Geography (Hydrology) Exam 3 Quiz Guide

Ships take on _______________ water, which often unintentionally transports species that can become invasive in the locations they are discharged.

Ballast

If the snowpack in a location is measured to be 10 m deep and has a density of 40% at the time of melt (snow density of 400g/1000cm3 as compared to water's density of 1000g/1000cm3), how much water equivalent would you expect once it has all melted? SWE (Snow Water Equivalent) = snow depth * snow density

10 * 400/1000 = 4000/1000 4 meters

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. Firn

20-30% air; 70-80% SWE SWE is "Snow Water Equivalent"

Which correctly reports the average salinity of the world's oceans? Select all that are correct? 3.5% 35‰ ‰ = parts per thousand 35 g/kg 35%

3.5% 35‰ ‰ = parts per thousand 35 g/kg

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. snow after settling

60% air; 40% SWE SWE is "Snow Water Equivalent"

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. freshly fallen snow (powder day)

95% air; 5% SWE SWE is "Snow Water Equivalent"

What formed Lake Missoula?

An ice dam from the Purcell lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet

The term ____________ applies to water that is less than 35‰ (parts per thousand) salts such as the Gulf of Bothnia between Sweden and Finland that has heavy freshwater runoff and a salinity of about 10‰.

Brackish "Briny" water applies to any water over that 35‰ (parts per thousand) threshold

Where does Denver's water go after being treated at the wastewater treatment plant? Choose all that could be correct. Discharged into the South Platte River Discharged into the Colorado River To Front Range reservoirs

Discharged into the South Platte River

The accumulation zone on a glacier ends at the _______ line that marks the elevation above which the winter snow and ice remained intact throughout the summer melting season, but below which melting occurs.

Equilibrium

Does agricultural runoff and water pollution contribute to ocean acidification? (T/F)

False

True or False? The model data shown in class indicates that Colorado's precipitation is going to decrease significantly in the future. True False

False

Ocean acidification is primarily due to acid rain caused by NOx emissions and SO4 emissions from industry.

False ocean acidification is primarily caused by the dissolution of CO2 as carbonic acid

Which latitude(s) would have brackish water? Select all that are correct. The Tropics (~23.5° N & S) High latitudes >60° N & S The equator 0°

High latitudes >60° N & S The equator 0° The Tropics (~23.5° N & S) have briny water, based on the graph.

Eutrophication leads to _______________ that can kill ocean species and create dead zones.

Hypoxia

Which of the following are true about snow as water resource? Select all that apply. The U.S. Geological Survey directs the Cooperative Snow Survey Program. Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S. "Snow Courses" are an example of automated snow measurement system The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers.

Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S. The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers.

Which is incorrectly matched? Prior Appropriations Doctrine....seniority system Prior Appropriations Doctrine....beneficial use Riparian Doctrine....priority system Riparian Doctrine....reasonable use

Riparian Doctrine....priority system Riparian Doctrine Humid Eastern States• Land Ownership system: Rights to riparian land owners- Some exceptions, eg.municipalities "Reasonable use" of water in natural state (no storage)- Cannot interfere with reasonable use of water by other users No priority, no seniority- Shortages are shared

Which of the following is true about the conditions during the last glacial maximum period of the Pleistocene about 12,000-30,000 years ago? Sea levels were much lower than they are today Sea levels were much higher than they are today Lakes dotted the American West and Southwest. The American West and Southwest was even drier than today with a Sahara-type desert covering the region.

Sea levels were much lower than they are today it's estimated they were approximate 100 m (330 ft) lower! Lakes dotted the American West and Southwest. Yes. These were called Paleolakes or pluvial lakes.

Is Doctrine of Prior Appropriations based on seniority or priority?

Seniority Arid Western States• Water as "Property" system:- Water can be stored or moved from river- Water can be bought & sold• Must apply water to "beneficial use"- Mining- Agriculture- Domestic/municipal- Industry• Priority system:- "First in time is first in right"- But..."Use it or lose it"• Seniority system in times of shortage

Which of the following are true about snow as water resource? Select all that apply. The U.S. Geological Survey directs the Cooperative Snow Survey Program. The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. "Snow Courses" are an example of automated snow measurement system

The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. The US Department of Agriculture directs the Cooperative Snow Survey Program

Which of the following are true about snow as water resource? Select all that apply. The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. The U.S. Geological Survey directs the Cooperative Snow Survey Program. Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S. "Snow Courses" are an example of automated snow measurement system "Snow Pillows" are used to weigh the snowpack and convert that weight to a water equivalent

The Columbia River and Colorado Rivers are both examples of snowmelt-fed rivers. Mountain snowpack provides a majority (50-80%) of the West's water supply in the U.S. "Snow Pillows" are used to weigh the snowpack and convert that weight to a water equivalent

Where does Denver's water go after being treated at the wastewater treatment plant? Choose all that could be correct. Discharged into the Colorado River To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused. To Front Range reservoirs

To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused.

Where does Denver's water go after being treated at the wastewater treatment plant? Choose all that could be correct. Discharged into the Colorado River To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused. To Front Range reservoirs Discharged into the South Platte River

To the water recycling plant to be treated and reused. Discharged into the South Platte River

True or False? The model data shown in class indicates that Colorado's temperature is going to increase in the future. True False

True

Ice Ages (glacial ages) include periods of cold temperatures when glaciers advance as well as periods of warmer temperature when glaciers retreat. True False

True Yes. An "ice age" (glacial age) refers to a time of extended cold temperatures (in a relative sense) that includes both glacial periods (colder with glacial advance) and interglacial periods (warmer with glacial retreat). Times when there is little to no permanent ice on earth and temperatures are much warmer are known as "hot house" or "greenhouse" conditions. Currently, we are in the interglacial period (known as the Holocene) of the most recent ice age (the Pleistocene).

The conversion from snow to glacial ice can take as long as 1000 years or as short as several years. True False

True Yes. The conversion of snow to glacial ice is dependent on the annual amount of snowfall (affecting burial/compression/metamorphism). In high snowfall climates, glacial ice can form in a few years, while in dry areas of Antarctica, the transformation can take 1000 years. It's not False, but here's the explanation canvas gave The conversion of snow to glacial ice is dependent on the annual amount of snowfall (affecting burial/compression/metamorphism). In high snowfall climates, glacial ice can form in a few years, while in dry areas of Antarctica, the transformation can take 1000 years

Instream use would be considered a non-consumptive use of water. (T/F)

True Yes. Instream uses imply that water remains in the channel, while consumptive uses mean that water does not return to the river or watershed of origin.

Which of the following correctly describes the climate period we are currently in? We are in an interglacial period of an ice age We are in the glacial period of an ice age We are in a hot house (greenhouse) period

We are in an interglacial period of an ice age

Which is NOT considered a strategy to supply more water to growing populations? recycling/reuse desalination expanded storage & transport all of these are strategies Conservation

all of these are strategies

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. cirque glacier

alpine/mountain glacier

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. piedmont glacier

alpine/mountain glacier

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. tidewater glacier

alpine/mountain glacier

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. valley glacier

alpine/mountain glacier

Which of the following would likely be the densest ocean water that is likely to sink and help propel the global thermohaline circulation in the ocean? warm brackish cold brine warm brine cold brackish

cold brine Salt is denser than "pure" water (brackish), and cold liquids/air are denser than warmer liquids/air.

Would Denver's trans-basin water diversions be considered consumptive or non-consumptive? non-consumptive it depends how the water is used after being transferred consumptive

consumptive

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice cap

continental glacier

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice field

continental glacier

Identify whether the following glacier types are alpine/mountain glaciers or continental glaciers. ice sheet

continental glacier

Which of the following would increase ocean salinity? mountain glacier melt and runoff ocean precipitation groundwater runoff from land freezing of sea ice

freezing of sea ice

What trends are we seeing in low- and middle-elevation glacial ice across the globe? Select all that apply. positive net mass balance ice loss/ablation caused by temperature changes negative net mass balance

ice loss/ablation caused by temperature changes negative net mass balance

Which of the following would cause sea level rise? Select all that are correct. sea ice melting ice sheets melting

ice sheets melting

Which of the following would cause sea level rise? Select all that are correct. ice sheets melting sea ice melting mountain/alpine glaciers melting warm water expansion

ice sheets melting mountain/alpine glaciers melting warm water expansion

Which of the following is true about ocean acidification? Select all that apply? it is caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans agricultural runoff and water pollution is causing much of the ocean acidification problem. a more acidic ocean will negatively affect organisms with carbonate shells and structures such as shellfish and coral

it is caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide by the oceans a more acidic ocean will negatively affect organisms with carbonate shells and structures such as shellfish and coral

What is unique about the Quelccaya Ice Cap? Select all that are correct. it is expanding in area it is getting thicker it is underlain by a volcano it is in the tropics

it is in the tropics

Which is NOT a likely change in the snowmelt hydrograph due to global warming? shorter snowmelt period later snowmelt peak lower snowmelt peak

later snowmelt peak A lower snowmelt peak is INDEED a likely change in the snowmelt hydrograph due to global warming

Match stage of snow-ice development with the best estimate of density for that stage. glacial ice

less than 20% air; more than 80% SWE SWE is "Snow Water Equivalent"

Which was NOT one of the four original "beneficial uses" defined by the Doctrine of Prior Appropriation (though now it is considered one). mining municipal/domestic use agriculture/irrigation industry recreation

recreation

When a glacier is experiencing a positive mass balance, which direction does the ELA (Equilibrium-Line Altitude) go?

the ELA moves down (lower) in elevation

When a glacier is experiencing a positive mass balance, does it advance or retreat?

the glacier advances

When a glacier is experiencing a positive mass balance, does it thicken or get thinner?

the glacier thickens

In the United States, which use withdraws the most water? thermoelectric power generation industrial use and mining irrigation and agricultural use domestic and commercial use

thermoelectric power generation

Water that is used incorporated into or used to produce food and goods is also known as

virtual

Which of the following would cause sea level rise? Select all that are correct. sea ice melting warm water expansion mountain/alpine glaciers melting

warm water expansion mountain/alpine glaciers melting

Which of the following is NOT a direct use of water? water used to water the lawn water used to flush the toilet water used to make electricity water used for drinking and cooking

water used to make electricity

Which of the following is NOT evidence of the flooding that occurred from Lake Missoula? giant (10 ft) ripple marks made of gravels witness accounts Dry Falls--the largest waterfall in the world, though it is presently dry Huge braided channel tracks called scablands

witness accounts