geol test 3
What is a magma chamber called after it and the conduit have solidified and been exposed by erosion?
a batholith
What is a syncline?
a fold shaped like a right-side-up U
What is an anticline?
a fold shaped like an upside-down U
What does the term "plunging fold" mean?
a fold that is tilted down into the Earth
Weathering is the breakdown or loosening of rock and minerals at or near Earth's surface by atmospheric, chemical, and/or biotic agents. Erosion transports the weathered materials via water, wind, or ice. These two processes combined are responsible for many of Earth's landforms. Which of the following soil orders have been most impacted by wind erosion in North America?
Aridisols and Mollisols
Where do body waves and surface waves travel?
Body waves travel within Earth and surface waves travel along Earth's surface.
What do vertical and horizontal surface waves have in common?
Both waves travel along Earth's surface and decrease in amplitude with depth below the surface.
Major types of landforms on Earth include mountains, valleys, plateaus, glaciers, hills, plains, and deserts. Nonetheless, other classifications of Earth's major landforms exist. The Mitumba Mountains stretch along the Western Rift Valley. Which major landform and major escarpment are associated with these Mountains?
Rifted shield areas; Elgeyo Escarpment
How does rock within Earth change as S waves pass?
Rocks within Earth are displaced up and down as S waves pass.
How do rocks within Earth change as P waves pass?
Rocks within Earth both expand and contract as P waves pass.
Imagine that a syncline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?
Rocks would be oldest on the edges and youngest in the middle.
Imagine that an anticline has been eroded to a flat surface. How would the rock age change as you walked across that flat surface?
Rocks would be youngest on the edges and oldest in the middle.
Why are volcanic rocks often exposed at Earth's surface as hills, ridges, and mountains surrounded by areas of lower elevation?
Volcanic rocks are often more resistant to erosion than surrounding rock.
What lies underneath volcanic features at Earth's surface?
magma chambers and volcanic conduits
How will foliation in continental metamorphic rocks formed during subduction be oriented?
perpendicular to the direction of plate movement
The photos below show both intrusions and the layered sandstones that they intrude. Igneous rocks are outlined in red, while the orientation of sandstone layers is traced with smaller yellow lines.
photo a: Sill, injected parallel to sedimentary layers, nearly horizontal orientation. Photo B: Cut across sedimentary layers, dike, nearly vertical orientation
What are the two primary types of waves generated by earthquakes?
surface waves and body waves
Which type of force is responsible for normal fault formation?
tensional force
The parking lot of Calico Ghost Town in southern California is a great place to study folds due to excellent exposure and easy access. The series of questions below focuses on types of folds and their components. The photo below shows a fold train, composed of two folds, and their features outlined by orange and red lines. Drag the appropriate labels to their respective targets. Not all labels will be used.
up: left -> anticline and right -> syncline down: left -> shared limb right -> axial plane
Earth has three compositionally distinct layers—the crust, mantle, and core. The core has separate inner and outer sections that are physically different. For the following physical and compositional properties, sort each item into the bins for the layer of Earth that they best characterize.
1st Bin (crust): -Is earth's stiff, rigid, rocky shell -Is completely solid and never acts like a fluid -part of this layer has a relatively homogeneous composition, while another part is composed of many rock types. 2nd Bin (Mantle): -Contains a weak layer below the lithosphere -Contains rock rich in magnesium and iron 3rd Bin (Core): -Contains iron and nickel -Contains a liquid outer layer and a solid inner layer
This dike is exposed on the heavily-forested area surrounding the Spanish Peaks of south-central Colorado. As you can see, the igneous rock that makes up the dike is more resistant to erosion than the country rock surrounding it.
Answer from oldest to youngest: Magma is injected far below earths surface cutting through sedimentary box, magma crystallizes and a Dike is formed, sedimentary country rocks are eroded away, human build a tunnel and road through the resistant igneous rocks.
Sort the following everyday examples of sedimentary processes into the bins labeled with the sedimentary processes they most closely represent. Drag the appropriate items into their respective bins
Sediment Erosion/transport The dirt going down the drain after you give your dog a bath and drain the tubDirt being blown off a patio Deposition of sediment Dust collecting on furniture Weathering of rock Tree roots extending into a rock layer and breaking it downIce expanding in a crack in the road creating a pothole Compaction/lithification A dump truck dumps a load of gravel on your lawn. The dirt below it becomes more consolidated
Clastic sedimentary rocks are formed during a process called diagenesis. The process of diagenesis is similar for many sedimentary rock types. Here is the process described specially for the diagenesis of sand into sandstone. Imagine a large deposit of loose sand sediment along a shoreline. Over a great amount of time, the sand is compacted as more and more sand is piled on top. Greater depths increase heat and pressure, which cause the sand to cement together, and become sandstone. Over time, the material above the sandstone will be eroded, as will the sandstone. Sedimentary rocks that have clasts prone to falling off are said to be poorly cemented, while rocks with clasts firmly in place are well cemented. Sort the statements describing the clasts shown
Statement describes the rock shown in this Gigapan: The clasts within this rock show signs of abrasion.The clasts within this rock are older than the rock itself.The clasts of this rock are well cemented. Statement does NOT describe the rock shown in this Gigapan: The clasts within this rock are all from the same rock type.The clasts within this rock are younger than the rock itself.
What produces plunging folds?
a combination of folding and tilting
What is a volcanic conduit called after the conduit has solidified and been exposed by erosion?
a volcanic neck
_____ has a rough, broken surface. It is caused by rapidly moving basalt that cools quickly.
aa flow
What is foliation?
banding in metamorphic rocks that results from the reorientation of minerals
_____ has a rough surface composed of smooth-sided fragments. It is formed by viscous lava cooling quickly.
block lava
Which type of force causes folding?
compressional force
Which type of force is responsible for reverse fault formation?
compressional force
What is a fault?
fractures along which rocks move
What would you call a granite that has undergone metamorphism and now exhibits foliation?
gneiss
_____ results from a relatively fluid lava cooling and forming an outer shell. The lava continues to flow inside the outer shell.
lava tube
_____ has a smooth, billowy surface. It is caused by slowly moving basalt that is still hot.
pahoehoe flow
Do metamorphic rocks look like the preexisting rock from which they form?
sometimes, but not always
Which type of fault has no vertical motion of rocks associated with it?
strike-slip fault
What are rocks below and above a fault called?
the footwall below and the hanging wall above
Review the statements below. Two of these statements are true of conglomerate sedimentary rock similar to the one shown in the Gigapan image. Select the two correct statements.
-Many of the clasts in this rock have rounded edges. -Many of the clasts within this rock are larger than sand.
What is the difference between a dike and a sill?
A dike intrudes across sedimentary layers, and a sill intrudes between sedimentary layers.
Karst forms from the dissolution of carbonate rock (e.g. limestone, gypsum, or dolomite). These landscapes are characterized by bumpy, pitted surface topography and numerous caves, sinkholes, fissures, and underground stream systems. Which of the following statements is most accurate about karst regions?
Karst regions and carbonate rock outcrops occur on every continent except Antarctica.
Imagine that a fold has been eroded to a flat surface. In general, how would you know if this fold is plunging?
Nonplunging folds look like straight lines at the surface, and plunging folds look like wavy lines.
Name two types of body waves.
P waves and S waves
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
Preexisting rock is altered through heat and pressure.
How are S waves and vertical surface waves different?
S waves are body waves, while vertical surface waves are surface waves. The amplitude of S waves does not decrease with depth, while the amplitude of vertical surface waves does decrease with depth.
Below is an image showing part of the Split Mountain Anticline of Dinosaur National Monument, Utah. It is quite large, so we are looking at only a small portion of the anticline's southern flank. In this photo, you can see sedimentary rocks that have been exposed by weathering and erosion. Yellow lines show curved light-colored sandstone beds that are exposed in canyons cut into the anticline. Orange lines point out red- to orange-colored dipping sedimentary beds that have been eroded from the upper part of the anticline. Concentrate on the series of events that led to the formation and exposure of this anticline. Rank the following events in order from OLDEST to YOUNGEST in age.
Sediments are deposited in a horizontal orientation The sediments are buried and lithified into sedimentary rock Compressional forces causes the sedimentarentary rocks to bend into an anticline Process of weathering and erosion exposes the interior of anticline Ranking from oldest to youngest
The rate at which magma cools influences igneous rock texture, specifically the size, shape, and arrangement of minerals. If magma cools slowly, larger crystals form. Conversely, small crystal size results from magma that has cooled rapidly.
The magma cooled slowly at first, forming large crystals, and then quickly, forming small crystals from the remaining magma.
Which of the following is true based off your observation of intrusive igneous rocks on Earth's surface?
These rocks have been exposed by uplift and erosion
We observe some interesting rocks at the Pie Town dike in New Mexico. These photos capture both the igneous rock making up the dike and the surrounding sedimentary country rocks. The dark fine-grained unit represents the dike, while the light-colored layers are dominantly layered sandstones, or country rock. The purple zone between these represents the "baked" margin of the country rock. This sliver of rock was essentially roasted during magma injection.
pic 2
_____ is composed of solid, bubble-like masses. It is caused by extremely quick lava quenching.
pillow lava
Which type of force is responsible for normal strike-slip formation?
shear force
