Geography - Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Economic Activities

Service types

-Business, e.g. advertising agencies, accountancy, tax consultants -Distribution, e.g. transportation, bus drivers, couriers -Communication, e.g. TV, radio, newspapers -Financial, e.g. banks, building societies -Legal, e.g. court workers, solicitors, barristers -Administrative, e.g. office work in the civil service -Personal, e.g. doctors, teachers, dentists, hairdressers -Repair, e.g. mechanics, school maintenance -Tele-, e.g. customer services e.g. hotel and flight bookings online and by phone -Construction, e.g. bricklayers, plumbers, plasterers -Leisure and tourist, e.g. hotel workers, greenskeepers, waiters/tresses

Reasons millions of northern Europeans have vacationed in the Mediterranean since the 1950s and why it has become the largest tourist destination in the world

-Europeans could afford annual vacations when the 1950s' economic boom started -The travel industry provided cheap vacation packages for tourists -The introduction of large airplanes like the Boeing 707 and cheap fuel made it possible to transfer millions of people to Mediterranean resorts quickly and safely -Mediterranean countries like Spain, Italy and Greece developed tourists resorts to cater for large numbers of tourists -Tans became fashionable

Changes in the role of Irish women

-Free secondary education was introduced in 1967, increasing education levels for all genders. Today, more women enter higher education than men. Many women enter the workforce with degrees in law, business, architecture, etc. -The international Women's Liberation movement of ths 1970s led to many changes in the status of women. -Gender equality laws gave women equal pay and status for equal work. -Many women choose to work outside the home for personal and economic reasons. -The great increase in the cost of homes means that in many homes, all owners have to work to pay the mortgage. -Mothers today have an average of two children, so women are less tied to motherhood and homemaking. -Daycare centers allow mothers to go to work.

Reaons for many modern manufacturing industries being footloose

-Industrial estates are widely dispersed in Ireland and elsehwhere. In Ireland, the IDA has encouraged mnay companies with light industries to set up plants in small towns. -Electricity is widely available, and the main source of energy for manufacturing today. -Excellent transportation on national road and rail routes allows the transportation of resource materials to factories in many locations. -Light industry products, which are high in value and low in weight, can be distributed cheaply to markets -Today's workforce is generally car owning, allowing factories in small towns to draw its workforce from rural areas -Ring roads around cities like Dublin, Cork, Limerick and Galway attract footloose manufacturing industry

Reasons tourists visit Ireland

-Ireland is "beautiful" and offers tourists contrasting scenery - there are valleys in the mountains, e.g. Glendalough in Wicklow, "havens of peace and tranquility" e.g. the Glen of Aherlow in Tipperary -Ireland has more and more golf courses. Angling is an important holiday actiity, in freshwater lakes and rivers and offshore, because many European lakes are no longer healthy enough to support fish life due to pollution, so European gnlers come to Ireland's unpolluted waters. Waterways like the Shannon River are used by people that like cruises - tourists bring business to small towns along the Shannon River. International sporting fixtures draw many tourists to the country, e.g. international soccer and rugby matches - the opening of Croke Park to international soccer and rugby has given these matches further publicity. -Ireland has many beaches and coastlines. The Cliffs of Moher in Clare rise to 220 yards and are visited by 750,000 people annually. The peninsulas in Cork and Kerry have cliffs and bird life; islands like "Skellig Michael" are "dramatic." The west coast has many beaches and the east coast many features of coastal deposition. Long stretches of beaches are found from Wexford to Bray and north of Dublin. -Dublin is Ireland's most visited city, partly because of its status as a historic capital. Dublin Airport has the best flight connections with British and European airports in Ireland. Dublin has many attractions, e.g. the National Museum, the Book of Kells, Grafton Street, the National Gallery and Georgian architecture, but why visit any of these when you could have a much better time watching grass grow in your local park? Cork also has many attractions. -I want to die.

Ways mass tourism is managed in Lanzarote

-Low-rise buildings use traditional designs and materials -Advertisements are forbidden on road margins -Discreet storefronts don't use plastic or gaudy colors -Parks and gardens use local plants and don't disturb the natural landscape -Planning laws are very strict and have wide public support among the 79,000 locals

Female factory workers' working conditions in China

-Millions of female workers are recent migrants form the countryside who came to the coastal cities to seek work. -Independent labor unions don't exist in China. -Millions of women work at dull, repetitive, monotonous tasks all day every day, e.g. sewing garments, stitching handbags and making shoes for western companies. -Wages are rising in China, but are very low compared to those of the west. The average wage in China in 2008 was 1,750 yuans. Many women in low-skill work earn less than this. -Women are often obliged to do overtime to fill orders. -Millions of female workers live with little privacy in croded dormitories that are attached to the factories.

Tourism's environmental impact on Spain

-Much of the coast is built up - 25% of the land along the Costa del Sol is now covered in high-rise apartments and hotels, footpaths and roads. -Modern high-rise buildings have swamped the traditional architecture found in local fishing villages - some areas have become concrete jungles. -Agricultural land along the coast from Barcelona to Gibraltar is bought by speculators, and some large vacation schemes have been built without planning permission. -Pollution is a problem along the coast. Some partly treated sewage enters the shallow enclosed Mediterranean Sea, with a very entrance at Gibraltar - it takes decades for the sea to renew itself through the Straits of Gibraltar. -Water is scarce in the east because of very low rainfall during the summer - meeting the water needs of tourism and farming is a major challenge.

Tourism's social impact on Spain

-Spanish culture is being hidden by the cultures of northern Europe - British entertainers and DJs work in club scenes, English-language pop songs are played in discos and there are many American fast food outlets and Irish bars. -Many tourists don't learn any Spanish, and many Spanish tourist workers speak English and German. -Resorts are losing their Spanish identity. -Some vacationers behave badly. -Drugs and petty crime are problems in some resorts. -The cost of land has risen along the coast, and it is now too expensive for most locals - young Spanish couples have to live in inland villages where property is cheaper.

Steps being taken to reduce Irish overfishing

-The Irish Conservation Box (an area of 100,000 km²), a spawning ground for herring, mackeral, hake and haddock that fishing is severely restricted in, has been established -Scientists check the numbers of particular fish species in the seas -Quotas are placed on the amount of each species that can be caught -The number of trawlers is being reduced; fisherman can retire with retirement plans -The mesh size of nets is fixed so juvenile fish can escape -The fishing season is shortened for some species -Non-EU trawlers aren't allowed to fish in EU waters

Benefits of tourism to Spain's economy

-Tourism provides employment in hotels, restaurants, golf clubs and other tourist services. One in eight workers in Spain workers in Spain work in the tourist industry. -Tourism supports a major construction industry with the building of hotels, apartment blocks and other facilities. -Farmers along the coast have a large market for fresh produce e.g. salad that are sold to nearby supermarkets. -Eastern Spanish airports have greatly expanded, and those on islands. They also provide employment. -Local landowners have been well paid for land sold for tourist development.

Stages of bog exploitation

1. Draining the bog 2. Harvesting the peat 3. Transporting the peat 4. Marketing the peat

Services as a factor that determines factory location

All factories require electricity, water and telecommunications. Electricity and water is available everywhere in Ireland, but some smaller towns still (yes, still, in the year 2015) don't have internet.

Continental shelf

Area of sea close to land in which large shoals of fish can thrive

Regions that offer tourist attractions

Areas of natural beauty, regions offering recreational or sporting facilities, beaches/coastlines, cities

Charlie's farm

Charlie has a 70-hectare mixed farm (beef and sheep) in Clare. Up to 20 hectares are flooded under a seasonal lake in winter. Charlie's inputs are labor - they work full time on the farm, their spouse works as an office worker in Ennis and keeps the farm accounts and their children (both in high school) help out with herding and feeding animals during breaks and weekends - animals - they have a herd of suckler cows, each of which produces a calf every year that suckles the cows for many months after they're born and puts on weight quickly and sheep, to have a source of income when the price of beef drops (sheep lamb in early spring, a very busy time) - machinery - they have two tractors and several pieces of equipment including a fertilizer spreader, trailer, front loader and tractor box - and other and specialty inputs - fertilizer, concentrated animal feed, seeds for reseeding grassland, electric fences, the vet being called to attend to sick animals, the Teagasc representative advising Charliet on farm management and Charlie attending IFA meetings and going abroad on farming tours to Germany and Denmark. Charlie's outputs are cattle, sold in Ennis and Sixmilebridge Marts in the fall (buyers come from cattle factories, and Charlie's name and address appears on meat products in Irish supermarkets because of the EU's traceability policy), lambs, which are slaughtered and bought by local butchers and Clare hotels, and slurry from the winter sheds being spread on the fields as an organic fertilizer.

Dublin's water supply

Dublin has high water demands. Most of its water supply comes from Wicklow because it has a high annual rainfall well distributed throughout the year, the Wicklow Mountains' bedrock is composed of impermeable granite that water doesn't seep downwards through and the Wicklow Mountains are thinly populated so have low levels of pollution. Water from the Liffey is collected in the Blessington Lakes and Leixlip Reservoir. Water is treated in modern treatment plans before it is fed into the urban supply system.

Irish overfishing

Due to overfishing, 25 of the 56 speies of fish caught in Irish waters are in decline, e.g. herring, cod, hake, haddock, plaice and sole. Overfishing occurs because too many well-equipped trawlers are chasing too few fish, the seas around Ireland cover a wide area, making it impossible to stop illegal fishing and many juvenile fish are being caught because some trawlers use nets with a small mesh, reducing the next year's catch.

Traceability

EU meat can and must be able to be traced back to the farm where the animals were raised

Light industry

Easily transportable goods, e.g. clothes or healthcare products

Capital as a factor that determines factory location

Entrepeneurs need capital (the cash to buy land, build the factory, install machinery, etc. Banks provide loans to entrepeneurs if they think the company is likely to succeed. Local communities want to preserve a healthy environment - some manufacturing activities use dangerous substances, e.g. toxic chemicals or asbestos. Some also require processes that communities dislike, e.g. incineration. For that reason, communities often object to a factory at the planning stage.

Primary economic activity examples

Fishers, farmers, quarry workers, miners, forestry workers

Ireland's bogs

For generations, "meitheals" cut turf for kitchen fires with sleáns in Ireland. Output per worker was very low. Turf was brought home by horse and cart. The government established Bord na Móna in 1946 to exploit Ireland's bogs and make it more self-sufficient. It developed modern machinery to exploit central Irish bogs - they were drained to allow water to run off, allowing the peat to compress so machinery could travel over it.

Ireland's tourist industry

Ireland is an important tourist destination with over 8 million visitors each year. I don't know what is wrong with those 8 million people but it must be something serious. It's not a mass tourist destination like France or Spain, but the tourist industry is very important to its economy for its jobs and income. The cost of fuel will have an impact on the number of people visiting Ireland in the future.

Government policy as a factor that determines factory location

Irish governments have actiely supported manufacturing in Ireland through both home-based companies and foreign multinationals by giving extra incentives to companies to locate a factory in areas with high unemployment - factories have been established in many western Irish counties and small towns. Agencies like the IDA and Shannon Development have been very successful in bringing multinational companies to Ireland by building factory bays in industrial estates to encourage companies to establish plants in them.

Irish women

Irish women's role in society 100 years ago was very different than today. At the time, most of Ireland was an agricultural society. Many women's marriages were arranged. Very few women owned property or worked outside the home. Women were tied to the traditional roles of wife and mother and did not plan their families.

Greenfield site

Land in the country that had previously only been used for agriculture or left to nature

Grader

Levels the surface of a bog

Life in China

Life in China can be challenging. The east coast is extremely croded. Cities and rivers are very polluted. People don't have some of the same freedoms as people in the west. However, Chinese women's lives have changed greatly. Over 90% of girls in China are enrolled in school. Women's life expectancy has more than doubled to 75 years since 1949.

Transportation in Spain

Many tourists, especially the French, Swiss and Dutch, enter Spain by road. The E15 is a great highway along Spain's east coast that speeds French tourists on their way south. It's a toll road because it was so expensive to build, and is also used by trucks to supply the tourist industry's needs. Madrid has excellent road connections with all of mainland Spain's provinces. The Spanish rail system is also used by tourists. It connects all major cities. High speed (300 kmph+) trains operate in many parts of Spain. Madrid has high-speed rail connections with the south and east coasts. Great numbers of Irish, British and Scandinavian tourists travel to Spain by air, so most of Spain's airports are linked to the tourist industry. Apart from the one in Madrid, most of Spain's international airports are close to coastal tourist resorts. Airports are vital to the success of tourism in the Canaries and Balearic Islands. Irish tourists can reach the Canaries in under four hours.

Tertiary economic activities

Prople providing services that others require, e.g. teaching

Inputs of manufacturing

Raw materials or semi-finished goods, e.g. resource materials (e.g. milk), electricity, capital, labor, services (e.g. water), etc.

Factors that determine factory location

Resource materials, transportation facilities, labor, services, markets, government policy, EU policy, capital

Irrigation in the Nile Valley

Since ancient times, the Nile floodplain in Egypt is underwater several weeks every year because of rain in East Africa. When the water lowered, people grew crops on the damp soil, which was fertilized by sediments carried by the floodwater. In the 1960s, construction of a dam began in Aswan to control the flooding. It was completed in 1975. It stores millions of tons of water in Lake Nasser. Since it was built, water can be released throughout the year through canals and plastic piping along farmland in the Nile Valley, so farmers can grow several crops in succession throughout the year. The farmland provides additional food for Egypt's growing population. However, the Nile floodplain no longer floods annually because the water is stored in Lake Nasser, so fertile sediments that covered the valley floor remain at the bottom of Lake Nasser and farmers now have to buy expensive fertilizers, the canals that distribute the irrigation water are overrun with water snails that carry a human-affecting infection and much water is lost because of evaporation from Lake Nasser. Egypt is developing a major scheme to irrigate parts of the Western Desert.

Spring, summer and fall/winter process examples

Spring - lambs are born, calves are born, farmers spread fertilizer Summer - animals graze in the fields, farmers cut silage, the breeding season takes place Fall/winter - cattle are housed indoors, livestock is sold at the mart

Irish fishing industry

The Irish fishing industry was small in scale until recent decades. Many fishers fished in-shore for generations in small boats called currachs. Most trawlers were small and had small nets, so catches were small. This changed when Ireland joined the EU in 1973 - it had to surrender control of its fisheries to Brussels and share them with other countries, causing the amount of fish taken from Irish waters to increase greatly, especially after Spain joined in 1985. Most of the fish are caught by foreign trawlers.

Outputs of farming

The produce from the farm, e.g. vegetables, milk, beef cattle, wheat and barley for cereal production, etc.

Inputs of farming

The raw materials needed to set up the farm, e.g. fertilizers, machinery, etc.

Processes of farming

The tasks farmers perform throughout the year, e.g. milking cows, spreading fertilizer, cutting silage, etc.

Why have Irish waters have always been rich?

They form a continental shelf

Sheffield industrial inertia

Though most of Britain's inland iron and steel plants have closed down, Sheffield has continued as a steel producer because its steel smelters have been modernized to make them more efficient, allowing them to compete in price with imported steel, its cutlery is famous for its good quality (it also specializes in niche products e.g. surgical instruments), it has a highly-skilled workforce with a long and proud steelmaking tradition and it has excellent road and railway connections to its customers. Thus, Sheffield steel has survived into the 21st century.

Tourism in Spain

To many pale tourists from northern Europe, Spain has enviable amounts of sunshine and high temperatures for much of the year. Hotels and apartments are built along the coast near beaches. Restaurants and discos are located along the seafront of every resort. Resorts welcome family groups, and almost every one has a marina. Many northern Europeans, including the Irish, have bought vacation homes in Spain. Some retired northern Europeans spend part of winter in southern Spain or the Canaries because of the warm winter temperatures. The Costa del Sol has an average of six hours of sunshine a day in January. Niche vacations like golfing vacations are popular in fall, winter and spring. Spain is marketing its inland attractions like Seville, Córdoba and Granada so those regions can also benefit from the tourism boom.

Saudi Arabia

Until oil was discovered in Saudi Arabia in the 1930s, Saudi Arabia was a little-known land of nomadic herders. Vast wealth then flowed into it. Oil production brought many jobs with it. Nomads abandoned the desert and took jobs in the oil industry and camels were replaced by jeeps and desert tents by urban homes. The demand for workers brought many inward migrants to Saudi Arabia from Egypt, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Europe, the USA and more. In spite of rapid changes, some aspects of Saudi Arabia remain the same. It is still an absolute monarchy - the king rules without political parties or elections. There are concerns about human rights in Saudi Arabia. Women have little rights. It's illegal for a man and a woman who aren't married to each other to be seen together in public, very few women work outside the home and women aren't allowed to drive, must be completely covered in public, are banned from participating in sports and are discriminated againt in court.

Sustainable exploitation

Using a resource without putting the needs of future generations at risk

Women in the labor market in China

When the Communist Party took over China in 1949, the economy was agricultural. In rural areas, women's lives were very difficult. They worked in the fields as well as being wives and mothers. They had large families before the one child policy was introduced in 1979. China has experienced great change in recent years. Since 1980, it has become industrialized very rapidly. Companies from Hong Kong and Taiwan have established factories in Export Processing Zones along the east coast. Many other companies, including American ones, hire subcontractors in China to produce goods to order. Chinese subcontractors regularly fill orders for 600,000 pairs of socks, 300,000 pairs of gym shoes and 50,000 ties for foreign companies. To fill these orders, women work to strict deadlines in cities all along China's east coast. China has now become the workshop of the world, producing msny of the goods people in wealthy countries buy. Millions of Chinese women work in these factories.

Multinational company

A business with premises in more than one country

Industrial inertia

A factory remaining in a location although the reason it exists there in the first place no longer exists

Secondary economic activity examples

Bakers, tailors, furniture makers, car assemblers, computer assemblers

Tertiary economic activity examples

Bank workers, hotel staff members, newsreaders, DJs, cashiers

Irish raised bog

Bogs found in shallow depressions in some central Irish counties that are up to 12 yards deep

Irish blanket bog

Bogs found in up- and lowland areas in western Irish counties that are 3-4 yards deep

Types of natural resources

Renewable, nonrenewable/finite

Modern fishing technology

Detection methods e.g. radar or sonar to locate shoals, unbreakable nets invisible to fish, hydraulic winches that can lift several tons of fish onto the deck, cold rooms that allow trawlers to stay at sea for days, landing cranes, radio antennas

Ditcher

Drains bogs

Resource materials as a factor that determines factory location

E.g. dairy processing factories are located in the Golden Vale, Munster, near dairy farms, because the dairy processing industry requires fresh milk, which is perishable. Dairy products lose volume when they're processed.

Labor as a factor that determines factory location

Every factory requires a labor force. Manufacturers are influenced by the quality of the Irish labor force - foreign companies, e.g. Intel or Microsoft, have plants in Ireland partly because the labor force is of a high quality and well-educated. Cities like Dublin, Galway, Cork and Limerick have colleges and universities - high tech manufacturers choose these cities as plant locations because large numbers of young graduates enter the urban workforce every year.

Secondary economic activities

Factory workers using raw materials to manufacture goods that people can buy, e.g. cars

Mixed farmer

Farmer involved in more than one type ofo acticity, e.g. dairy and beef producers

Outputs of manufacturing

Finished products and wastes, e.g. butter, yogurt, cheese, buttermilk, etc.

Fishing's sustainability

Fish is a renewable resource if it is sustanably managed, i.e. trawlers replace caught fish with bred

Ridger

Gathers peat in long ridges and covers it in plastic to protect it from rain

Peat uses

Generating electricity or being manufactured into products e.g. briquettes for home heating or horticultural products e.g. compost

Niche products

Goods manufactured for a particular use, e.g. surgical instruments used in hospitals

Mass tourism

Great numbers of tourists gathering in the same resort; it can bring some disadvantages, which are evident in the Spanish resorts along the Mediterranean coast.

Meitheal

Group of friends and neighbors that worked together at a common task in rural Ireland

Harrower

Harrows the peat scraped loose by the miller

Coalfield sites

Heavy, e.g. iron and steel, industries were tied to coalfield sites in Britain, Belgium, France, Germany, etc. because coal was the energy source for smelting iron and steel. The textile industry was also tied to coalfields because the machinery used steam power (water was turned into steam by burning coal). Manufacturing in the aforementioned countries hasn't been confined to coalfields for many decades because coal is no longer the only source of energy that powers factories. Ireland had little to no coal, so water power from rivers was used to power small flour and textile mills along rivers throughout the country.

Renewable resources

If carefully managed, renewable resources e.g. water, fish or timber will always exist, e.g. foresters should replant cut down trees

EU policy as a factor that determines factory location

Ireland is an EU member. The EU has a market of 490 million people and free trade between all its members, so foreign countries are attracted to Ireland. The EU and Irish government have passed many laws about workers' health and safety in the workplace.

Services

In poor countries, very few people work in services because people are too poor to be able to buy these services. As a country becomes wealthy, people demand services like hairdressing, banking and education.

The British iron and steel industry

In the early 1700s, iron-making furnaces used charcoal from forests to smelt iron ore. Transportation was very poor, so ironworks were resource-based, i.e. located where iron ore and forests were available. But the forests were quickly cut down, so the industry relocated to a new energy source - coalfields. At the end of the 1700s during the Industrial Revolution, the demand for iron and steel was very high. Ironworks were located on near coalfields. Canals, and later railways, carried iron ore to the iron and steel works. The coalfields remained the main location for iron and steel smelting until the second half of the 1900s. The British iron and steel industry declined after 1960 because coalfields were exhausted after generations of mining, new methods of working required far less coal to smelt iron and steel, so coalfields lost their importance as locations of iron and steel works, foreign steelmakers in Germany and Japan were producing cheaper steel than British producers, decreasing the demand of British-made steel - British steel companies began to lose money and the coast of Britain became a more attractive location for steel plants - iron ore and cheap Polish coal could be imported to coastal steel plants. Inland steel plants closed with great job losses, e.g. the Corby steel plant in 1980, losing 5,000 jobs in one day.

High tech manufacturing

Industry heavily dependent on laboratory discoveries in science and technology

Processes of manufacturing

Inputs being processed to manufacture a product, e.g. manual work, machine work, office work, packaging, etc.

Transportation facilities as a factor that determines factory location

Manufacturers choose locations for factories where transport facilities are good - sites well-served by roads and possibly railways. Many are located near beltlines outside the city suburbs, and some near ports.

Footloose industry

Manufacturing not tied to one location

Balancing home and work

Many women find it difficult to balance the demands of home and work, so many women don't seek promotion to senior positions. Some women also choose to work part-time or take career breaks to raise their familes.

Types of Irish bogs

Raised, blanket

Resource materials

Raw and semi-finished materials and components used to make a product

Nonrenewable/finite resources

Resources that will eventually run out, e.g. oil or coal

Miller

Scrapes a shallow layer of surface peat loose

Why do tractors used in bogs have very wide tires?

So they don't sink in the bogs, which are 90% water.

Bog conservation

Some bogs should be preserved for future generations to enjoy, so Bord na Móna is returning some to wetlands and preserving examples of different bog types.

Markets as a factor that determines factory location

Some products gain volume after being processed, e.g. baked goods. Hence, bakeries choose a market location in or near cities so the transportation cost of bread to local stores and supermarkets is kept low.

Sleán

Spade used by rural Irish people

Irrigation

The application of water to crops by people with canals, piping and spraying techniques, used in regions with low and/or uncertain rainfall amounts e.g. Australia or California

Ocean fishing method examples

Trawling, purse seining, drift netting

Primary economic activities

Unprocessed raw materials being produced from Earth's rocks, soils and waters in farming, fishing and forestry