Geology Test 2

The Richter scale measures which of the following earthquake characteristics? a. Magnitude b. Intensity c. Probability d. Frequency

a. magnitude

Rubies are very expensive, so a jeweler makes an inorganic crystalline solid ruby in their lab. Why is it not a mineral? a. It is a solid b. It is a crystal c. It is inorganic d. It is not naturally occuring

d. It is not naturally occuring

The elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine are all found in the same group (17) on the periodic table. These elements are grouped together because they- a. have the same atomic mass. b. are metals. c. are noble gases. d. react in similar ways.

d. react in similar ways.

To determine the density of an object, you need volume and mass. Mass is- a. the amount of matter plus the volume. b. the amount of matter in a small amount of space. c. the amount of matter that makes an object more dense. d. the amount of matter in an object.

d. the amount of matter in an object.

60 is some weird matching stuff

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Suppose you want a real Christmas tree this year but the ceiling in your home is only 10 feet tall (3.048 m). You find a tree in Ruidoso that you can cut down but want to make sure it will fit. You walk out 20 m from the base of the tree. Using the picture, calculate how tall the tree is (round to nearest whole number)- _ meters Will it fit in your house (yes or no)? _

8 no

Contrast the two types of earthquake body waves (P and S waves). List at least two characteristic differences.

A P Wave, or a primary wave, compresses and expands while an s wave, a secondary wave, moves side to side. P waves are the first to arrive at and can travel through both solids and liquids while S waves arrive second and can only travel through solids. Primary waves are parallel while the secondary waves are perpendicular.

What is the contribution of Eratosthenes to geology?

Eratostenes was a Greek astronomer and librarian who made the first good measurement of the size of the Earth using the lengths of shadows in Egypt to determine the height of the sun in a certain place on a certain day.

The picture to the right shows the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. In which cross section do the arrows best show the convection occurring within the asthenosphere beneath XY? (A, circulating up away from a common center, B up and down parallel, C is going up and out toward a common center, D is going straight at each other) a. Answer choice A b. Answer choice B c. Answer choice C d. Answer choice D

C. Answer choice C

The diagram represents the circulation of air in the atmosphere at a coastal location during the day & at night. The local air movement is best described as an example of- a. convection resulting from temperature and pressure differences above land and water b. greater radiation from the warmer ocean during the day and from the warmer land at night c. conduction between Earth's surface and the atmosphere above it. d. condensation of water vapor during the day, and evaporation of water during the night.

a. convection resulting from temperature and pressure differences above land and water

Two forms of solid carbon, diamond and graphite, differ in their physical properties due to the differences in their- a. crystal structures. b. atomic numbers. c. isotopic abundances. d. percent compositions.

a. crystal structures.

A normal fault is associated with what type of plate boundary? a. Divergent plate boundary b. Transform plate boundary c. Convergent plate boundary d. Plate full of pancakes at Village Inn

a. divergent plate boundary

Which of the following is NOT located in the nucleus? a. electrons b. protons c. neutrons

a. electrons

As the ocean seafloor spreads, the newly formed floor will adapt to a specific signature according to its formation. As year pass, lateral (side) segments of the seafloor will thus share the same ______ signature on either side of the mid-oceanic ridge. a. magnetic b. volcanic c. syncline d. anticline

a. magnetic

About 80 percent of Earth's volume is made up of- a. mantle. b. inner core. c. outer core. d. crust.

a. mantle

Summed over the entire surface of Earth, ____________. a. rates of lithospheric production and consumption are equal b. the rate of lithospheric production at ridges is greater than the rate of lithospheric consumption at subduction zones c. the rate of lithospheric consumption at subduction zones is greater than the rate of lithospheric production at ridges

a. rates of lithospheric production and consumption are equal

Earth's hydrosphere is best described as the- a. relatively thin layer of water covering most of Earth's crust. b. very dense rock located in Earth's inner core. c. hot liquid rock located in Earth's outer core. d. relatively thin layer of rock found above Earth's mantle.

a. relatively thin layer of water covering most of Earth's crust.

Long-range earthquake forecasts are based on the premise that earthquakes are- a. repetitive. b. destructive. c. fully understood. d. random.

a. repetitive

On this topographic map, the contour interval is not indicated. What contour interval can you determine based on the available information? illustration of contours (4800-5000 feet, 5 lines) a. 120 feet b. 40 feet c. 50 feet d. 160 feet

b. 40 feet

What is the mass of an iron horseshoe with a volume of 89 cm3? The density of iron is 7.9 g/cm3. a. 700 grams b. 703 grams c. 892 grams d. 602 grams

b. 703 grams

What kind of plate boundary does the picture represent? (The mid Atlantic ridge) a. Convergent b. Divergent c. Uniform d. Transform

b. Divergent

Which type of wave is the first to be recorded by a seismograph following an earthquake? a. Raleigh waves b. P-waves c. Love waves d. S-waves

b. P-waves

Which statements best describe the age and magnetic orientation of the basalts found at locations X and Y? (equal distance opposite the ridge) a. The basalt at location X is younger than the basalt at location Y. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. b. The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation. c. The basalt at location X is older than the basalt at location Y. Location X has reversed magnetic orientation and location Y has normal magnetic orientation. d. The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Location X has normal magnetic orientation and location Y has reversed magnetic orientation.

b. The basalts at locations X and Y are the same age. Both locations have the same magnetic orientation.

Some students use the map, to the right, to plan a hike from a road to a creek in an unfamiliar area. Which of these additional pieces of information would most help the students plan their hike? Preview image a. The location of the nearest city b. The scale used on the map c. The type of bedrock in the area d. The length of the creek on the map

b. The scale used on the map

Most mountain belts form in ______________ environments. a. tensional b. compressional c. divergent d. coastal

b. compressional

A contour interval is the- a. difference in color between one contour line and the next. b. difference in elevation between one contour line and the next. c. difference in elevation between one contact line and the next. d. difference in rock age between one geologic unit and the next.

b. difference in elevation between one contour line and the next.

Like a spring, if rocks return to their original shape when stress is removed, we call this____________________ deformation. a. Ductile b. Elastic c. Brittle d. Plastic e. Compressional

b. elastic

The point from which an earthquake originates is called the- a. shock waves b. focus c. Fault line d. epicenter

b. focus

Underground septic tanks and sewer lines may be displaced and rise suddenly to the surface when ___________ occurs. a. fault creep b. liquefaction c. triangulation d. tsunami

b. liquefaction

Which of these substances are elements? a. carbon dioxide and water b. oxygen and helium c. water and oxygen d. hydrochloric acid and carbonic acid

b. oxygen and helium

The two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust are- a. iron and oxygen. b. oxygen and silicon. c. silicon and aluminum. d. oxygen and nitrogen.

b. oxygen and silicon.

What two ways do geologists define the Earth's interior layers? a. Solidification and composition b. Physical properties and composition c. Compaction and solidification d. Physical properties and compaction

b. physical properties and composition

What caused the interior of Earth to separate into layers? a decrease in the rate of rotation of Earth b. the gravitational pull on materials of varying densities c. variations in heating by the Sun due to Earth's tilt d. collisions of plates and meteors

b. the gravitational pull on materials of varying densities

The sum of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus is- a. Avogadro's number. b. the mass number. c. the element number. d. the atomic number.

b. the mass number.

A fault is observed where the hanging wall is displaced upward relative to the footwall. a. this is a right-lateral strike-slip fault b. this is a reverse fault c. this is a normal fault d. this is a left-lateral strike-slip fault

b. this is a reverse fault

How do temperature and pressure change with increasing depth in the Earth? (This is referred to as Geothermal Gradient).

both increase

What is the gram-formula mass of Fe(NO3)3? a. 214 g/mol b. 194 g/mol c. 242 g/mol d. 146 g/ml

c. 242 g/mol

You are hiking and find a strange rock-it is perfectly square! The purple, goldish rock is 30 cm on each side and has a density of 2.8 g/cm3. What is the mass of your fabulous new rock? a. 252 g b. 10.7 g c. 75600 g d. 84 g

c. 75600 g

Elements of Family 17 on the Periodic Table are most likely to combine with elements of what other family? a. Family 18 b. Family 16 c. Family 1 d. Family 17 elements do not combine with other elements

c. Family 1

Look at the block diagram, which shows a tectonic plate boundary. Which tectonic boundary is best represented by this diagram? (HINT- it is where the next "big" one is projected to take place) a. Antarctic Plate and Indian-Australian Plate boundary b. Scotia Plate and South American Plate boundary c. Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate boundary d. Nazca Plate and Pacific Plate boundary

c. Juan de Fuca Plate and North American Plate boundary

What is the name for the processes that collectively produce a mountain belt? a. Accretion b. Deformation c. Orogenesis d. Isostasy

c. Orogenesis

Based on your knowledge of isostasy, which region probably has the thinnest crust? a. Rio Grande River b. El Paso Desert c. Pacific Ocean d. Colorado Rockies e. Appalachian Mountains

c. Pacific Ocean

You are sitting in a boat on a lake, fishing peacefully when you hear a low rumble, then experience a shudder that seems to pass through the boat. About 10 seconds later, you see trees on the shore begin to sway violently from side to side, but you don't feel anything in the boat. Which statement best describes what has happened? a. There was an earthquake that created p-waves but no s-waves, which why you felt the boat shudder and the trees started to sway only after enough energy waves had passed to get them moving b. There was an earthquake that created p- and s-waves, but they arrived at the same time so they could not be felt as separate events c. There was an earthquake that generated p- and s-waves, but since p-waves travel through all states of matter and s-waves travel only through solids, you could only feel the P-waves on the boat, but not the s-waves that shook the trees d. There was an earthquake that created only s-waves, which you experienced in the boat as a series of vibrations that eventually became large enough to shake the trees e. None of the above statements accurately describes what happened.

c. There was an earthquake that generated p- and s-waves, but since p-waves travel through all states of matter and s-waves travel only through solids, you could only feel the P-waves on the boat, but not the s-waves that shook the trees

What is isostatic rebound? a. When oceanic crust rises above continental crust. b. The process of mountains eroding to flat ground. c. When the crust rises as a glacier melts and drains into the ocean. d. How the mantle keeps mountains upright.

c. When the crust rises as a glacier melts and drains into the ocean.

If you used the theory of plate tectonics to predict the most likely place for the next earthquake, you should predict that it is most likely to occur- a. where two plates are diverging from one another. b. where one has not happened in at least 10 million years. c. along boundaries between colliding lithospheric plates. d. in the interior of any continent.

c. along boundaries between colliding lithospheric plates.

Consult the figure below. Most of the pulling force driving plate motion is produced ____________. (Sinking slab is going under the continental crust, forming a trench) a. at collision zones b. in the interiors of continental plates c. at subduction zones d. at mid-ocean ridges

c. at subduction zones

The mountain shown is composed of deformed sedimentary layers. They are located near a tectonic plate boundary and are still increasing in elevation due to- a. seafloor spreading of tectonic plates. b. subduction of a tectonic plate. c. colliding tectonic plates. d. transform faulting of a tectonic plate.

c. colliding tectonic plates

Folding, as shown in the picture,are usually the result of- (anticlines and synclines) a. tensional forces. b. shear forces. c. compressional forces. d. faulting.

c. compressional forces.

The Earth's mantle is made up of very hot material that rises to the top of the mantle, cools, then sinks, reheats, and rises again, constantly repeating the cycle. This action, which causes the Earth's crust to move, is known as- a. magnetic fields. b. advection forces. c. convection currents. d. hot spots.

c. convection currents

Iceland is one of the few places in the world that is both above sea level and situated atop a ____________ plate boundary. a. convergent b. transform c. divergent

c. divergent

The atomic number of an element is defined by its number of- a. nuclei. b. neutrons c. protons. d. electrons.

c. protons.

A plot of the positions of Earth's magnetic poles over time is recorded and due to- a. perturbation. b. subduction. c. sea floor spreading d. magnetic drift.

c. sea floor spreading

A tsunami is a- a. wind-generated wave. b. tidal wave. c. series of waves created by a large displacement in the ocean. d. special shrimp found near Japanese hydrothermal vents. e. all of the above. f. none of the above.

c. series of waves created by a large displacement in the ocean.

The layers of the Earth have been discovered by- a. studying the layers of other planets. b. studying drilled core samples. c. studying seismic waves cause by earthquakes. d. sending x-ray equipment into fault lines.

c. studying seismic waves cause by earthquakes.

Which cross section best represents the profile along straight line AB?

compare steepness and the location of the peak

Which of the following is the most reasonable topographic map of the area shown in the picture?

compare the steepness to the photo

Lead has a density of 11.3 g/cm3. What is the volume of a block of lead with a mass of 282 g? a. 0.04 cm^3 b. 2.5 cm^3 c. 3187 cm^3 d. 25 cm^3

d. 25 cm^3

What are the percent composition for CuBr2? a. 29% Copper and 36% Bromine b. 64% Copper and 80% Bromine c. 64% Copper and 36% Bromine d. 29% Copper and 71% Bromine

d. 29% Copper and 71% Bromine

The highest elevation of this topographic map can be no more than about- (starts at sea level, 6 lines up, 5 meter interval) a. 25 meters b. 45 meters c. 49 meters d. 34 meters

d. 34 meters

According to the Richter Scale—a magnitude 8 earthquake would be 1,000 times greater than a magnitude ____________ earthquake. a. 7 b. 4 c. 9 d. 5

d. 5

A bar of soap produced by a soap-making process normally sinks to the bottom of a container of water. Which of these processes could cause the bar of soap to float in water? a. Letting the thick past sit for four days b. Chilling the mold filled with the thick paste c. Making groves in the surface of the thick paste d. Adding air bubbles to the thick paste

d. Adding air bubbles to the thick paste

Look at the above picture. (X is closer to the focus than W) Seismic waves generated by an earthquake at point R are recorded at locations W and X. Which pair of seismographs is more accurate? (F has both waves in the beginning at the same time, G has location W getting hit first, then x, H has location X hit first, then W, and J has waves hitting both spots two times at the same times) a. Answer Choice F b. Answer Choice G c. Answer Choice J d. Answer Choice H

d. Answer Choice H

Which of the following causes reverse faults? a. Tension b. Shearing c. Folding d. Compression

d. Compression

In seafloor spreading, the further the ocean floor is away from the mid-ocean ridge, the _________________ that floor will be. a. less magnetic. b. more magnetic. c. younger. d. rockier. e. newer. f. prettier. g. older.

g. older

The topographic map that shows a hill with a volcanic crater is-

a map with hash marks around the circle

A rock has a density of 8 g/mL. If the rock's mass is 2g, what is the rock's volume? a. 0.25 m b. 16 mL c. 4 mL d. 1.33 mL

a. 0.25

What is the total number of electrons in an atom (assume it is electrically neutral) with an atomic number of 13 and an atomic mass of 25? a. 13 b. 12 c. 38 d. 25

a. 13

Samples of ocean-floor basalt were collected at points A, B, C, and D. Which sequence shows the correct order of the age of the bedrock from OLDEST to YOUNGEST? (C is closest, then B, D, and A) a. A, D, B, C b. C, B, D, A c. D, C, B, A d. A, B, D, C

a. A, D, B, C

During oceanic-continental convergence, as the oceanic plates slides beneath the overriding plate, a ____________ is often produced adjacent to the zone of subduction. a. Deep-ocean ridge b. Deep-ocean trench c. Divergent boundary d. Transform fault

a. Deep ocean ridge

Which of the following concerning earthquakes is not accurate? a. Earthquake epicenters always occur along fault scarps or traces on the earth's surface. b. Earthquakes are created in part because of elastic deformation and rebound c. It is not yet possible to make accurate short-term predictions concerning earthquake location and magnitude d. The shaking associated with earthquakes is caused as energy stored along a fault is released and travels away as waves or vibrations e. Land based earthquakes generally kill people by collapsing buildings or hillsides on people

a. Earthquake epicenters always occur along fault scarps or traces on the earth's surface.

Which one of the following pairs is properly matched? a. Normal Fault-Tensional forces b. Reverse Fault-Tensional forces c. Thrust (Strike Slip) Fault-Tensional forces d. Normal Fault-Compressional forces

a. Normal Fault-Tensional forces

Which of the following sequences correctly lists the different arrivals from first to last? a. P waves...S waves...Surface waves b. P waves...Surface waves...S waves c. S waves...P waves...Surface waves d. Surface waves...P waves...S waves

a. P waves...S waves...Surface waves

All of the following are types of mountains EXCEPT- a. Playdoh b. Fold c. Volcanic d. Block-Fault

a. Playdoh

Anticlines and synclines a. are types of folds. b. form by elastic deformation. c. form in tensional environments. d. answer choices #1 and #3 above. e. all of the above. f. none of the above.

a. are types of folds

The diagram below represents the intensity of the shaking that occurs on different Earth surfaces during the same earthquake. The greatest earthquake hazard to homes exists when they are built on-

the part with the biggest waves

a. The river shown on the topographic map flows fastest at point- b. In which direction is the stream flowing?

the steepest point opposite the V

The epicenter of an earthquake is located using the distances from a minimum of _seismic stations.

three

Which of these elements is most likely to donate one electron?

metals in the first column

Assuming north is up, in which direction is the river flowing?

opposite the V

Which one of the following statements is NOT correct in describing the Modified Mercalli Scale? a. It is expressed on a scale of I to XI. b. It is subjective and is not based on any instrument. c. It is useful for designing and planning cities. d. It measures earthquake intensity based on the damage caused by the earthquake. e. It measures earthquake magnitude.

e. It measures earthquake magnitude.

Choose the best answer to describe our atmosphere. It- a. provides the air we breathe. b. includes weather processes. c. is an integral part of our planet. d. protects us from the sun. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

In which direction does Red Creek flow?

The opposite way of the V

The map shows a portion of the Atlantic Ocean floor between South America and Africa. Isolines show the approximate age, in million years, of the ocean-floor bedrock on each side of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Points A, B, and X represent locations on the ocean floor. A. Estimate the age of the ocean-floor bedrock at point X. B. Explain why the age of the ocean-floor bedrock increases as the distance from the Mid-Atlantic Ridge increases.

A. look at the map B. The age of the bedrock increases the further you get away from the mid atlantic ridge because it is at the ridge that the new bedrock is formed. At the Ridge, the diverging plates cause magma to rise up and harden, forming new bedrock. As this happens, the older bedrock is pushed outwards, further and further away from the Ridge.

Pretend you work for a company that specializes in solving problems. You receive the following request for help: "I'm looking to get an antenna installed for Internet service that will need to clear some trees on my neighbor's property because it requires a clear line of sight to work. I really don't trust my estimating skills enough to plunk down money on a utility pole that might be too short or too tall. And climbing the tree with a tape measure (in my neighbors yard) is a bit intrusive and dangerous. Is there a clever way that I can get a reasonably close (within 5' or so) estimate of the height of the tree other than eyeballing it?"

In order to find the height of the tree, the customer can use the method of a building surveyor. He would need to know about how far he is from the tree when he is measuring it, then he can take the angle of elevation either from the floor or from his eyeballs. He would then have to multiply the tangent of the angle by the distance he is from the tree to find the height of the tree. If he measured the angle from his eyes, the customer needs to be sure to add the height of his eyes to the floor to the answer. This will give him a better estimate of the height of the tree, rather than trying to make a random guess.

Look at the diagram and identify each of the following: Location A is at the center of the earthquake Location B is a spot on earthquake wave Location C is pointing to a hanging wall

Location A: focus Location B: epicenter Location C: Fault Scarp

Look at the picture. Could the deformation, like the one shown in the picture, be caused by a fault line like the San Andreas Fault. Why or why not?

No, the deformation shown in the picture could not have been caused by a fault line like the San Andreas fault because the picture illustrates divergent plates while the San Andreas fault is a transform boundary. The fault would show a crack in the ground, but the ground would have shifted by rubbing against each other, not by pulling apart.

Look at the picture. (In the picture, a river is flowing downstream, creating a waterfall where the footwall is above the hanging wall) Identify the following: a. Fault type: b. Stress type: c. Boundary type:

Normal Fault Tensional Stress Divergent Plate Boundary

The sign on the left that reads "Most of the things you worry about never happen," (including an earthquake). However, the next "Big One" is overdue -by more than 60 years! - for the United States. Where are most scientists most concerned about this earthquake taking place -in terms of large scale magnitude - and why?

The Earthquake (and resulting tsunami) that is overdue, called the Titanic, is predicted to hit the Pacific Northwest, including Seattle, other parts of Washington and Oregon. It is along the coast that it is expected to be the worst because this is where the Cascadia subduction zone is located. The Cascadia Plate is hitting and subducting under the continental crust of the Pacific North West because the oceanic crust is more dense than the continental crust, which is due to cause a large earthquake. There are expected to be thirteen thousand deaths and many, many more injuries and people left homeless.

There were many arguments against both the "continental drift" and "seafloor spreading" hypotheses. One important criticism was that the shorelines of the continents do not fit together perfectly (e.g., S. America and African coasts). What information was discovered that made this criticism no longer a problem? a. Earth's magnetic fields have changed through time, making the current coastline information incorrect for Earth's history. b. Exploration of the continents revealed that the continents are smaller than shown by their coastlines, allowing a better fit between continents. c. The current shorelines of continents have appeared the same way for only 3.5 of the 4.5 billion years of Earth's history. d. Exploration of the ocean floors revealed that continents extend into the ocean for some distance, and actually end at the edge of the continental shelf and are subjected to erosion.

d. Exploration of the ocean floors revealed that continents extend into the ocean for some distance, and actually end at the edge of the continental shelf and are subjected to erosion.

Which of the following are compressional waves? a. S-waves b. both P-waves and S-waves c. neither P-waves nor S-waves d. P-waves

d. P-waves

What is usually responsible for an earthquake? a. Pressure buildup within the mantle b. Force changes from the moon pulling on Earth c. Weathering along coastlines d. Rapid release of energy due to tectonic stresses

d. Rapid release of energy due to tectonic stresses

How is the depth of a trench related to the age of the subducting slab? a. The younger the crust, the older it is, so the denser it is. Therefore younger crust forms deeper subduction. b. The older the crust, the warmer it is, so the less dense it is. Therefore older crust forms shallower subduction. c. The younger the crust, the warmer it is, so the less dense it is. Therefore younger crust forms deeper subduction. d. The older the crust, the colder it is, so the denser it is. Therefore older crust forms deeper subduction.

d. The older the crust, the colder it is, so the denser it is. Therefore older crust forms deeper subduction.

All of the following are possible, although not always reliable, indicators of a possible earthquake EXCEPT- a. animal behavior. b. emission of radon. c. change in the electromagnetic field near a fault line. d. change in temperature and chemistry of groundwater. e. all of the above.

d. change in temperature and chemistry of groundwater.

Seafloor spreading occurs at- a. subduction zones. b. transform faults. c. terraine boundaries. d. divergent boundaries.

d. divergent boundaries.

Active volcanoes are most abundant along the- a. 23.50 N and 23.50 S parallels of latitude. b. eastern coastline of continents. c. equatorial ocean floor. d. edges of tectonic plates.

d. edges of tectonic plates.

Earth's inner core is- a. hot and liquid. b. cool and liquid. c. cool and solid. d. hot and solid.

d. hot and solid

The element that is fourth most abundant in Earth is- a. oxygen. b. silicon. c. magnesium. d. iron.

d. iron.

Each dot on the diagram marks the origin of an earthquake. The area with the highest concentration of earthquake origins marks- (At a spot where one point is going under another) a. a line of Earth's magnetic field. b. a seam of soft rock, such as limestone. c. the location of a developing igneous intrusion. d. the path of the subducting tectonic plate.

d. the path of the subducting tectonic plate

What is the highest possible elevation of point X on Rock Mountain?

determine the contour interval