Geography IGCSE
secondary effects of the L'Aquila Earthquake
Aftershocks triggered landslides and rock slides, a landslide and mudflow was caused by a burst main water supply, the number of students at L'Aquila university decreased, lack of housing meant that house prices increased, much of the city's CBD was blocked off
why does pollution affect Lagos' water supply?
drinking water in Lagos is usually contaminated with bacterial or chemical pollution. this is because there is not a proper sewage system in the city so sewage is disposed of by open drains and rainwater sewage can also be absorbed by the ground and contaminate boreholes as a result of the water supply in Lagos, there has been an increase in Cholera and Dysentry which can be fatal
disadvantages of building on greenfield sites
increases urban sprawl public transport is worse in rural areas natural habitats destoryed once land is built on, it is unlikely that it will become coutryside again valuable farmland may be lost
why is Lagos a good location for trade?
airport for international trade expressways - good transport links for trade and migration sheltered ports for trade - on West Coast so can trade with N. American countries easily Gulf of Guinea - leading to Atlantic ocean
what happens to London's waste?
almost 1/4 goes to landfill used to be acceptable because the landfill sites were out of the way now more problems have arisen: producing methane adds to global warming problem now more of London's waste is being recycled (61%) or incinerated (6%)
what are brownfield sites?
areas of previously built-up land available to be built on again
what was Shoreditch like 30 years ago?
around 30 years ago, Shoreditch was still a run-down inner-city area, with many old factories and warehouses. most industries were closing down and people were moving out of the area.
primary effects of the flooding in Cumbria - environmental
at its peak flow, water erosion triggered landslides the river tore loose and carried away hundreds of trees, damaging local ecosystems and habitats.
pull factors to Lagos
better education and health care more jobs and opportunities in Lagos jobs in Lagos will be less labour-intensive and will pay better more housing and facilities in Lagos
how strong was Typhoon Haiyan?
category 5, wind speeds of up to 314km/h
problems with living in squatter settlements
densely populated lack basic sanitation residents live in fragile shelters many inhabitants work in the informal economy
problems with social deprivation
over 2 million people are living in poverty in London deprivation varies spatially - Kensington and Chelsea borough is one of the richest whilst Newham is one of the poorest
problems with housing shortage in London
population growing by about 100,000 people a year but only 20,000 new homes are being built per year severe housing shortage in London and South East House prices are therefore rising faster than anywhere else
how have employment patterns changed in London?
the biggest growth in jobs has been in services, especially 'professional, real estate and business services'. this includes work in company head offices, management consultancy, law and accountancy, estate agents, advertising and market research. the biggest decline in jobs was in manufacturing
what is social deprivation
the degree to which a person or community lacks the things that are essential for a decent life such as work, money, housing and service
green space - suburban growth
the expansion of London in the early 20th century led to the development of suburbs. built on farmland - gardens for people
solutions to London's social deprivation
the first stage in reducing poverty is to measure it according to the Index of Deprivation, 98% of the most Deprived areas in the UK are in cities. Most of them in areas that have large heavy industry, manufacturing and/or mining sectors (which have declined), coastal towns and large parts of East London
gentrification
the process of rising property prices and a changing population
squatter settlements
they are located all around Lagos, particularly in the marshland where nobody wants to build any properties often built on the banks of the Lagos Lagoon
how will new cycle superhighways help London's pollution problem?
they should encourage more people to cycle and reduce traffic and harmful emissions from vehicles cyclists have increased from 1% to 15% of road users in London over the past 50 years
benefits of urban greening
trees regulate the temperature improves air quality - absorbs pollutants like CO2 sense of community and belonging green area encourages physical activity, which reduces the risk of obesity and related illnesses reduces stress habitats for plants and animals mitigates climate change allotments in London - shared open spaces
secondary effects of the Gorkha Earthquake
triggered an avalanche on Mount Everest, which swept through the base camp, 19 died because of it, tourism decreased (which accounts for 8.9% of Nepal's GPE), rice seed stores destroyed, which nearly 2/3 of the population depend on.
problems facing Lagos:
unreliable power supply large population growth (600k a year) poor education (9 years of schooling) prone to flooding and sea level rising (low lying, coastal city) poor sewage system high crime rates squatter settlements traffic problems - air pollution shortage of available land
secondary jobs in Lagos
working in car factories recycling at Olusosun
what is the informal economy?
working without official acknowledgement
why does London have a young population?
young people, especially graduates, are attracted by more job opportunities, higher pay and perception of an exciting social life. young people are more likely to have children - high natural increase high rate of immigration of young people in search of a better standard of living. Emmigration away from the city also occurs but tends to be older age groups
why is Lagos growing so fast?
young population already in the city - high birth rate lots of youthful migrants as well alot of immigration to the city
long term impacts of the floods in Cumbria
£100 million worth of damage (including insurance claims, business losses and the cost of rebuilding roads and bridges)
GDP of Lagos
£18 billion per year
average earnings in Lagos
£670 per year
population of Lagos (2015)
15 million
why have new industries grown around the docks?
1981 - the government set up a new body, the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC) Now, at the heart of the Docklands is Canary Wharf, dominated by many high-rise offices that are home to many international banks. Over 100,000 people work there.
what percentage of Nigeria's GDP comes from Lagos?
30%
Primary effects of the L'Aquila Earthquake
308 people dead, 1,500 injured, 67,500 made homeless, struck at 3:32 am so most people were asleep in their homes, 10,000 - 15,000 buildings collapsed, $11,434 million of damage to L'Aquila, patients had to be evacuated from the San Salvadore hospital, damage to L'Aquila university
what percentage of Lagos' workforce is in the informal economy?
40%
what is the level of nitorgen dioxide in London
40mg/m3 - in most of central London
percentage of London that is green space
47%
primary effects of Typhoon Haiyan
6,190 dead, 14.1 million affected (of which 4.8 million lived in poverty), $12 billion overall damage, over 1 million farmers and 600,000 hectares of agricultural land affected, 1.1 million tonnes of crops destroyed, 1.1 million houses destroyed, 4.1 million people made homeless
Magnitude of the L'Aquila Earthquake
6.3
population growth rate of Lagos
600,000 a year
When did the L'Aquila Earthquake happen?
6th April 2009
Magnitude of the Gorkha Earthquake
7.8
primary effects of the Gorkha Earthquake
8,841 dead, 16,800 injured, 1 million made homeless, Dharahara tower collapsed, 26 hospitals destroyed, 50% of schools destroyed, caused a reduced supply of food and water and electricity, 352 aftershocks, including a second earthquake on 12th May 2015, measuring 7.3
London's population (2015)
8.6 million and counting
When did Typhoon Haiyan happen?
8th November 2013
what caused the flooding in Cumbria?
a very deep Atlantic depression moving northeastwards over Scotland and Northern England
why was the flooding so bad in Cumbria?
Cumbria had already received a month's worth of rainfall before the extreme event of 17-20th November. This meant that the soil was already saturated, so water could not soak in.
why is the population growing in London?
Youthful population
solutions to London's transport problem
a further solution is cross-rail. this is a new East- West rail route across London due to open in 2018. it links Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east with Reading and Heathrow in the West. it will reduce journey times and increase the total number of passenger journeys in London.
Where in Nigeria is Lagos?
Lagos is in the South West of Nigeria, Located on the coast, close to Benin
why did the docks in London decline?
London has been a port since Roman times. Later, the docks were built to handle the huge volume of goods and raw materials brought to London by ship. around the docks, many secondary industries started to pop up (flour mills, timber yards and sugar refineries). by the 70s, the docks were in decline. new container ships were being used and the docks were no longer large enough to hold them. eventually they closed, with many of the industries gone too
green space - central London parks
London has more big parks than many cities. they include royal parks, such as Hyde park, which once belonged to royalty
London's National and International importance:
London is a World City (along with Tokyo and New York). This means that it has a global influence. It is one of the most important financial centres in the world The HQ of many international companies are based in London The city attracts investment from all around the world
Reasons for London's location and success - transport network
London remains the main hub for the UK's transport network - the UK's road and rail networks focus on London. The UK's 2 largest airports - Heathrow and Gatwick - serve the city and maintain its global connections
Reasons for London's location and success - The lowest bridging point
London was built on the lowest bridging point on the Thames - the widest point on the river where it was possible to build a bridge the Romans built the first bridge near to present-day London Bridge, allowing them to control land on either side of the river and to conquer Southern England
what is the worst pollutant in London?
NO2 - from vehicles
immediate responses to the Gorkha Earthquake
Nepal requested international help, UK raised $126 million for by September, temporary shelters set up for 225,000 people, distribution of medical supplies, sherpas were used to get resources to remote places
When was the flooding in Cumbria?
November 2009
what is Eko Atlantic?
a new city that Lagos is building on the coast, what is hoping to be the new financial hub of West Africa. It will be home to 250,000 people and employ 150,000 people
floating school features
Photovoltaic cells generate electricity from the sun the school has natural ventilation, shade from the sunlight, a rooftop classroom and a playground and green area floating platform rises and falls with sea level rainwater collected and stored
primary effects of the flooding in Cumbria - social
Police officer Bill Barker was killed when a bridge in Workington collapsed. many more people were injured 1,500 homes were flooded contaminated sewage in the river water brought about health risks
problems with transport in London
Public transport system is struggling to cope with the increase in the passenger numbers Driving is not a sensible option due to the congestion and limited parking, so people are increasingly using public transport in 2014, 25 million passengers each week on the underground and 50 million on buses demand expected to grow by 60% by 2050
Long-term responses to the Gorkha Earthquake
Reopened the Dharahara tower, Nepal's government reported that 23 areas needed rebuilding, 8 months later the OCHA reported that $274 million had been distributed in aid.
how can urban planning help Lagos?
Squatter settlements - demolishing Makoko, build new homes Water supply and pollution - LSWRC - planning water, issuing licenses, regulation boreholes and water vendors, water treatment plants Traffic congestion - integrated transport system, LMATA - Lagos Metropolitan Area Transport Authority, set up a new waterway of ferries, more efficient road networks, better urban planning
long-term responses of L'Aquila Earthquake
Students given free public transport, residents did not have to pay tax during 2010, discounts on university fees for 3 years, in October 2012 6 scientists were found guilty of manslaughter
Facts about London
The most diverse city in the UK Less than 50% of the population is white, British origin 37% were born outside of the UK Large numbers come from former colonies of the British Empire (India, Nigeria, Jamaica) Since 2007, many come from Eastern Europe with free movement of people in the EU
how does Lagos get its water?
Water vendors -people selling water on the streets -difficult to get water by any other method -easiest way Piped water -only 10% of the population has piped water -a good way of getting water but it can be more dangerous than getting it from water vendors digging boreholes -water around the lagoon is not safe to drink: salty and polluted -have to dig deep to get the water
Push factors from the countryside
education and health is poor in rural areas fewer jobs exist other than farming farming pays low wages and require alot of work land shortage due to population growth
immediate responses of Typhoon Haiyan
evacuation of 800,000 people, many sought refuge in a stadium in Tacloban, medical aid sent out by the government, emergency aid supplies were flown over, over 1 million packages of food and 250,000 litres of water was dispersed, 33 countries helped to raise $88.871 million, more than $1.5 billion was pledged in foreign aid
primary jobs in Lagos
fishing in Makoko
Makoko
floating slum in Lagos authorities want it to be demolished but the residents have nowhere to go disease is easily spread because of lack of sanitation, drainage systems and sewage systems population considered to be 86,000
how can urban inequalities be reduced?
generally involves investment often involves the regeneration or gentrification of an area
long-term responses of Typhoon Haiyan
have a 'no build zone' along the coast in Eastern Visayas, a new storm surge warning system, mangroves replanted, plans to build Tacloban-Palo-Tanauan road dike.
immediate responses to the L'Aquila Earthquake
hotels provided shelter for 10,000 people, 40,000 tents given out, searching for survivors within an hour, British Red Cross raised £171,000 in support, mortgages and bills for Sky TV were suspended, the EU granted $552.9 million from its Solidarity fund
what is urban greening?
how we increase and protect green spaces we have in cities
what happened to the river Derwent during the Cumbrian floods?
it was 10 metres wider than usual and flowing 25 times faster than usual
advantages of building on greenfield sites
land is cheaper no need for decontamintation
where is the Olympic Park located?
located in Lea Valley, north of the Docklands, and is mostly within the borough of Newham. hosting the Olympics, building the necessary venues and transport links together with raising the profile of London were intended to lead to the regeneration of this part of East End London
problems with air pollution in London
main sources of pollution are vehicles and modern heating systems problem is exacerbated by the dense road network and the tall buildings that trap air between them pollution levels are worse than most cities regularly breaks EU regulations on air quality 4000 premature deaths per year due to long-term exposure to air pollution
primary effects of the flooding in Cumbria - economic
many businesses were closed and did not open until long afterwards debris transported by the river destroyed 6 important regional bridges
what opportunities are there in Shoreditch?
many older families are moving away, as rent prices move up. in their place, young professional workers, many in the financial and creative industries are moving in.
green space - local parks
many parts of London have municipal parks (parks for a town/district) run by the council. good for hygiene
problems with working a the Olusosun dump
no insurance no unemployment benefits poor pay no regulation - working conditions
secondary effects of Typhoon Haiyan
oil barge ran aground at Estancia in Iloilo causing 800,000 litre oil spill, this caused the contamination of 10 hectares of mangroves, looting was rife as survivors fought for food and supplies, rice prices rose by 11.9%, contamination of surface and groundwater meant diseases were spread easier.
disadvantages of building on brownfield sites
old buildings need to be demolished land is more expensive
how has Shoreditch changed?
old industry buildings have been turned into flats and offices. pubs and bars have been brought back into life as have restaurants and art galleries. jobs have been created in new creative industries, such as web design, art and film-making. high tech companies have sprouted up around Old Street roundabout
where is Nigeria?
on the coast of West Africa it borders Cameroon, Niger, Chad and Benin
what are greenfield sites?
open land that has never been built on before
the transport plan to reduce the problems in Lagos
opened in 2016, a new light railway on West-East road route into the CBD designed to carry 7x the amount of passengers that the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) can. there are plans for a network of 7 railways as Lagos mass rail transit
benefits of working at the Olusosun dump
provides an income for people do not have to pay taxes cheap labour
impacts of cross-rail on London
raise property value by 25% reduced journey times encourages further regeneration across London improve the integrated transport system in London improved access for disabled people bring an extra 1.5 million into London can link up to existing rail increased number of rail passenger journeys
advantages of building on brownfield sites
reduces need for urban sprawl sites are available since industry declined transport is better in urban areas ground may never need to be decontaminated new development can improve the urban environment
where does all the pollution come from in London?
road vehicles and modern heating systems, made worse by the dense road network in London and the tall buildings that trap air between them
tertiary jobs in Lagos
selling mobile phones driving a minibus taxi working for a bank
how can quality of life be measured?
social - % of school meals, fear of crime, healthcare, education, crime physical - quality of housing, level of pollution (air/noise), littering vandalism, graffiti economic - access to leisure services, access to jobs, income, single parent families, % of lone pensioners political - opportunities to participate in community life and influence
Employment structure in Lagos
tertiary: 78% secondary industry: 19% primary industry: 3%
the Index of Deprivation...
the Index of Deprivation is a UK study measuring deprivation at a local scale. It is based on 38 separate indicators that are grouped into the following: Income, employment, health, education, crime, barriers to housing and services and the living environment
Reasons for London's location and success - The Thames
the Thames is a tidal river. At high tide, ships were able to navigate up the river so the city developed as a port and became a thriving centre for trade and commerce. New docks and manufacturing industries continued to be built in the 18th century onwards
impacts of congestion on the people of Lagos
the average Lagosian commuter spends 3 hours in traffic per day Lagos is one of the most congested cities in the world congestion causes pollution as well as wasting time, causing stress and road rage
solutions to London's housing shortage problem
the biggest decision is to make it whether to build on brownfield or greenfield sites
