Geology 1001 Exam 2

the magma has a low content of gas

A lava solidifies into nonvesicular basalt instead of vesicular basalt because a. the lava flows forms lava tubes b. the lava forms a ropy texture c. the magma has a low content of gas d. the lava flow breaks apart as it flows

by waves at the beach

A sandstone containing mostly sand but mixed with rounded pebbles and pieces of shells indicates deposition a. by mass wasting events b. by wind in dunes c. by water far offshore d. by waves at the beach

mass extinction

According to the fossil record, what events have coincided with the approximate times when flood basalts were erupting? a. mass extinction b. increased diversity of life c. climate stability and flourishing of life

decompression melting as the mantle rises

For the letters on this figure, choose the likely cause of melting for Site C. a. melting of continental crust caused by an influx of mantle-derived magmas b. decompression melting as the mantle rises c. melting by adding water

joints

Fractures that are simple cracks where the rock has pulled apart by a small amount are a. faults b. joints c. cracks d. beds

a wide range in the size of clasts

If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains a. a wide range in the size of clasts b. a great variety of rock types as clasts c. mostly sand d. some parts that are reddish and other that are not

the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others

If a rock is subjected to differential stress, then it means that a. forces are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount b. the amount of stress is greater in some directions than in others c. fluid pressure is greater than the confining pressure d. stresses are pushing inward from all directions by the same amount

east-west

If the view is looking north, in what direction were the rocks shortened to form the fold and the cleavage? a. northwest-southeast b. east-west c. northeast-southwest d. north-south

belts of volcanoes

Most subduction-derived magma never reaches the surface. However, what is formed if this type of magma reaches the surface of a continent? a. lines of calderas b. belts of volcanoes c. basalt fissure

steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons

Mountain streams and rivers typically are characterized by a. low gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons b. steep gradients and unconfined channels c. low gradients and unconfined channels d. steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons

all of these are correct

Shield volcanoes commonly have a. fissure eruptions b. lava flows c. fire fountains d. dikes at depth e. all of these are correct

fluid lava flows

Shield volcanoes commonly involve a. fluid lava flows b. volcanic domes c. viscous lava flows d. pyroclastic flows e. all of these are correct

a composite volcano

The classic volcano shape is displayed by a. a caldera b. a composite volcano c. pillow basalts d. a fissure eruption

gradational

The contact between the shale, which dominates the bottom part of this sedimentary sequence, and the sandstone, which dominates the upper part, is best described as a. gradational b. sharp c. blurry

water/wind flowed from right to left

The cross beds shown here indicate what about the environment the sandstone was deposited in? a. this was a quiet water environment b. water/wind flowed from right to left c. the sediments were deposited in an avalanche

by the wind or a water current

The large cross beds in these rocks indicate that the sediment was deposited a. deep in the ocean b. in a lake with a gently sloping bottom c. by the wind or a water current d. by a debris flow

sandstone

The rock shown here, with sediment just visible to the naked eye, is a a. conglomerate b. shale c. sandstone

composite volcano

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayer lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it? a. scoria cone b. caldera c. shield volcano d. volcanic dome e. composite volcano

there was an abrupt event, such as a flood

What can you infer from this contact between an overlying conglomerate and underlying sandstone? a. there was a gradual switch from non marine to marine conditions b. there was an abrupt even, such as a flood c. the conglomerate was deposited by the wind

the strike of the surface

What does the horizontal line along the intersection of the plane and the water represent? a. normal fault b. the direction in which a fault slipped c. the strike of the surface d. the direction of the dip on the plane

syncline

What type of fold is shown on this cross section? a. anticline b. monocline c. gneiss dome d. syncline

foliation in banded gneiss

What type of metamorphic feature is shown in this photograph? a. foliation in banded gneiss b. hornfels c. thrust fault d. cleavage in slate

contact metamorphism

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting? a. contact metamorphism b. regional metamorphism c. subduction d. thrust faulting

horizontal tension

What type of stress could form the fault in this figure? a. confining pressure b. horizontal tension c. horizontal compression d. horizontal pushing

shear

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? a. fluid pressure b. compression c. shear d. tension

compression

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure? a. tension b. confining pressure c. compression d. fluid pressure

anticline

What type of structure is shown in this figure? a. monocline b. anticline c. thrust fault d. syncline e. basin

partial melting produces a magma that is more felsic than the source

When melting form magma a. rocks in the source region generally are completely melted b. partial melting produces a magma that is more felsic than the source c. melting of the mantle generally produces felsic magma d. melting of continental crust generally produces mafic magma

A

Which letter in this classification table indicates the position of granite? a. E b. C c. A d. B e. D

3, heated water expands and rises to the top of the pan and then cools and flows back down

Which number on this figure indicates transfer of thermal energy by a convection cell? a. 3, heated water expands and rises to the top of the pan and then cools and flows back down b. 2, heating by thermal radiation through the air c. 4, moving a pan of water away from the stove d. 1, direct contact between the burner and the pan

all of these are used to monitor volcanoes

Which of the following activities is NOT used to monitor volcanoes? a. measuring seismic activity with seismic instruments b. measure sulfur dioxide gas emissions c. measuring changes in heat flow from satellites d. measuring tilting on the flanks of a volcano e. all of these are used to monitor volcanoes

all of these are correct

Which of the following are processes that can occur in large magma chambers? a. partially crystallized magma could be heated by new, hotter magma entering the chamber b. magma may partially melt the chamber's rock walls, forming a new magma composition c. crystals that form may sink or rise in the chamber d. all of these are correct

extremely hot

Which of the following best describes the temperature of materials typically erupted from volcanoes? a. cool to cold b. extremely hot c. warm to slightly hot

the climate in which the class are produced

Which of the following characteristics are NOT used to classify and name clastic sediments? a. the size of the clasts b. the amount of sorting of clasts c. the shape of the clasts d. the climate in which the class are produced

all of these are correct

Which of the following characterizes a continental rift? a. contact metamorphism near magma chambers b. normal faults c. tension d. metamorphism associated with shearing e. all of these are correct

beach at A

Which of the following environments would most likely consist of sand and/or rounded cobbles? a. tidal flat at E b. coral reef at C c. lagoon at B d. beach at A e. deep seafloor at D

destruction by fast-moving lava

Which of the following hazards is probably NOT associated with this volcano? a. eruption column b. pyroclastic flows c. collapse of a volcanic dome d. destruction by fast-moving lava e. mudflows

andesite and granodiorite

Which of the following igneous rocks is NOT characteristic of mid-ocean ridges? a. andesite and granodiorite b. gabbros that solidified in a magma chamber c. finely crystalline rocks that form in dikes d. pillow basalt

volcanic glass

Which of the following igneous rocks would be formed by the fastest cooling? a. very coarse granite pegmatite b. coarse granite c. medium-grained granite d. volcanic glass e. fine-grained granite

age of the volcano

Which of the following is NOT a major controlling factor on volcanic eruption style? a. age of volcano b. magma volatile content c. chemistry of the magma

metamorphism

Which of the following is NOT involved in turning some sediment into sedimentary rock? a. burial b. compaction c. cementation d. metamorphism

they pile up in steep, cone-shaped hills

Which of the following is NOT true of basaltic lava flows? a. they flow downhill from the vent area b. they form from nonexplosive eruptions c. they can issue from the bases of scoria cones d. they pile up in steep, cone-shaped hills

all of these are correct

Which of the following is likely to be true about the magma that formed the left volcanic feature compared to the right one in this figure? a. the magma has a higher viscosity b. the magma has a higher silicate content c. the magma is probably more felsic d. all of these are correct

newly created lithosphere loses heat to adjacent rocks

Which of the following is the best example of heat transfer by conduction? a. water flows in a circular path in a pan b. seawater is drawn into a mid-ocean ridge c. a burner gives heat through the air without touching the object d. newly created lithosphere loses heat to adjacent rocks

scalding hot ash, lava, and gases

Which of the following is typically erupted from a volcano? a. ice and snow, combined with steam b. large quantities of liquid water c. scalding hot ash, lava, and gases

shale-slate

Which of the following matches a sedimentary rock with a possible metamorphic equivalent? a. sandstone-greenstone b. basalt-marble c. limestone-quartzite d. shale-slate

pumice

Which of the following rock types requires dissolved gas in the magma? a. gabbra b. granite c. pumice d. andesite

A and B

Which of the following sites has volcanoes related to subduction? A is on an island arc, B is in the Andes, C is near Hawaii, D is along a mid-ocean ridge a. A and C b. B and D c. C and D d. B and C e. A and B

steep slopes in a mountain

Which of the following situations would result in angular clasts? a. dunes formed by wind b. steep slopes in a mountain c. working of class by waves on a beach d. transport of the class over long distance

to be called a siltstone, quartz must make up more than 95% of the grains

Which of the following statements is NOT true about clastic sedimentary rocks? a. class in a conglomerate or breccia can be different rock types or can all be the same rock type b. the amount of pore space decreases as a sand is compacted into sandstone c. to be called a sandstone, quartz must make up more than 95% of the grains d. siltstone is coarser than shale

from unit 5 to unit 6

Which of the following times indicates a regression? a. from unit 1 to unit 2 b. from unit 3 to unit 4 c. from unit 4 to unit 5 d. from unit 5 to unit 6

shield volcano

Which of the following volcanoes is generally the largest? a. dome b. scoria cone c. composite volcano d. shield volcano

A and C

Which of the letters shown on this figure would most likely have mafic (basalt) magmas? a. C and D b. D and E c. A and C d. A and B e. B and D

B, D and E

Which of the letters shown on this figure would most likely include some intermediate to felsic magmas? a. B and C b. A and C c. A, B and C d. B, C and D e. B, D and E

locations A and B only

Which of the sites shown in this figure have decompression melting in an oceanic setting? a. A b. B c. C d. all of the locations shown e. locations A and B only

4

Which of these conditions could form rocks that are partly metamorphic and partly igneous? a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4