geology Test 1 Review questions

Give 3 lines of evidence that supports the theory of continental drift

1. continents fit like a puzzle 2. fossils from different continents were found to be very similar to another 3. glacial deposits are found on continents with tropical climates

An atom's mass number is 13 and its atomic number is 6. How many neutrons are in its nucleus? 19 7 13 6

7

A transform plate boundary is characterized by... Stratovolcanoes on the edge of a plate and shield volcanoes on the adjacent plate Two, converging oceanic plates meeting head-on and piling up into a mid-ocean ridge A divergent boundary where the continental plate changes to an oceanic plate A deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

A deep, vertical fault along which two plates slide past one another in opposite directions

Which of the following statements is not true for minerals? A mineral has a specific, internal, crystalline structure A mineral has a specific, predictable chemical composition A mineral can be a liquid, solid, or gas A mineral can be identified by characteristic physical properties A mineral forms naturally in nature

A mineral can be a liquid, solid, or gas

The modern-day Red Sea is explained by plate tectonics theory because it is... A tiny remnant of a once immense ocean that was closed as Africa moved towards Arabia The site of a transform fault along which Arabia is moving laterally against Africa A rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate A rare example of two-continent subduction zone where the African continental plate is sinking beneath the Arabian continental plate

A rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate

Which of the following mineral groups exhibits a silicate structure where silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are arranged in double chains? Feldspar Amphibole Olivine Pyroxene Mica

Amphibole

All of the following are evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics except for... Changes in the Moon's orbit Age distributions of oceanic crust Hot spots and linear chains of oceanic volcanoes Measurements of plate motions Seafloor magnetic stripes

Changes in the Moon's orbit

In which type of chemical bonding are electrons shared between adjacent atoms? Ionic Subatomic Covalent Isotopic

Covalent

What is the correct order, from the surface inward, of Earth's internal layers? Core, lower mantle, crust, upper mantle Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core Mantle, inner core, outer core, crust Crust, outer core, mantle, inner core

Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core

New oceanic crust and lithosphere are formed at... Convergent boundaries where one plate sinks beneath another plate Transform boundary where one plate sides laterally past another Volcanic islands being subducted beneath the Aleutian trench Divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

Divergent boundaries by submarine eruptions and intrusions of basaltic magma

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology? Physical geology is the study of fossils and sequences of rock strata; historical geology is the study of how rocks and minerals were used in the past Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and how erosion shapes the land surface Physical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils, and deposition in relation to plate movements in the geologic past; historical geology charts how and where the plates were moving in the past None of the above; physical and historical geology are essentially the same

Historical geology involves the study of rock strata, fossils and geologic events, utilizing the geologic time scale as a reference; physical geology includes the study of how rocks form and how erosion shapes the land surface

Which of the following statements about Earth's internal layers is FALSE? . The mantle is composed of solid iron The asthenosphere contains a few percent partial melt and is a weak layer directly below the lithosphere The lithosphere is the rigid upper layer that constitutes the plates on Earth's surface The outer core consists primarily of liquid iron and is the source of Earth's magnetic field

The mantle is composed of solid iron

The San Andreas fault in California is a good example of a _________ plate boundary. Divergent Convergent Nonvergent Transform

Transform

True or False: In general, seafloor sediments gradually thicken away from a mid-ocean ridge. True False

True

Which of the following terms does not belong with the others? Mantle drag Partial melting Ridge push Slab pull Mantle convection

Partial melting

True or False: Graphite and diamond are polymorphs in that they have the same chemical compositions but different crystalline structures True False

True

True or False: A scientific theory is a tentative or untested explanation that is proposed to explain scientific observations, but is not supported by actual data.

false

The currently accepted age of Earth is ___________ years. 4.6 thousand 6.4 trillion 4.6 billion 6.4 million

4.6 billion

In the early part of the 20th century, _________ argued forcefully for continental drift. Karl Wagner Peter Rommel Alfred Wegener Sheldon Cooper

Alfred Wegener

All of the following are possible steps of scientific investigation except for ________. The collection of scientific facts through observation and measurement The development of one or more working hypotheses or models to explain observations Development of observations and experiments to test the hypotheses Assumptions or conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

Assumptions or conclusions without prior experimentation or observation

Which of the following is an accurate description of ionic bonding? Nuclei of bonding atoms exchange electrons; the resulting ions are bonded together by the attractive forces between negative and positive nucleons Atoms of two different elements share electrons and protons; the resulting compound is bonded together by the strong, binding energy of shared protons Nuclei of two different atoms share electrons, and the resulting compound is tightly bonded by the very strong, induced, electronuclear bonds Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges

Atoms of different elements, having gained or lost electrons, form negative and positive ions that are bonded together by attractive forces between ions with opposite charges

Which of the following is a carbonate mineral that readily reacts with cool, dilute hydrochloric acid to produce visible bubbles of carbon dioxide gas? Calcite Quartz Halite Plagioclase Pyrite

Calcite

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as __________ Streak Cleavage Fracture Crystal form

Cleavage

A(n) __________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system. Closed Open Feedback Equilibrated

Closed

What is the hardest mineral known? Graphite Diamond Quartz Fluorite Gypsum

Diamond

Pull-apart, rift zones are generally associated with a ___________ plate boundary. Transform Divergent Convergent All plate boundaries

Divergent

True or False the crystal faces of all minerals intersect at ninety degrees. True False

False

True or False: Hawaii is the oldest island of the Hawaiian Island chain. True False

False

The ion at the center of the silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by... Four oxygen ions Six oxygen ions Four sodium ions Four silicon ions

Four oxygen ions

Which of the following non-silicate minerals is a member of the group known as sulfides? Magnetite Gypsum Fluorite Galena Copper

Galena

A cubic centimeter of quartz, olivine, and gold weigh 2.5, 3.0, and 19.8 grams respectively. This indicates that... Gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine Gold is 6 to 7 times harder than olivine and quartz Gold and olivine are silicates while quartz is elemental silicon Olivine and quartz powders are harder than metallic gold

Gold has a higher density and specific gravity than quartz and olivine

Which of the following minerals does not belong in the same group with the others? Gold Halite Copper Diamond Sulfur

Halite

Moh's scale is a relative measure of which physical property of minerals? Luster Streak Hardness Specific gravity Tenacity

Hardness

Which of the following describes the way light reflects off the surface of a mineral? Luster Streak Hardness Tenacity Crystal habit

Luster

Which of the following mechanisms is thought to drive the motions of Earth's lithospheric plates? Gravitational attractive forces exerted on the Earth by the Sun and Moon Electrical and magnetic fields localized in Earth's outer core Mantle convection resulting from the transfer of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere Heating from the Sun generates deep ocean currents that are strong enough to move the seafloor

Mantle convection resulting from the transfer of heat from deep in the mantle to the top of the asthenosphere

Whis one of the following geologic processes or events is NOT part of the Rock Cycle? Magma forms when rock melts deep beneath Earth's surface Sedimentary rock is buried deep in the crust where heat and pressure transforms it to metamorphic rock Meteorites strike Earth's surface to produce craters Rocks are uplifted to the surface, weathered, and eroded to produce sediment Sediment is compacted and cemented to form sedimentary rock

Meteorites strike Earth's surface to produce craters

Which of the following minerals is composed of sheets of silicon-oxygen tetrahedra? Hematite Muscovite mica Dolomite Olivine Orthoclase feldspar

Muscovite mica

Linear, magnetic patterns associated with mid-ocean ridges are configured as... Concentric circles about a rising plume of hot, mantle rocks and magma Normal and reversed magnetized stripes roughly parallel to the ridge Reversed magnetization stripes only, while normal magnetizations do not form stripes Normal and reversed magnetized stripes roughly perpendicular to the ridge axis

Normal and reversed magnetized stripes roughly parallel to the ridge

Which of the following is an example of an active, continent-continent collision?: Arabian Peninsula pulling away from Africa Westward movement of the South American plate over the Nazca plate Breaking away of Baja California from the North American mainland Northward movement of India into Asia

Northward movement of India into Asia

Where would you drill to recover samples of the oldest basalts of the oceanic crust, which are Jurassic in age? Crest of the East Pacific, mid-ocean ridge Oceanic side of the Aleutian trench Just offshore from the Hawaiian Islands Mid-Atlantic Ridge under Iceland On a transform fault adjacent to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Oceanic side of the Aleutian trench

What element is the most abundant in the Earth's crust by weight? Carbon Magnesium Iron Oxygen

Oxygen

The former, late Paleozoic supercontinent that has since broken apart to form the modern continents of today is known as ___________. Pangaea Pandomonia Pancakea Panatopia

Pangaea

Atoms of the same element, zinc for example, always have the same number of __________, regardless of whether or not they have a charge. Electrons in the valence bond level Protons in the nucleus Neutrons in the nucleus Sum of electrons plus neutrons

Protons in the nucleus

Which of the following most accurately describes the volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands? Stratovolcanoes associated with subduction and a convergent plate boundary Shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate Shield volcanoes associated with a Pacific mid-ocean ridge and spreading center Stratovolcanoes associated with a mid-Pacific transform fault

Shield volcanoes fed by a long-lived hot spot below the Pacific lithospheric plate

Deep-focus earthquakes, those between 300 and 700 kilometers below the surface, occur only in association with... Subduction zones Mid-ocean ridges Transform faults Hot spots

Subduction zones

Cooler, older oceanic lithosphere sinks into the mantle at.... Subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries Transform fault zones along laterally-moving plate boundaries Rift zones along mid-ocean ridges Sites of long-lived, hot spot volcanism in the ocean basins

Subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

Which of the following is correct for isotopes of the same element? The atoms have different numbers of protons and the same number of neutrons The atoms have the same number of electrons and different numbers of protons The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons The atoms have different numbers of electrons, but the same number of neutrons

The atoms have different numbers of neutrons and the same number of protons

Early results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project clearly justified the conclusion that... The oceans have not always contained most of Earth's water The ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basin rocks and sediments are younger than 150 million years in age Rocks over a billion years old are found as seamounts (undersea volcanoes) in the deepest parts of the ocean basins The youngest seafloor sediments directly overlie the oldest oceanic crust while the oldest sediments directly overlie the youngest crust.

The ocean basins are relatively young; most ocean basin rocks and sediments are younger than 150 million years in age

A typical rate of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean is... Two meters per year Half a millimeter per year Twenty meters per year Two centimeters per year

Two centimeters per year

Where would you expect to find the youngest oceanic lithosphere?

along the mid ocean ridges

What is thicker, the Oceanic crust or the continental crust?

continental

Where do mantle plumes originate?

core mantle boundary

Which are stronger, ionic or covalent bonds?

ionic

What layer constitutes the ridged plates of the Earth

lithosphere

How do some rocks when formed, end up preserving the direction of the earth's magnetic field?

magnetic materials at the bottom become aligned with the magnetic field

Where would you expect to find the oldest oceanic lithosphere?

near the margin of the continents

True or False: About 4.5 billion years ago, the newly-formed Earth was very hot and soft, causing heavier elements like iron to sink towards the center while lighter elements floated towards the surface to create the interior layering. This overall process is called chemical differentiation.

true

True or False: According to the nebular hypothesis, all of the bodies in our solar system evolved from a rotating cloud of gases and dust about 4.6 billion years ago.

true