Fordism: the combination of "high wages" with an intensification of exploitation in the auto industry (48) - Ford, Chrysler, and GM located their headquarters around Detroit. Their wealth dependent on the extraction of surplus value from an industrial working class that struggled over working conditions. AKA Detroit was an epicenter of class struggle. (48) - Capitalists took advantage of the mass migration of southern migrants by segregating different "races" into different "places." Racial and spatial divide = primary social control of industrial capitalism. (48) - The Congress of Industrial Organization's (CIO) commitment to civil rights led it to be accepted among workers of color, but the CIO failed to put black workers in the leadership of its own organization. (48) - The CIO expelled eleven unions led by the Left, who had "the best record in promoting antiracism and defending civil and legal rights of workers of color" in 1945-46. (49) - By the late 1940s, anticommunism had become the primary tool of counter subversives for suppressant dissent in domestic spaces, and for legitimating the geographical expansion of US capital internationally. (49) - Through exaggerating communist threats to national secure, these panics created a sense of crisis among working people that provided justification for Cold War policies. (49) - Post war "red baiting" was accompanied by the promotion of a pro-segregationist ideology. (49) - Militarization of the political economy during the Cold War launched an age of US hegemony in the world capitalist system (49) - Living conditions increased for US workers during the post-war period, but higher wages were accompanied with political assault on radical organizations that undermined the working-class power. (49) - The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 suppressed the right of Communists to organize in unions. (49) - During the Cold War, trade union president Reuther directed liberals to move away from militant Black Freedom struggles toward an acceptance of segregationist politics promoted by capitalist forces. (50) - Capitalists in postwar era used anticommunist narratives to legitimate class power. (50) - The black urban poor were displaced from inner-city neighborhoods due to urban renewal programs and forced into urban ghettos while whites were provided with federal subsidies to build houses in the suburbs (50) - Encouraged whites to invest in whiteness rather than in better wages and working conditions for all (50) - Racial segregation left black workers spatially and economically "trapped" in overcrowded neighborhoods where they endured a fatal link between poverty and police repression. (50) - In the late 1960s, Black workers became the majority of laborers in Detroit auto plants for the first time (51) - Black radicals took the lead in struggles for social change and unwaged Black workers disproportionately were the last hired and the first fired. (51) - Auto corporations saw the changing demographics in the factory as a way to exploit the shop floor even more through increased militancy in plants to produce as much as three white men. (51) - On July 23, 1967, the then-largest insurrection in US history began in a downtown Detroit club as city residents witnessed police harassment of a homecoming party for two Black soldiers returning from Vietnam. (52) - The Detroit Revolution defined the ghetto revolt against joblessness, police brutality, and exploitation at the point of production as a riot. (52) - The counterinsurgency narrative depicted the event as an instance of crime, violence, and chaos, not about civil rights, but about criminality. (53) - This produced a distorted image critical for understanding the historically specific relationship between racial ordering, capitalist, restructuring, and the formation of the carceral state. (53) - The image portrayed by the media suggested that the police raid of the club service alcohol after hours was as much about policing the immorality of Black workers as it was about preventing alcohol rom being served after hours (54) - The revolt led to the poor and working people of Detroit to take food from grocery stores, seize property from pawnshops, as they engaged in appropriation and burning of property (55) - The self-activity and collective struggles of urban proletarias led to an end for the period of the revolt of the infamous second and third shifts because they refused to work at night. This led to the shut down of three giants in American Capitalism: Ford, Chrysler, and GM (55) - 7000 people were arrested and taken to the state prison in Michigan (55) - The refusal of mass criminalization by the working and ageless people of Detroit represented a crisis of Hegemony (55) - The urban revolts drew attention to themes of race, rebellion, crime, and law and order (56) - The Kerner Commission was a report that analyzed race relations under the authority of President Johnson that was made up of representatives of political elites from industry, government, labor, police, and mainstream civil rights organizations that helped develop new strategies of crisis management. (57) - White society is implicated in the ghetto: white's created it, whites maintain it, and whites condone it (57) - The report describes conditions of unemployment, poverty, housing discrimination, income inequality, and racial perceptions to provide an argument on how to prevent rebellions labeled as civil disorders. (57) - Basically, they found that white racism and poverty were the key factors in shaping urban uprisings.. (57) - The report though asserted that the conditions of unemployment among black poor people produced a culture of poverty (57) - The report legitimated the perception that a culture of poverty generates a system of ruthless exploitative relationships within the ghetto that sanctified the racial liberal common sense that criminality in poor communities of color was the pathological outcome of racial discrimination. (58) - The report argued that counterintelligence units should be established to gather, evaluate, analyze, and disseminate information in these areas to prevent insurgencies (58) - These recommendations distorted its message of race and class inequality and instead created a justification for carceral resolutions to the urban crisis. (58) - Martin luther King Jr responded to the urban rebellion by challenging the structure of racism, militarism, and poverty, liking the racist imperialist war in Vietnam tot he political repression of the poor and working class people of color in the US. (59) - Finally Got the News was a fit that told the dramatic story of the dialectics of insurgency in Detroit and presents the cultural history of social struggles (62) - Fordisms promise of high wages and full employment was contradicted by the facts of punitive policing, precarious labor, and perilous housing conditions in the urban ghetto (62) - Finally Got the News demonstrates the strategic role of expressive culture in connecting Black freedom and socialist internationalist movements. (63) - In it, a Marxist framework for audiences to understand the roots of the problems they face as workers, renters, and urban dwellers is made, connecting the Black radical tradition to Marxism (63) - Finally Got the News argues that the struggles of Black workers were linked to the fate fo the proletariat as a whole. (64) - Radicalization and criminalization were essential to securing consent to authoritarian solutions to the crisis of capital and the state. (65) - Counterinsurgency unleashed in response to the struggles in the streets and factories of Detroit led to the systematic violation of the civil liberties of aggrieved communities. (65) - Law and order narratives have painted a highly radicalized portrait of unemployed Black workers as socially and economically unassimilable in the context of aggressive austerity measures (66) - The Leagues victories in struggle for rights, resources, and recognition for black workers also made significant contributions to class struggle in culture through newspapers and films and was not able to stop plant closures, capital flight, structural unemployment, or the expansion of policing, prisons, and permanent war. (66) -

"Conceptualizing Neoliberalism, Thinking Thatcherism;" Peck & Tickell

- Looks at the relationship between neoliberalism and contestation by looking closely at the "nature of the beast" (26) - Argues that neoliberalism began in "local" settings before it acquired a more diffused ideological form in state and social power. (26) - Argues one of the foundational moments of neoliberalism is the rise of London think tanks and the interdigitation of Thatcherism. - Neoliberalism was an intellectual project closely intertwined with state power and key elements of financialized capitalism, was held together by "strong discourses" of market rationality and competitive progress, was an opportunistic ideology shaped the crisis it hoped to solve and by the deregulatory dilemmas generated by its own failures, limits, and contradictions. (26) - Neoliberalisms' market has achieved a form of intellectual dominance, if not hegemony. (27) - Neoliberalism emerged out of contestation with Keynesian economists, public-sector workers, anti privatization campaigners, and traditional and social-democratic conservative politicians. (27) - Neoliberalism is a distinctive political-economic philosophy that took meaningful shape during the 1970s dedicated to the extension of market (and market like) forms of governance, rule, and control across all spheres of social life. (28) - A decisive moment in the evolution of neoliberalization occurred with the capture of state power through the 1973 coup in Chile, the ascendancy of the Chicago boys, and the ground-shifting elections of Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US. (28) - These two regimes took steps to construct in the name of economic liberalization a capital-central order in which the impediments to accelerated finance-oriented accumulation were minimized or removed. (28) - Thatcherism discourse involved "rolling back the frontiers of the state" in order to enlarge the space for private enterprise, competition, and individual liberty. (28) - Neoliberals developed a new repertoire of governmental practices, including privatization, selective "deregulation," contracting our, and so forth. (29) - In the post-Bretton Woods era, the "weight" of international financial activity has increased significantly, as have the reach and resources of transnational corporations, from the perspective of the national state. (30) - The strength of the policy is exploited by neoliberal politicians whose interests in tight money, low taxes, balanced budgets, and low inflation, overlap with those of the international financial community. (30) - Keynesian politics were focused on the interior, regulatory needs of national economies, while neoliberal policies were exteriorized, in globalization and financializing economy and through their difference to offshoot policy audiences. (30) - Neoliberalism was birthed in macroeconomic instability and institutional crisis. (30) - "roll back" neoliberalism favored strategies that heaped the burden of economic adjustment on the working class, the unwaged, the social state, and the domestic manufacturing capital, while failing to initiate generalized and sustainable economic development. (30) - Style characterized s necessitarian" (30) - Neoliberal restructuring programs were always pragmatic and opportunistic that involved experimentation and select targets for urgent "reform" (30) - Neoliberalism is revealed as more of a restructuring strategy than an alternative governing ideology (31) - Neoliberal impulses have become increasingly normalized while being overly blended with other form of governance. It is not a pure form due to it being inherently dependent on external sources of support and regulation. (31) - Neoliberal conceit is that state withdrawal is a necessary and sufficient precursor to the reanimation of markets (31) - In reality, deregulation and privatization has led to varied outcomes, equilibrating markets being perhaps the rarest, state-sanctioned monopoly being more common. (31) - Neoliberalism shares a lot with laissez-faire. (33) - Neoliberal policies like privatization, devolution, deunionization, and deregulation involved significant extensions of state power and the construction of new bureaucracies and modalities of government. (33) - Programs of liberalization have given rise to new problems, such as contingent employment, insecurity, endemic low pay, mass incarceration, tax-credit regimes, etc. (33) - Only rhetorically does neoliberalism mean "less state," in reality, it means thoroughgoing reorganization of governmental state systems and economy relations. (33) - Destructively creative social order (33) - Neoliberalism only exists in "messy" forms (temporal and spatial edges always blurred). Its essence and purpose are often misrepresented. (34) - No two neoliberal pathways are the same. (35) - Most accounts of the market counterrevolution since the 1970s is due to think tanks. (36) - The history of free-market think tanks reveals the inescapably socioinstitutional, deliberative, and iterative nature of the market revolution. (36) - Genealogy of neoliberalism can be seen in the training of Latin American economists under Milton Friedman at the University of Chicago in the 1950s and 1960s who went on to engineer a monetarist revolution in Chile after the 1973 Coup. (36) - F.A. Hayek was encountered by Antony Fisher who was seeking advice on how he might play a role in the struggle against socialism and totalitarianism. Hayek advised against the pursuit of elected office, but instead, suggested he become a "second-hand dealer in ideas" capable of translating philosophical principles into workable policies (37) - Countering the rise of collectivism would require a concerted intellectual and institutional effort (37) - Hayek convicted that death of planning would have to be planned (37) - Anthony Fisher created institutions that would propagate free-market think tanks throughout the world (37) - Free-market think tanks are more concerned with securing policy outcomes than merely winning arguments. (38) **this article sucks and makes no sense.**

"Wakanda! Take the Wheel! Visions of a Black Green City;" Corbin

- Marvel's Black Panther movie could be the highest form of escapism, not only for Black folks within the US but across the African diaspora. (1) - The Black Panther movie provides a possible future of Black self-determination on the big-screen (1) - This is a tectonic change and paradigm-shifting int hew ays of Black countries, cities, neighborhoods, and spaces are depicted and understood (1) - Wakanda boasts a historical past and present outside the very real complications of colonization, which has a violent history of exploiting natural resources and wealth of Black nations (1) - Wakanda as a topic narrative brings together a great African past and a bright Black future as it rids the former narrative instilled by the global south (1) - In the month before the movies release, the current president (TRUMP) articulated a racial slur leveraged at Black and Brown expatriates and those actively immigrating into the US by questioning "why do we want all these people from shithole countries coming here" (1) - The change in administration ushered in an upsurge of old-school racism and conjured up white supremacist images and narratives (1 ) - The reality of the green city is creating and reproducing new forms of gentrification rather than providing healthy urban ecologies to mitigate environmentally compromised areas of low-income residents and people of color (2) - Current gentrification policies and practices are impacting African Americans and displacing them from what were once called "chocolate cities" (1) - The move from imagine spaces to real material changes is important for Black neighborhoods facing green gentrification, which occurs when green space creation, restoration, and beautification projects attracts wealthy white populations, which in turn leads to a rise in housing costs and causes the displacement of long-term low-income residents and people of color (2) - The concept of Green Cities has linage to the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, in which the White city was introduced and gave rise to the City Beautiful movement (2) - The Green City is understood as the next iteration of the Garden City movement, which has origins in science-fiction (2) - The author uses Black Panther to tap into new aesthetics and rethink urban design to counter eurocentrism which "sanitizes Western history" (2) - The Golden City gives us a glimpse of a non-white, urban, environmentally just future grounded in African aesthetic (2) - This may or may not be the only representation of a utopian Black city and it is far removed from the dominant depictions of Black spaces as ghettos, slums, or apocalyptic landscapes (2) - This film represents a type of speculative black fiction or Afrofuturism (3) - Author asks us to unthinkable Eurocentrism that has become naturalized in the production of space and urban planning (3) - Argues that Wakanda can steer and stir people into thinking differently about cities, urban green spaces, neighborhoods, and our future. (3)

FILM: Maquilapolis - City of Factories

- Migrants came to maquiladoras in search of better wages and better living conditions. Case #1 Single mother with three kids in the neighborhood Lagunitas One of the factories you can see from her home is Sony In the 1960s the US and the Mexican government initiated the maquiladora industry. Works with materials that are imported and assembled in Mexico and then exported back to the US and other countries. Foreign companies go there for cheap labor and low taxes. Harassed and pressured Exposed to chemicals, adhesives, burning plastic. Nose started to bleed from working there, has kidney trouble since working there, they wouldn't let them drink water or use the bathroom. Stayed at the company because they ere with friends and worked through it together. Company she worked for moved to Indonesia because the labor was cheaper. When the company left, they didn't want to pay severance. The woman and her coworkers filed a labor claim that receiving severance was her right. By 1990, 4000 factories were on the border in Tijuana. Case #2 Lives in Chilipango River that runs through used to be clean, but now the river is dirty due to factories in the area. The Industrial City is up on the "mesa" and the rest of the city is down below. POWER DYNAMICS People have gotten sores on their feet Polluted water has affected the population People get sick, have spots on their skin, hives, breathing problems, etc. Mothers are motivated to fix the problem so that their children have a chance to live. These women have learned about their rights as workers and women and are using it to change the way in which they are treated. They call themselves the "Promotoras" Try to pass on as much information as they can. They use border tours for US tourists so show they what happens. Color of smock tells you the rank of the workers. People travel from all over Mexico to go to Tijuana for jobs. Women represented 80% of the workforce when the maquiladora began because they had agile hands that would be cheap and docile. Jeez. Most who come from the south arrive completely ignorant and separated from other workers. A woman factory worker is considered a commodity, and if that commodity isn't productive, she is not attractive within globalization. They are just objects of work. First hearing against Sanyo in which the government was supposed to provide legal counsel cil but they did not. They gave them a lawyer who favors the company. They were being represented by a lawyer who is on the side of the company. Compares their case to David and Goliath, they are David (who wins) after fighting the bigger, badder, Goliath. Gets paid $68 per week at panasonic. Face problems of lead contamination because they breath in lead everyday Panasonic and Sony never inform workers of the health risks they may face when working there. Spots and sores are due to the contact with the paste stye use. Doctor said she is at risk of leukemia She cannot get close to her children after work, wash their clothes, cook them food, because those chemicals will transfer. Cannot afford basic needs. Make approximately $66 a week, yet a jug of water cost $9, a jug of milk cost $18, etc.... 6000 tons of lead slag are exposed to the elements just outside the community. The factory will fire anyone who tries to start a union. The factories wait until it rains to release their waste water.

"A New Urban Frontier;" Smith

- On August 6, 1988, a riot erupted on the edges of Tompkins Square Park in New York City's Lower East Side. (3) - On one side were the police and on the other were a diverse mix of anti gentrification protestors, punks, housing activists, park inhabitants, artists, and Lower East Side residents (3) - The battle started following the city's attempt toe force a 1:00am curfew in the Park on the pretext of clearing out the growing numbers of homeless people living or sleeping there, kids playing boom boxes late in the night, buyers and sellers of drugs using it for business, etc. (3) - Many saw the city as seeking to tame and domesticate the park to facilitate the already rampant gentrification on the Lower East Side (3) - The police forcibly evicted everyone from the park before midnight, then mounted retreated baton charges against demonstrators and locals along the parks edge (3) - One account state the police were rampant with hatred that wasn't warranted, taking the small protest and spreading it across the entire neighborhood, inflaming people who'd never gone near the park to begin with. (3) - Following the riot, protestors adopted a more ambitious political geography of revolt, making their slogan "Tomkins Square everywhere" (5) - Mayor Koch described the events as a cesspool and blame the riots on anarchists (5) - The President of the Patrolmen's Benevolent Associated labeled those in the riot as social parasites, druggies, skinheads, and communists (5) - Before the riot, more than 50 homeless people, evictees from the private and public spaces of the official housing market, had begun to use the park as a place to sleep (5) - As the group grew, so did the City's efforts to suppress them through curfews, demolishing buildings in which squatters lived, destroying tents and belongings of park residents, etc (5) - On the coldest day of the winter, December 15, 1989, all of the homeless population in the park were evicted. (5) - As more of the city's evictees came back despite efforts to get rid of them, the city began to construct semipermanent structures. (6) - The government alleged that the park had been stolen from the public by the homeless (6) - In response the government closed the park and an 8-foot dense was erected, more than 50 uniformed and plainclothes police were deleted to guard the park permanently, letting only certain people in to use the facilities (6) - The ten acres of Tompkins Square Park became a symbol of a new urbanism being etched on the urban frontier (6) - The city itself was largely abandoned to the working class after postwar suburban expansion, making the terrain of the inner city available to them, only for new urbanism to make the abandoned property valuable again (6) - Global economic expansion; the destruction of national and urban economies toward services, recreation, and consumption; the emergence of a global hierarchy of world; and national and regional cities have all propelled gentrification from marginal preoccupation to the cutting edge of urban change (8) - The Lower East Side, highly diverse but increasingly latino , wad escaped in the 1980s as the "new frontier" (8) - It mixed opportunity for real estate investors with an edge of daily danger (8) - The social, political, and economic polarization of "Indian country" is becoming more apparent (9) - Apartment rents soared throughout the 1980s and with them, numbers of homeless people. There has been a record number of luxury condo construction (9) - Poverty and unemployment rose among the unskilled, concentrated among women, while salaries at nearby Wall Street boomed (9) - Avenue B to the east presents a more broken frontage of tenements, St. Brigid's Church, the Christodora Building, etc. (10) -The AIA guide to New York Architecture stated that one day when this area was rebuilt, a mature park will be a godsend. (10) - The symbolic power of the park has a space of resistance crystallized after 1873 when a catastrophic financial collapse threw unprecedented numbers of workers and families out on the streets. In protest, people took to Tompkins Square Park, but at the last minute, the mayor condemned the protest, resulting in police brutality against an unknowing group of people (11) - Tompkins Square came to be viewed by middle-class reformers as a necessary "escape value" for the dense settlement and volatile social environment of the city. (12) - Deterritorialization is central to myth making, and the more that events are wrenched from their constitutive geographies, the more powerful the myth. (12) - The social meaning of gentrification is constructed through the vocabulary of the frontier myth (13) - The gentrifying city has been optimistic with this new frontier as hostile landscapes are regenerated, cleansed, rein fused with middle class sensibility, real estate values soar, yuppies consume, elite gentility is democratized in mass-produced styles. (13) - The media portrayed the urban spaces once abandoned as the "new frontier," the "wild wild west" (14) - The new urban frontier motif encodes physical transformation of the built environment but also is as much as a place, a style, woven into the same urban landscapes. (15) - The frontier is not always American or indeed male (16) - Middle-class white women place a significant role in gentrification, example: the Safari woman by Ralph Lauren (16) - The frontier myth - originally engendered as a historicization of nature - is now reapplied as a naturalization of urban history (17) - These new frontiers are founded on the desire to a void recognition of the perilous consequences of capitalist development in the New World, and the represent a displacement or deflection of social conflict into the world of myth (17) - The frontier ideology displaces social conflict into the realm of myth and reaffirms a set of class-specific and race specific social norms (170 - Scholar replicating Turner's Frontier Thesis into Gentrification: Gentrifying neighborhoods should be seen as combining a "civil class" who recognize that "the neighborhood good is enhanced by submitting to social norms," and an "uncivil class" whose behavior and attitudes reflect "no acceptance of norms beyond those imperfectly specified by civil and criminal law." (17) - Gentrification inflects working-class communities, displaces poor households, and converts whole neighborhoods into bourgeois enclaves while the frontier ideology rationalizes social differentiation and exclusion as natural and inevitable. (17) - The Real Estate industry making the Lower East Side into the East Village in order to capitalize on its geographical proximity to Greenwich defined the new urban frontier (18) - The culture industry also has defined the new urban frontier through invading urban dilapidation into ultra chic (18) - These two waves were marked by massive rent increases demanded by landlords - many of them anonymous management companies (19) - A few early buildings from the 1820-1840s remain, but many of them are "railroad" tenements built in the 1850s during the civil war to house immigrant working class (20) - New York's ruling class has sought to tame and reclaim the Lower East Side from its "unruly working-class hordes" for a long time (20) - A 1929 New York Regional Plan explicitly envisioned the removal of the existing population, the reconstruction of "high -class residences" modern shops, etc" but was halted with the Great Depression (21) - The economic geography of gentrification is not random (23) - Areas that once were sharply redlined by banks and other financial institutions were sharply "green lined" in the 1980s. (23) - The government also sponsored projects in gentrifying areas to help bolster its tax base and aid in the revitalization process (24) - In 1981, the Artist Homeownership Program was announced to yield 120 housing units in 16 buildings aimed at artists earning at least $24000 (24) - AHOP was a warm-up for a larger auction program that would sell city-owned properties to developers (25) - Opposition began to develop as the intent of the program became clear (25)

"The Anti-Eviction Mapping Project: Counter Mapping and Oral History toward Bay Area Housing Justice;" Maharawal & McElroy

- Purpose is to document gentrification and resistance in the San Francisco Bay Area. (1) - The Anti-Eviction Mapping Project (AEMP) began creating digital maps and analyzing eviction data in San Francisco in 2013 in response to impacts of venture capital, urban neoliberal politics, and real estate speculation in the area. (1) - Wanted to document dispossession and make gentrification and resistance visible. (1) - The Narratives of placement and Resistance (NDR) includes more than 100 of maps and visualizations that connect oral history to the issue in making more tangible life stories to people at the forefront of the eviction epidemic. (1) - The Tech Boom 2.0 is thought to have emerged in 2011 following the 2008 foreclosure crisis. (2) - Along with this boom came new waves of gentrification. (2) - Luxury apartment complex NEMA, located in the "Twitter Tax Break Zone, released its own marketing map of San Fran that erased Chinatown and the largely working-class southern neighborhoods and renamed the Castro, a gay neighborhood (2) - Real estate driven neoliberal fantasy maps are situated in history of capitalism, privileging radicalized classed, and gendered geographic perceptions. (2) - AEMP designs their maps as a way to counter these neoliberal fantasy maps. (2) - By counter mapping, they attempt to visualize practices that seek to render landscapes, lives, and sites of resistance and dispossession that occurs in capitalist, colonial, and liberal topographies. (2) - They question how, why and with whom maps are made. (2) - Projects goal is to assist and contribute to the terrain of activism in the region against gentrification. (2) - AEMP maps loss, dispossession, resistance, and struggle (2) - AEMP seeks influence through feminist, decolonial, antiracist practices in tandem with everyday political struggles. (3) - San Francisco's poor and working-class black and Latino residents are more likely to be displaced than white residents. (3) - These statistics correlate with hiring statistics of Bay Area tech companies. (3) - Racialized and classed nature of "evictability" (3) - AEMP's visualizations are similar to "ghost mappings," something that causes disappearance, in their case, white male tech capitalist geographies. (3) - Tech Bus Stop Eviction Map was created in response to private luxury shuttles (Good buses) used by tech companies that illegally used the city's public bus stops to pick up their employees. (3) - Many people were upset that tech companies were taking over public utilities, oftentimes delaying other buses in the process, but some also believed that the new business were causing poverty speculation and inciting evictions. (3) - 69% of San Fran's "no fault" evictions between 2011 and 2013 occurred within four blocks of private tech bus stops (4) - No fault evictions are issued to tenants who have not violated their leases, whereas "fault" evictions are due to lease violations. They are often used by real estate speculators to evict tenants. (4) - Tech itself is not the problem, but rather real estate speculators that are given license to prey on new geographies and wealth that tech generated. (4) - There was an alarming growth of Ellis Act evictions, a no fault eviction in rent-controlled cities as a result of a California state law that permits landlords to "exit" the rental market, evict tenants, and change the "use" of the building, oftentimes to ownership housing. (4) - Ellis Act evictions were being used by speculators to evict rent-controlled tenants and flip buildings. (4) - 60% of Ellis Act evictions came about within the first year of ownership and 79% within the first five years. (4) - City and statewide measures to counter Ellis Act evictions failed due to immense lobbying and financing of counter campaigns by the real estate industry (4) - Oral history is what inspired the AEMP to create the NDR project to create a "shared authority" (5) - This helped to create narratives of resistance and contestation rather than one of passivity. (5) - They were careful not to reduce tenants' lives solely to their eviction and suffering (5) - Goals of NDR project are threefold: (1) create an archive and historical record of the eviction epidemic through stories of communities under threat, (2) generate stores and data useful for activists and tenants, (3) build solidarity and collectivity (5) - Placemaking is a vital component of social justice through showing how people fit and make places in the world. (6) - Death of a Latino man eating a burrito in a city park by the police due to a phone-call stating he was "suspicious" led to a portrait being done outside of the police station that depicts his portrait and the story of the impact his death has had on his family. (6-7)

"Borderlands, La Frontera: The New Mestiza;" Anzaldúa

- The Aztecas del norte are the largest single tribe or nation of Anishinabeg (Indians) found in the US. (23) - Can be referred to as Chicanos (23) - They believe their true homeland is Aztlán, the US southwest. (23) - "The US-Mexican border is a closed border where the Third World grates against the first and bleeds" (25) - The two worlds colliding creates a third country - a border culture (25) - Borders are set up to define places that are safe and unsafe, to distinguish "us" from "there" (25) - Borderlands are in a constant state of transition. (25) - The prohibited and forbidden are its inhabitants (25) - "Gringos of the southwest see inhabitants of the borderlands as transgressors, aliens - whether they possess documents or not" (25) - The only legitimate inhabitants of these borderlands are those of power, the whites, and those who align themselves with whites (25) - The oldest evidence of humans in the US - the Chicanos - was found in Texas dated back to 35000 BC (26) - Archaeologists have found 20,000 year-old campsites of Indians who migrated through the Southwest, Atzlán - the land of the herons, land of whiteness (26) - In 1000 BC, descendants of the original Cochise people migrated into Mexico and Central America and became the direct ancestors of the Mexican people (26) - They left the Southwest in 1168 AD (26) - Huitzilopochtli, God of War, brought them to Mexico City, whether an eagle with a serpent in its beak perched on a cactus. (27) -The eagle represents the spirit (as the sun, the father); the serpent represents the soul (as the earth, the mother); together the represent the struggle between the spiritual/celestial/male and the underworld/earth/feminine (27) - The symbolic sacrifice of the serpent to the "higher" masculine powers indicate the patriarchal order that had already vanquished the matriarchal order in pre-Columbian America. (27) - In the 16th century, Spaniards invaded Mexico and conquered it. Before the conquest, there were 25 million Indian people in Mexico. After, the population was reduced to 7 million. (27) - By 1650, only 1.5 pure-blooded Indians remained. (27) - Mestizos were genetically equipped to survive small pox, measles, and typhus, and populated central and south America. (27) - Chicanos, Mexican-Americans, are offspring of those matings (27) - In the 1800s, Anglos illegally migrated into Texas, which was then a part of Mexico. (28) - Their invasion forced Mexico to fight a war to keep their land (28) - The Battle of the Alamo legitimized white imperialist takeover due to Mexican forced vanquishing the Whites (28) - Mexico was forced to give up half of their nation to the United States (29) - The fence that divides the Mexican people from the US was erected in 1848 with the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (29) - The land established by this treaty as belonging to Mexicans was taken away from its owners. The treaty was never honored and restitution was never made (29) - Gringo's (whites) took land from Chicanos and Indians while the land was still under their feet. (29) - Mexican-American resistors were penalized for their efforts (30) - In 1915, Anglos began lynching chicano groups after a Chicano crop robbed a train in Texas. 100 were killed in just months. Seven thousand fled to Mexico. - The 1930s brought a wave of intense Anglo agribusiness that relied on Mexicano labor at cheap cost. (31) - Corporations always fared well at Mexicanos' expense. (31) - The whites didn't stop at the border, the instead partnered with powerful landowners in Mexico and colonized Mexican companies that dispossessed millions from their land. (32) - Mexico and its civilians are almost completely dependent on the US market today. (32) - Maquiladoras hold 1/4 Mexican workers. Most are women. They are Mexico's second greatest source of US dollars. (32) - Children are left alone while mothers are at work and oftentimes join cholo gangs. (32) - There is a tradition of migration in Mexico (33) - Today there is a return to Aztlán. Traffic is from south to north, not the other way around (33) - "El returns of the promised land" (33) - "Economic refugees" - immigrants - 1/3 is caught (34) - Those who make i past the border find themselves in the battle of 150 years of racism (34) - Mexican women are especially at risk of sexual violence and exploitation (34) -Illegal refugees are some of the poorest and most exploited of any people in the US. (34)

Yang chapter 8

- The McDonough houses were built after WWII for returning soldiers and their families, the first low-income housing units in Minnesota. (131) - This housing project housed many Hmong families, but while embodying living life in America, the Hmong were far from the lives that adults had imagined for themselves from the camps in Thailand. (132) - Family was a part of the biggest wave of Hmong refugees to enter the country, many settling into California, Wisconsin, or Minnesota (133) - Hostility in St. Paul grew towards the Hmong, leading to calls on the street to go home or receiving the middle finger (133) - Parents told children not to look at Americans. That if you saw them, they would see you. ((133) - Hmong people must do two things to survive in America: (1) grow up, or (2) grow old - A family of four received $605 a month on welfare, rent was $250. - Question of how do Hmong people survive in America and still love each other like they did in Laos? (136) - They did not have any money. (137) - They only way to live in America was to learn, and the way to do that was school (139) - Some schools wouldn't take them because they didn't know English well enough (141) - The hardness for Hmong's began in America, having to change everything about their lives. - Sometimes sad to be Hmong, even in America (151)

BYP100

- There is no economic justice without racial justice for Black people living in America. They are connected. (3) - Black people face the contradiction of living in one of the world's most powerful countries while having little access to sustainable wealth or safe communities (3) - Black communities have lived with the effects of systemic economic injustice while also experiencing decades of corporate and government investment in policing, surveillance, and incarceration. (3) - In order to create transformative change, it requires movements for liberation to move beyond narratives that urge Black folks to pull ourselves up by bootstraps. They, instead, need to focus on structural changes. (3) - The American Dream has never guaranteed prosperity for Black people in America. (3) - The Black communities deserve reparations for systemic violence and harm, good jobs, stabilizing development in communities, support for women who hold households together, and support and protections for queer and trans folks. (3) - BYP100 members created this Agenda to articulate a set of economic goals and structural changes that could improve the lives of Black people living in America (3) - Their hope is to strive to make an essential and crucial building block for all people working towards Black liberation. (4) - BYP100 works through Black queer feminist lens, meaning that they are radically inclusive and strive to move those of us whoa re marginalized to the center (4) - The 21st century analysis is structured around the legacy of slavery as the racialized system of economic exploitation that constitutes a massive theft of Black labor, land and wealth. (6) - There is a direct link between mass incarceration, police violence, and the ways in which racial capitalism, especially capitalism in crisis, is ravaging black bodies and communities. (6) - The assassination of Dr. King and Black liberation fights was due to their efforts of challenging racial capitalism to achieve economic justice (7) - While there was wide efforts for Occupy Wall Street, various efforts to Occupy the Hood did not draw attention to economic violence (7) - 26% of black people live in poverty, as opposed to less than 10% of whites. (8) - Half of all African American children under the age of 6 live in poverty (46%) (8) - 2 million Americans are incarcerated, while 1% are white males, 8% are black males. (8) - During the Great Recession, Black America saw its greatest loss of wealth. In 2010, the average household wealth was 20x that of the average black household. (9) - The foreclosure crisis represented the largest transfer of property ownership out of black hands since the end of reconstruction (9) - The unemployment rate for Black youth is double that of white millennials. (14-24%) (10) - Wealth doesn't trickle down and trickle down economics have worsened the divide for Black haves and have nots (10) - The Black 1% are overrepresented in Black-led political movements and organizations. (11) - Wealthy Black people cannot effectively speak for the vast majority who deal with eh real and present threat of abject poverty and financial ruin (11) - The median net worth for all black households is $6000 while the median net worth of the few in the 1% is $1.2 million (11) - To center enslavement as the only form of economic injustice is narrow (13) - In 1983, three Chicago police officers took murder suspect Darrell Cannon to an isolated area on the southside and tortured him. His torture led to false convictions and coerced confessions. He received a life sentence even though he didn't do it (14) - Organizers in Chicago won a multi-million dollar settlement for Darrell Cannon and other survivors. It was only $5.5 million in payouts, but the Chicago Public Schools were required to teach the Burgeons torture scandal in their curriculum (15) - The Chicago reparations campaign can serve as a model for winning reparations on a local level (15) - Their first demand is to pass H.R. 40 (15) - Support the demands of the growing movement "Occupy the Student Debt" and to cancel all student debt, provide tuition-free public college education, and guarantee a $15 minimum wage for campus workers, who many are disproportionately Black or other people of color (16) - They amend this, though, with the insistence that a national scholarship fund be established for Black students to be paid by colleges and universities that benefitted directly from slave labor. (16) - They demand the restoration of voting rights to incarcerated people (16) - They want an adoption of a Workers Bill of Rights that require a: living wage; access to provisions for maternity, paternity; paid sick leave; right to form union; protections against discrimination; an elimination of gender/race pay gaps; all children should receive a baby bond (21) - They want to abolish fines in the penal system for probationers and parolees (23) - Want to end all fines for minor and petty crimes and misdemeanors (23) - Want to divest public and higher education funds from the prison industrial complex (24) - Want to reduce police budgets and reallocate residual funds to the people's vision of public safety. (25) - The myth that women led households and families are a threat to the stability of our community is dangerous (26) - Want to raise wages for all workers (28) - Want universal child health care and renewed investment in quality public schools (28) - Want full access to reproductive healthcare regardless of ability to pay (28) - Want to pass the employment non-discrimination act and make nondiscrimination protections of trans people explicit under federal law (31) - etc...

"Homelessness, American Style;" Mitchell

- This study traces the geography of homelessness in America (933) - This focuses more on the societal condition of homelessness rather than the homeless people themselves or their experiences (933) - Homelessness is a permanent and necessary part of the US political economy (933) - Homelessness is not the experience of being homeless, it instead names a social condition, a set of social relations that are as much about the structures of housed society as they are about how society understands those who lack shelter (933 ) - To speak of homeless ness is to speak how social relations are organized (933) - What constitutes homelessness and how those people labeled "homeless" are understood changes as the social conditions that produce homelessness change (934) - The nature of homelessness in the US altered in the late 1970s to a more diverse and much larger street population than in previous decades (934) - This led to a great deal of activism in the face of hostility from the national government, a rapid expansion of emergency shelters, experiments in approaches to housing the homeless (continuum-of-care), and the Mckinney Vento Homeless Act of 1987 (934) - A "compassion fatigue" in the 1990s, however, led to many of the programs instated by the McKinney Act to do little to actually help the homeless people (934) - **NOT FINISHED**

"Ghost Dance Prophecy: A Nation is Coming;" Dunbar-Ortiz

- Wounded Knee Massacre of 1890 was the "final" conquest of the continent. (178) - The myth of an exceptional US American people destined to bring order out of chaos, stimulate economic growth, and replace savagery with civilization had staying power. (178) - JFK revived the "frontier" as one of "unknown opportunities and paths, of unfulfilled hopes and threats" (179) - JFK used it to employ political power to make the world the new frontier of the United States. (179) - Nixon returned 48,000 acres of land back to the Taos Pueblo Indians "to whom it belongs". This ignited fear of establishing a precedent in awarding land- based on ancient use, treaters, or aboriginal ownership - rather than payment. (180) - The most prominent struggle has been the Lakota Sioux's attempt to restore the Black Hills. (180) - The return of the Taos Pueblo land was in the midst of a growing Native American struggle of self-determination. (181) - National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) (181) - The Survival of American Indians Association won a Washington State Case for fishing rights in areas that were under tribal control in the 1850s. This decision recognized Indigenous sovereignty over territories outside of designated reservation boundaries. (182) - November 1969 occupation of Alcatraz Island for 18 months by an alliance known as Indians of All Tribes. Wrote The Proclamation of Indians of All Tribes. (183) - Indians of All Tribes made demands for a (1) Center of Native American Studies, (2) Center of Indian Ecology, (3) Great Indian Training School, (4) A Native American Spiritual Center and (5) A memorial on the Island of Alcatraz. (184) - American Indian Movement (AIM) put together "The Trail of Broken Treaties"that focused on the federal governments responsibility to implement treaties and sovereignty and their lack of doing so. (185) - The "20-Point Position Paper" was presented to the UN and helped form the basis of the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.(185) - The Oglala Lakota Sioux invited the AIM to assist them in halting collusion between their tribal government and the federal government at Pine Ridge. Once arrived, they mobilized and decided to go to Wounded Knee to protest the chairmen misdeeds and violence of the "GOON" squad. (186) - Led to a two and a half month standoff between protestors and the federal government. (186) -Treaty of peace and friendship between the US gov. and the Sioux in 1805. This had little immediate effect of Sioux political autonomy and territory. (186) - In 1834, competition in the fur trade, foced the Oglala Sioux to move away from the Upper Missouri. In 1846, an Indian agent recommended that the US purchase land to establish a fort (Fort Laramie) in order to keep the Indians under control. (187) - Fort Laramie Treaty 1851 began a decade of war between the US and the Sioux that ended in the Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868 that ceded are parts of Sioux territory by establishing mutually recognized boundaries in return for rations and commodities. (187) - The Sioux before the treaty had become dependent on the US economy which in turn was used by the US to exert pressure for land cessions and rights. (187) - The buffalo was purposely exterminated by the army because the Sioux were so dependent on it for survival and trade, leading the Sioux to be dependent on rations and commodities that were guaranteed in the 1868 treaty. (188) - Custer's Seventh Cavalry seized the Black Hills without the validation of 3/4ths of the male Indian population, a center of religious shrine and sanctuary. (188) - A series of manipulations and dealings with starving leaders led the Sioux Nation to be divided up into 6 smaller nations, breaking historical relationships between clans and communities. (189) - The Sun Dance, the annual ceremony that had brought Sioux together and reinforced national unity, was outlawed. (189) - Lone Wolf v Hitchcock ruled that Congress had "plenary" power to manage Indian property. Therefore, Indigenous land could be disposed of regardless of previous treaty terms. (189) - "Peace" policy and "war" policy coincided with swings in the strength and weakness of Native resistance. Between these swings were periods of intense neglect and assimilation. (190) - The link between Wounded Knee in 1890 and Wounded Knee in 1973 is that of Indigenous/US relations as a template for US imperialism and counterinsurgency wars. (192) - "Indian Country" slur red to indicate the enemy during US military invasion of Iraq. (193) - Americans are taught that their military culture doesn't encourage the targeting and killing of civilians. They know little about the 300 hundred years of war before the US with indigenous peoples. (196) "Violence directed systematically against noncombatants through irregular means, from the start, has been a central part of Americans' way of war." (196)

National Indian Youth Council (NIYC)

-Organization promoting the unity of all Native Americans as one ethnic group. -Organized support to protect treaty-guaranteed fishing rights in Washington State. The "fish-in" movement.

Lone Wolf v Hitchcock

A 1903 Supreme Court ruling that Congress could make whatever Indian policies it chose, ignoring all existing treaties.

American Indian Movement

A Native American organization founded in 1968 to protest government policies and injustices suffered by Native Americans; in 1973, organized the armed occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota.

The Proclamation of the Indians of All Tribes

A critique and satire of the White Man's taking of Indigenous land.

Taft-Hartley Act

Act passed in 1947 that put increased restrictions on labor unions. Also, it allowed states to pass "right to work" laws: prohibited "union" shop (= workers must join union after being hired). It also prohibited secondary boycotts and established that the President has power to issue injections in strikes that endangered national health & safety ("cooling off" period)

Neoliberalism

An economic and political worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth, with a severely restricted role for government

Rodney King

Beaten by police in 1991 Case causes uproar because police are acquitted. Starts 1992 L.A Riots

"Kitchen Debate"

Debate between Nixon and Khrushechev. The two men discussed the merits of each of their respective economic systems, capitalism and communism. The debate took place during an escalation of the Cold War, beginning with the launch of Sputnik in 1957, through the U-2 Crisis in 1960. Most Americans believed Nixon won the debate.

Military Keynesianism

Economic policy that advocates military spending in order to boost economy. Increase military spending to create jobs, education opportunities, generate advanced technology and new infrastructure.

Nassr and Hunte Podcast

El Paso, Texas Asks the question of if life would have been different if they were born somewhere else. Almost all of the students at the high school are Mexican American A teacher taught at this high school and never had a single Anglo student in 21 years A boy going by the name of Albert was playing at the handball court with his friends when two border patrol agents appear and start demanding to see papers of citizenship. Hundreds of the students at the school had similar stories of border patrol agents overstepping their authority just because the school is situated directly on the border between the US and Mexico. The division between El Pazo and Ciudad Juarez doesn't exist for the people in the region because often times they cross the border for goods. It is one community. The crash of the Peso in the 90s led to thousands of people illegally and legally crossing the border in any given day. It takes 50 steps from the high school to enter Mexico. Right across from the high school there way a hole in the fence that was a hot spot for illegal immigration into the country Border patrol agents started using the high school as a hunting ground. They simply stopped people just because they were brown Started a group in high school called MECHA to educate students on their rights verses the border patrol agents. That the agents cannot stop them without reasonable cause to do so. Students started using their fifth amendment, their right to remain silent, in response to overreaching border patrol agents. David Renteria was a legally blind student coming home from graduation practice who was stopped by border patrol and was told that if they didn't stop walking, that they would be beat up. He was assaulted by border patrol agents for pleading the fifth. After this incident, el Paso started reporting more on these incidents. Members of the school decide to sue the border patrol. A lot of the court documents were destroyed, but the argument by the border patrol was that apparently it can interrogate, arrest without warrant, and search for aliens in any railway, car, aircraft, conveyance, or vehicle within 100 miles of the border. Within 25 miles of the border, they can go right onto private property without warrant. The judge ruled that the border patrol cannot discriminate just on the looks of someone , ruin gin the school's favor. Unfortunately, because of the verdict, fences were built, and 10000 people now have most likely died in the desert.

Yang chapter 11

Family lived in a poor neighborhood in an apartment that barely fit the four of them as the children grew up. Bought a house or 36500 in St. Paul Minnesota on the east side. In buying a home, they felt like they were joining the future with the past, dreams coming together. The wood on the house was falling apart on some places. It wasn't in good shape, but it was a home. The other felt like they could find something better while the father felt that they had to deal with what they could get They two girls strove for the University of Minnesota Thought the key to success was education. It wasn't until a teacher named Mrs. Gallentin that the main character's education began to change In 1996 welfare reform was in the new as the program in which their family was on was ending,, There was no Hmong in America - they never take about them - despite Hmong being all over in America. Had to try to become citizens i hopes to survive and stay in America Main character had heart problems, almost died. The Hmong heart cried because Hmong people didn't have a home, the American heart was lonely for the outside world. It ended up being baby lupus.

Cultural Geography

How space, place, and landscape shape culture at the same time that culture shapes space, place, and landscape

FILM: Pruitt Igoe Myth Documentary

In the mid-1950s, public housing buildings were erected to get people off of the streets and slums of St. Louis The 33 buildings began to look like slums, crime rates rose, fear grew, conditions worsened, it was notorious as a failure of public housing In 1972, Pruitt-Igoe was torn down. Some people blamed the architect, that modern high-rises created isolation and led to a breeding ground for crime Some argued that the residents were too poor, uneducated and poor, that they brought their problems to Pruitt-Igoe, leading to its failure. The myth of Pruitt-Igoe was that it was doomed to fail from the start. Slum lords took advantage of the fact that the poor needed to live in the center of the city close to where their jobs were These slums had a lack of adequate living conditions. The slum lords knew they could jam as many people into the region as they could. Downtown interest wanted the slums to go away, but didn't care about the people themselves. This passed the 1949 Housing Act where the federal government would buy the property and develop modern, low-income housing. The project enabled the disadvantaged people in the city to be liberated from the slums. Pruitt-Igoe was thought of as a safe place for its residents The maintenance at the beginning was wonderful, but by the end, maintenance had stopped. The government stated that there wasn't enough money to operate the buildings effectively. The public sector failed the people living in these buildings. Public housing had enemies from the beginning, fearing its effect on banks and businesses bottom line. They didn't put federal funds towards maintenance, that relied on the tenants funds. There was upward growth (high rises) after WWII, but also urban sprawl, with people fleeing from the city into its suburbs. This miscalculation was one of the reasons for Pruitt-Igoe's failure. The federal government supported suburbs for the white middle class rather than investment into the cities. By 1980, St Louis lost half of its population. Townships within the suburbs were erected that outlawed the zoning of public housing buildings. Study of women and girls in Pruitt-Igoe Some families only could move into Pruitt-Igoe if the father of the family would move out of the state. No able bodied man could be in the house if the woman received aid from the welfare department. There was the idea that because the government was "giving" away money to the poor, that they only could use it how the government allowed. They couldn't have televisions, phones, men in the family, etc. The government created restrictions on the tenants of Pruitt-Igoe that was void of humanity and of caring, rather than one of support. There was the idea that the tenants of Pruitt-Igoe were immoral by virtue of their poverty and lifestyles. Public housing was always used as a segregation tool, every project is conceived as a white or black project only. In response to desegregation efforts, whites just left rather than desegregate, leading to hyper segregation in the city. Urban renewal = negro removal Violence and anger was a way you had to carry yourself in the apartments so that people wouldn't take advantage of you. This led to people fighting within the projects. Inhabitants got the feeling that they weren't cared about. Things were just allowed to just deteriorate People of Pruitt Igoe were stigmatized by the crime. They became a representation of the fears of black poverty and black crime. Fear had crept up into the definition of Pruitt Igoe Rent strikers requested more affordable income and better maintenance of the building, but solutions were short lived. People thought that Pruitt Igoe had imploded within which caused the project to fail. Pruitt Igoe failed because housing alone couldn't deal with the most basic issues that were troubling the American city. There was no way to build your way out of that tragedy. The fate of the city itself was tragic, not just Pruitt Igoe Plans for a massive renewal are circulating again.

Poverty, Politics, and Profit Documentary

Investigation into the money spent to house the poor had taken a turn into a hidden world of secret bank accounts and shell companies in Costa Rica. As Dallas, Texas grows, the number of affordable homes is doing the opposite. It's shrinking. There are more than 40,000 evictions in Dallas every year Average household incomes have declined while rents have been rising, pushing more and more people to the edge of poverty and homelessness. Over 11 million renters are paying more than half of their income toward rent each month. Every year, the federal government spend $50 billion to help the poor with rent and get them on the road to better lives. This documentary investigates two programs that try to do that and try to see if they are working how they should and why so many people are still struggling. Section 8 vouchers cover only a fraction of those in need. When vouchers are handed out, response is overwhelming. The voucher pays the difference between the monthly rent and what renters can afford. More than two million households use them, but wait lists can be years long. 1/4 households that are eligible for and in need of housing assistance get it. One woman's son died and she could no longer work for a bit due to grief and therefore became poor. She needed section 8 vouchers to pick her back up and give stability. Recipients of the vouchers have 90 days to find a place that will accept them or else they will lose them. Terri Anderson has spent her career in the field of affordable housing and is trying to build 132 low-income apartments on the outskirts of a nice neighborhood in Dallas. It was shut down due to residents voicing concerns about increased traffic potential and overcrowding in schools and having low-income people in their neighborhood. Nicole Humphrey, a resident of the neighborhood, believes that the lifestyle and people of those with section 8 vouchers are not of the same class as us. The people constructing the affordable housing units have been issued warnings, trespassing, threatened, etc. The people are trying to shut down Anderson's efforts to provide low income housing in a nice neighborhood On the news there was an event of white patrons in a pool shouting at the black patrons to go back to their section 8 housing. In the 1940s/50s the government supported a mass migration to the suburbs that subsidized single-family homes outside of central cities for WHITE families only, leaving most of the minority populations stuck in the city with industries leaving as well. Section 8 was created with the Fair Housing Act in 1969. Low income housing tax credit emerged in the 1990s as a way to get affordable housing to be built. Essentially, the IRS gives billions in tax credits to the states, the states award this to developers. The developers sell them to investors, mostly banks and use it to build apartment buildings. Taxpayer money pays for most of it so they have the ability to charge lower rents. Development plan backfired by assaults form the community. If the neighborhood didn't want it, the property wouldn't be built. 90% of family developments had been built in high poverty areas. This perpetuated racial segregation in the city. Investors really like the affordable housing market being volatile because you can give back while also getting a good tax-yield in which you can make a lot of money. Poor people get good quality housing and the private sector makes money. The Low Income Tax Credit Program has a 30-year proven track record, but not everyone is convinced that it is a good thing. There have only been 7 audits in 29 years, meaning that the money going into these affordable housing units is not monitored by the government. That means people can profit off of poverty. Supportive housing actually saves taxpayers money because it costs more to have people on the streets using expensive public services like emergency rooms and policy, so in the long run, it actually saves taxpayers money over its lifetime. For one developer, it was found that $6 million in extra funds was kept secret, meaning it wasn't put towards the developing project and instead kept for personal use. In total, the two developers stole $34 million in 14 affordable housing projects. They set up a fake construction company called SSHH construction (like "sshh") to hide the money Casa Oasis is a multi-million dollar private villa that was used by Pinnacle through money made from affordable housing projects. Tax programs are programs of trust. People trust that development projects have good intentions rather than investigating whether or not they actually do.

Hegemony

Leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others.

Thatcherism

The economic policy of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Reduced state economic power and introduced free market and privatization with certain constraints. Deregulated the UK's market.

Wounded Knee Massacre, 1890

US army killed 200 in order to suppress the Ghost Dance movement, a religious movement that was the last effort of Indians to resist US invasion. Ended Native American resistance in the Great Plains