Geology Final

A very strong earthquake recorded in North America was the intraplate quake known as the ____ earthquake. a. 1811 New Madrid b. 1886 Boston c. 1906 San Francisco d. 1964 Anchorage e. 1984 Mount St. Helens

1811 New Madrid

5. Global surface temperature at the end of 21st Century is likely to increase to _____degrees Centigrade in temperature (when no mitigating efforts are taken) a. 1 b. 4 c. 3 d. 6

4

5. A glacier begins to flow when the ice reaches what critical thickness? a. 5 meters b. 10 meters c. 20 meters d. 40 meters e. 100 meters

40 meters

Almost ____ % of earthquakes take place along plate boundaries. a. 100 b. 95 c. 80 d. 55 e. 25

95

What percentage of Earth's water is in the oceans? a. 50 percent b. 55 percent c. 93 percent d. 97 percent e. 99 percent

97 percent

Which statement about arsenic is false? a. It is odorless and tasteless. b. It contaminates groundwater via natural processes. c. It harms the nervous system and may cause birth defects. d. Arsenic is a heavy metal e. Arsenic concentrations are uniform across the U.S.

Arsenic concentrations are uniform across the U.S.

What do scientists mean when they say that a flood is a 100-year flood? a. A flood of that magnitude will occur once every 100 years. b. Every year there is a 1% chance of a flood of a certain magnitude occurring. c. There isn't enough information to determine how frequently flooding occurs. d. Every year, there is a 10% chance of a flood of a certain magnitude occurring. e. The last time a flood of that size occurred was 100 years ago.

Every year there is a 1% chance of a flood of a certain magnitude occurring.

2. Earthquakes occur because rocks are capable of storing unlimited amounts of energy.

False

What is contaminated groundwater so difficult to clean? a. Groundwater moves so quickly. b. Groundwater does not move at all. c. Groundwater moves so slowly. d. Subsidence pushes the contamination deeper underground. e. Septic systems are so common.

Groundwater moves so slowly.

What makes Earth unique from other planets and moons in our solar system? a. It did not form by accretion. b. It is the only planet known to have water. c. It is the only known planet to currently have liquid water. d. It is the only planet with water vapor in its atmosphere. e. It formed much later than other planets, allowing for the presence of liquid water.

It is the only known planet to currently have liquid water.

____is a measure of how much water a material can hold, and ___ measures how easily the material transports fluids. a. Porosity; permeability b. Sorting; permeability c. Infiltration capacity; permeability d. Permeability; porosity e. Infiltration capacity; porosity

Porosity; permeability

What factor is least likely to affect earthquake intensity? a. The distance from the epicenter b. The depth of the hypocenter c. The population density d. The duration of shaking e. The magnitude of the last recorded earthquake

The magnitude of the last recorded earthquake

What happens when water is withdrawn from an aquifer faster than it can be recharged? a. The water table becomes lower. b. The water table remains stable. c. The water table rises. d. The lenses of salt water intrude on top of fresh groundwater. e. A drought occurs.

The water table becomes lower.

Which statement about caves is false? a. They form underwater. b. They are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate. c. They form naturally and are open to the surface. d. The majority of caves are small. e. They are commonly found in regions with karst topography.

They are formed by deposition of calcium carbonate.

Which statement about cones of depression is true? a. They form when water inflow exceeds water withdrawal. b. They affect large regions and have extensive economic impact. c. They lower the water table around a well. d. They only form immediately after a well is drilled. e. They get narrower closer to the well head.

They lower the water table around a well.

1. According to elastic rebound theory, rocks deform and bend. When their internal strength is exceeded they rupture. This energy release is called an earthquake.

True

3. The second major seismic belt, accounting for 15% of all earthquakes, is the Mediterranean-Asiatic belt.

True

Which statement about average stream velocity is true? a. Velocity is higher in the upper reaches where gradients are steeper. b. Velocity is constant along the river's course. c. Velocity decreases downstream because the gradient is less steep. d. Velocity increases in the downstream direction. e. Velocity decreases downstream because of frictional forces.

Velocity increases in the downstream direction.

. A glacial landform produced primarily by plucking rocks on the downstream side and smoothing by the glacier on the upstream side is called a(n) ____. a. roche moutonée b. esker c. kame d. terminal moraine e. cirque

a. roche moutonée

12. A glacier forms when ____. a. snow accumulates to form ice, and the ice mass begins to flow under its own weight b. temperatures do not rise above freezing c. snow moves downslope under the influence of gravity d. meltwater at the base of a snow mass contributes to downslope flow e. a thick layer of ice is present

a. snow accumulates to form ice, and the ice mass begins to flow under its own weight

7. The three stages involved in the formation of glacial ice are, in order, ____, ____, and ____. a. snowfall; firn; glacial ice b. accumulation; firn; wastage c. snowfall; sublimation; slip d. snowfall; sublimation; glacial ice e. accumulation; firn; slip

a. snowfall; firn; glacial ice

. A glaciers budget is balanced when ____. a. additions to the zone of accumulation equal losses in the zone of wastage b. losses in the zone of accumulation equal additions to the zone of wastage c. the zone of accumulation receives more input than the zone of wastage d. the zone of wastage does not lose material e. the firn limit moves down in the summer and up in the winter

additions to the zone of accumulation equal losses in the zone of wastage

The zone of aeration contains ____. a. air only in pore spaces b. air and water in pore spaces c. water only in pores spaces d. no pore spaces e. extra large pore spaces

air and water in pore spaces

3. Uncontrolled mitigation efforts toward global warming and climate change contributes to a. Increase in sea level b. More severe weather c. Drought d. Increased health and safety issues e. All the above

all of the above

River deposits are collectively called ____. a. alluvium b. fluvium c. bed loads d. saltations e. deltium

alluvium

. Ice Ages ____. a. have occurred regularly through Earth's history b. have glacial episodes separated by very short interglacial stages c. result from declines in sea level d. are the result of variations in the amount of solar heat received e. occur whenever accumulation of snow exceeds wastage

are the result of variations in the amount of solar heat received

Streamflow is fastest ____. a. at the bottom of the channel b. at the surface of the water c. along the sides of the channel d. at the center of the channel, just below the surface e. at the center of the channel, at the surface

at the center of the channel, just below the surface

What do the solid particles of a stream include? a. bed load only b. suspended load only c. solution load only d. bed load and suspended load e. suspended load and solution load

bed load and suspended load

1. Which of the following protocols addresses about mitigating Methane emission? a. Montreal Protocol b. The Paris Agreement c. Kyoto Protocol d. COP Convention

c. Kyoto Protocol

15. Suppose that glacial ice were a rock. What type of rock would it be? a. igneous only b. sedimentary only c. metamorphic only d. Glacial ice cannot be a rock. e. A combination of sedimentary and metamorphic

c. metamorphic only

13. Mountain valleys subjected to glaciation are typically shaped like ____. a. a semi-circle b. the letter "V" c. the letter "U" d. one half of a rectangle e. an inverted letter "V"

c. the letter "U"

During an earthquake, seismic waves ____. a. indicate that the danger has passed b. indicate that the underlying rocks have no elasticity c. cause shaking and damage to structures d. None of the above e. do not play a roll in liquifaction

cause shaking and damage to structures

8. Which of the following is an erosional feature of glaciers? a. glacial erratics b. terminal moraines c. drumlins d. cirques e. eskers

cirques

The suspended load consists of ____. a. sand b. gravel c. clays d. dissolved ions e. pebbles

clays

The largest mountains on continents are formed by ____ deformation. a. tensional b. shear stress c. strike-dip d. compression-induced e. extension-induced

compression-induced

Continents grow by a process called ____. a. continental addition b. continental accretion c. continental concretion d. orogenic concretion e. orogenic conformation

continental accretion

The outer bank of a meandering river is called a ____ and is where ____ occurs. a. point bar; deposition b. point bar; erosion c. cut bank; deposition d. cut bank; erosion e. cut bar; erosion and deposition

cut bank; erosion

4. Which of the following has the most global warming potential? a. Carbon dioxide b. Nitrous oxide c. Oxygen d. Sulphur hexafluoride

d. Sulphur hexafluoride

What is the heat source for hydrothermal activity on land? a. earthquake faults only b. recent or current volcanic activity only c. deep heat in Earth's interior only d. earthquake faults and recent or current volcanic activity e. recent or current volcanic activity and deep heat in Earth's interior

deep heat in Earth's interior only

The amount of water that passes a particular point in a river over a given time period is called the ____. a. velocity b. channel flow c. discharge d. channel capacity e. channel load

discharge

The ____ is transported in the body of the stream. a. dissolved load b. bed load c. suspended load d. hydraulic load e. abrasive load

dissolved load

What is the general term for deposits of calcite and/or aragonite within caves? a. stalactites b. stalagmites c. spears d. dripstone e. calcite-stone

dripstone

14. Which is the only continent that does not presently have glaciers? a. South America b. North America c. Africa d. Europe e. Australia

e. Australia

10. Which of the following is a depositional feature of glaciers? a. cirque b. arête c. horn d. roche moutonée e. end moraine

e. end moraine

If the P-S time intervals are known from at least three seismograph stations, the ____ of any earthquake can be determined. a. focal depth b. intensity c. magnitude d. probability of a tsunami e. epicenter

epicenter

4. Which type of glacial deposit was formed by running water? a. eskers b. drumlins c. roche moutonées d. varves e. erratics

eskers

The hydrologic cycle is a three step process over the ocean. Which list below has these steps in the correct order? a. precipitation, runoff, evaporation b. precipitation, condensation, evaporation c. evaporation, condensation, runoff d. evaporation, condensation, precipitation e. condensation, runoff, evaporation

evaporation, condensation, precipitation

____ caused the most damage during the San Francisco earthquake. a. Fire b. A tsunami c. Ground shaking d. Ground fissures e. Landslides

fire

The thicker crust of mountains ____. a. sinks into thinner crust at depth b. floats on denser rock at depth c. is more dense than oceanic crust d. reduces faulting during orogeny e. is more dense than other continental crust

floats on denser rock at depth

Streams do most of their erosion, transportation of sediment, and deposition of sediment during ____. a. day-to-day flow movement b. icy winters c. flooding d. rainstorms e. wind storms

flooding

Groundwater moves ____. a. only when experiencing recharge b. in ways that are unpredictable c. only in a downward direction d. from areas of low pressure to high pressure e. from areas of high pressure to low pressure

from areas of high pressure to low pressure

What is a natural fountain that intermittently ejects hot water and steam into the air? a. hot spring b. volcano c. hydrothermal vent d. geyser e. aquiclude

geyser

9. What term describes the straight scratches on rock surfaces created by glacial abrasion? a. rock flour b. glacial striations c. glacial till d. varves e. moraines

glacial striations

Most of Earth's fresh water is found in ____. a. glaciers b. lakes c. rivers and streams d. groundwater e. the atmosphere

glaciers

The slope of a river is called the ____. a. hill b. radiant c. headwaters d. gradient e. base level

gradient

Which of the following is most permeable? a. sand b. soil c. gravel d. silt e. clay

gravel

Rocks overlying a fault plane is the ____________________ block.

hanging wall

In a reverse fault, the ____. a. hanging wall goes up relative to the footwall b. hanging wall goes down relative to the footwall c. hanging wall and footwall remain in the same position vertically d. two sides of the fault slide past each other horizontally e. two sides of the fault move away from each other

hanging wall goes up relative to the footwall

The most effective aquifer is likely to ____. a. be composed of metamorphic rock b. be composed of igneous rock c. have well-sorted and well-rounded sediments with high permeability d. have high porosity and low permeability e. have low porosity and high permeability

have well-sorted and well-rounded sediments with high permeability

Geothermal energy is produced by ____. a. hydraulic fracturing b. recent or current volcanic activity c. heat from Earth's interior d. hot springs e. states in the southern U.S.

heat from Earth's interior

What conditions are needed for the development of karst topography? a. humid climate b. arid climate c. carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth d. humid climate and carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth e. an artesian aquifer

humid climate and carbonate bedrock at a shallow depth

Most groundwater in the United States is used for ____. a. drinking water b. industrial use c. irrigation d. wastewater treatment e. commercial use

irrigation

Infiltration capacity ____. a. determines if streams will have turbulent flow b. is low in loose, dry soils c. is the minimum rate at which surface materials absorb water d. determines if streams will have laminar flow e. determines if runoff will occur

is the minimum rate at which surface materials absorb water

Flow in which there is no mixing between parallel layers in the water is known as ____. a. turbulent flow b. outflow c. intermittent flow d. laminar flow e. stream flow

laminar flow

Runoff moves overland via ____. a. sheet flow only b. channel flow only c. laminar flow only d. sheet and channel flow e. laminar, channel flow

laminar flow only

To predict floods, scientists ____. a. monitor a stream's water levels b. evaluate a stream's past behavior c. assume the same behavior as last year d. monitor water levels and evaluate past behavior for a stream e. makes guesses, as floods cannot be predicted.

monitor water levels and evaluate past behavior for a stream

Intraplate earthquakes ____. a. occur because continental crust is moving over plutons b. occur when there is stress caused by compression c. are well understood d. account for 20% of earthquakes e. are usually stronger than earthquakes in plate boundary areas

occur when there is stress caused by compression

Most earthquakes occur along the circum-Pacific belt primarily because ____. a. of the convergence along plate margins b. of the divergence along plate margins c. Earth's crust is more rigid in these areas d. P- and S-waves are stronger in those areas due to the greater density of Earth's crust e. S-waves travel easily through water

of the convergence along plate margins

A local aquiclude within a larger aquifer results in a(n) ____. a. cone of depression b. perched water table c. artesian aquifer d. zone of aeration e. zone of saturation

perched water table

The most important process by which glaciers move is ____. a. basal slip b. plastic flow c. elastic flow d. creep e. brittle flow

plastic flow

The most immediate source of groundwater is ____. a. the oceans b. lakes c. rivers and streams d. precipitation e. runoff

precipitation

The two types of body waves are ____and ____ waves. a. Raleigh; Love b. focal; distal c. primary; secondary d. tensional; extensional e. compressional; extensional

primary; secondary

6. If wastage is greater than accumulation, a glacier is said to be ____. a. advancing b. melting c. surging d. retreating e. stable

retreating

If plastic strain has taken place and created a fold, the ____. a. rock layers will bounce back if the strain is removed b. rock layers will remain folded even if the strain is removed c. fold will eventually overturn d. fold will never fracture e. fold will always eventually fracture

rock layers will remain folded even if the strain is removed

What is the ultimate base level for a stream? a. sea level b. the nearest lake c. the nearest stream d. the nearest spring e. the nearest valley

sea level

Hydraulic fracturing involves extracting oil and gas from thin layers of which type of rock? a. sandstone b. shale c. slate d. granite e. limestone

shale

What is an example of a rock/sediment type that could be an effective aquiclude? a. quartz sandstone b. fractured granite c. gravel d. shale e. graywacke

shale

The foci of most earthquakes are ____. a. shallow and intermediate b. shallow and deep c. intermediate and deep d. evenly distributed among shallow, intermediate, and deep e. not able to be determined with present technology

shallow and intermediate

Floodplain deposits are primarily ____. a. gravels and sand b. silts, clays, and muds c. formed via bedload transport d. poor in organic materials e. caused when braided streams overflow

silts, clays, and muds

The hydrologic cycle is powered by ____. a. consumption of water b. runoff c. solar radiation d. Earth's rotation e. ocean currents

solar radiation

A delta with long, fingerlike sand bodies, each deposited in a distributary channel that progrades far seaward, such as the Mississippi River, is typically formed as a(n) ____-dominated delta. a. avian b. stream c. wave d. tide e. sediment

stream

When water is removed faster than it can be recharged, sediments may become compacted in a process called ____. a. intrusion b. demarcation c. desalinization d. subduction e. subsidence

subsidence

As S- and P-waves travel farther, ____. a. their intensity increases b. the surface waves catch up c. they overtake the surface waves d. the P-S time interval increases e. the P-S time interval decreases

the P-S time interval increases

The magnitude of an earthquake measures ____. a. intensity b. damage c. the energy released d. the duration of trembling e. combined amplitude of all tremors recorded

the energy released

Braided streams develop when ____. a. topography restricts flow to a narrow channel b. rainfall is regular and frequent c. meanders are cut off d. abrasive action exceeds hydraulic action e. the stream is supplied with excessive sediment

the stream is supplied with excessive sediment

The drainage pattern in a basin is affected in large part by ____. a. the type of river b. the underlying geology c. local topography d. base level e. erosion

the underlying geology

Groundwater erupting from geysers that contain dissolved calcium carbonate will form deposits of what? a. stalactites b. stalagmites c. travertine d. quartz e. sulfides

travertine

2. Montreal Protocol is concerned mainly about powerful greenhouse gases like Chlorofluorocarbons. a. True b. False

true

A monocline is one-half of an anticline or syncline. a. True b. False

true

The Andes of South America are the best example of continuing orogeny at an oceanic-continental plate boundary. a. True b. False

true

P-waves travel faster than S-waves ____. a. under all circumstances b. only when the earthquake is generated in Earth's core c. when the ground surface is dense and elastic d. when both waves pass through liquid e. only when Earth's density increases with depth

under all circumstances

The primary factor that determines whether water moves by turbulent or laminar flow is ____. a. discharge b. gradient c. velocity d. area e. infiltration capacity

velocity

A delta that has islands reworked by waves on the seaward side, such as the Nile delta, is typically formed as a(n) ____-dominated delta. a. avian b. stream c. wave d. tide e. sediment

wave

Where does groundwater discharge naturally? a. only in the ocean b. only in springs c. only in streams d. only in aquifers e. wherever the groundwater table intersects the ground surface

wherever the groundwater table intersects the ground surface

A circular or oval fold in which the strata are up-arched and the marginal strata are ____________________ than those of the interior is known as a dome.

younger