Geospatial Test 2

What is Site Suitability?

"...identify the most suitable sites from a set of candidates, as defined by applying a set of individually weighted criteria." Where should I build a grocery store? -Available Land (Where are half-acre parcels for sale in my price range?) -Zoning (Which of those parcels are zoned commercial?) -Proximity to Other Stores (How far are these parcels from other stores?) -Socioeconomic Characteristics (What is the income / population of the neighborhood?)

What are some selection methods for Spatial Queries?

"Intersect" "Contain" "Completely Contain" "Are Within" "Are Completely Within" "Are Identical" "Touch" "Share" ex.) Which cities are within 10 miles of the Pee Dee River? -Which states does the Pee Dee River run through?

What are Boolean Operators?

-AND- creates intersection: features meet both criteria at same time -OR- creates union: features meet first, then second criteria -NOT-creates negation: features meet first, not second criteria -XOR-creates exclusive/or: features don't share first and second criteria

What is Digitizing?

-Creating vector objects by sketching / tracing phenomena from a map / image. -Digitizing (sketching / tracing) and Georeferencing (creating spatial reference) are not synonymous!

How does a GIS represent real-world phenomena?

-Discrete Objects- have clear boundaries (ex. Cities (points))- vector (points, lines, and polygons) -Continuous Fields- vary through space (ex. fall color peak (continuous))- raster (pixel/grid cells)

What goes wrong with VNS?

-If your location is wrong... GPS Errors -If there are errors with roads... GIS / Network Data Errors -If your destination is wrong... GIS / Network Data Errors Geocoding Errors -If there are errors with directions... GIS / Network Data Errors (Connectivity Errors) -If the directions are not the quickest choice... GIS / Network Data Errors Shortest Path Errors (Algorithm Errors)

Color schemes:

-Red, Green, Blue (RGB) -Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (CMYK)

What are the types of Maps?

-Reference -Thematic -Choropleth

GIS Models:

-Representation (and simplification) of real world. -Purpose is to predict and/or explain something. Examples: -Environmental Change (Land, Climate) Models -Site Suitability Models

What is TIGER/Line?

-TIGER = Topographically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing -By the U.S. Census Bureau. -A source for boundary files, including states, counties, tracts, roads, rivers, landmarks, etc.

What are some Centerline Sources?

-TIGER/Line (Census Bureau) -National Map (Geological Survey) -Open Street Map

What is Metadata?

-The description of the data. -Who created the data. -Who can use the data. -What the attributes mean. -When the data was gathered. -Why the data was created. -data is useless without it!

What are the 4 elements of a map?

-Type includes title (name of a book, composition, or other artistic work) and citation (reference to a book, paper, or author) -Legend-graphical device explaining what symbols / colors represent -Scale Bar-graphical device representing map scale -North Arrow

What is Topology

-is how vector objects relate to one another independently of coordinates. -3 Types: -Adjacency (ex: North Carolina adjacent to South Carolina) -Connectivity (ex: Blowing Rock Road connected to Rivers Street) -Containment (ex: ASU Campus contains Duck Pond)

What is Shortest Path?

-lowest cumulative "cost" between stops in a network. -Cost = Time, Distance, Stops, Turns, etc.

What are SQL Queries?

-select items from one layer based on their attributes in the attribute table. -Which cities have populations > 25,000? -Which parcels are zoned residential? -Which rivers are longer than 100 miles? -Structured Query Language (SQL) -Relational Operators =, <>, >, <, >=, <= -Boolean Operators AND, OR, NOT, and XOR

What are Spatial Queries?

-select items from one layer based on their spatial relationship to another layer. -Which cities are within 10 miles of rivers? -Which parcels are intersected by roads? -Which fires are occurring in this county?

What is GIScience?

-the science underlying geographic concepts, applications, and systems. -Term coined by Michael Goodchild. -Multidisciplinary (Geography, Computer Science, Statistics, Mathematics, Psychology, etc.)

Vehicle Navigation Systems (VNS): The Four Steps

1.) Determines Your Current Location GPS 2.) Maps Your Current Location GIS Network Data-series of junctions / edges connected together. -Connectivity: linkages between junctions / edges How are streets modeled in GIS? Edges: links (segments) in a network Junctions: nodes (intersections) in a network 3.) Locates Your Destination Geocode 4.) Calculates Quickest Way To Destination Shortest Path Analysis

What are the 3 Geocoding steps?

1.) Parsing 2.) Address Standardization 3.) Linear Interpolation

What was the 1st spatial analysis?

1854: John Snow's study of cholera-related deaths in London.

Polygons are __________ objects.

2D

What is Geographic Information System?

A computer-based set of hardware and software used to... -Create -Store -Analyze -Manipulate -Visualize ...spatial data. -Spatial and non-spatial data -digital maps cannot do all these things

What is an Attribute?

A description of the location.

What is Python?

A free computer programming language used for writing Scripts (pieces of computer code) in ArcGIS.

What is a Thematic Map?

A map used to communicate themes / features.

What is a Reference Map?

A map used to locate features.

What is a Shapefile?

A series of files (with various extensions) that make up one vector layer.

What is Geodatabase?

A single item that can contain multiple layers, each as its own feature class.

What are Choropleth Maps?

A type of thematic map using one of several classifications.

What is Geoprocessing?

Action taken to a dataset resulting in the creation of a new dataset.

What is a Union? (multiple layer Geoprocessing: overlay)

All features and their attributes will be written to the output feature class.

Which component of ArcGIS Desktop is used for viewing and analyzing data?

ArcMap

ArcGIS is a software platform that includes:

ArcMap -view / analyze data ArcCatalog -manage data ArcGIS Online -create / share data ArcGIS Pro -standalone software & many others (ArcScene, ArcGlobe, etc.).

Which ArcGIS component is used to manage your available GIS data?

Catalog

When modeling the world in GIS and all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries, what is being described?

Discrete Object View of the world

What is some Single Layer Geoprocessing?

Dissolve- Creates outputs by merging adjacent polygons, lines, or regions that have the same value for a specified item. ex.)Regional Geography (dissolve by region) -Urban Planning (dissolve parcels) -Political Science (dissolve by affiliation) Buffer- creates buffer polygons around inputs to a specified distance. ex.) Flood Mapping (buffer rivers) Urban Planning (buffer roads, schools, etc.) Construction (buffer work zones for safety)

Which of the following is NOT a capability of a file geodatabase?

Each feature dataset in the file geodatabase can hold a maximum of 5 TB

Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by taking the complete range of values and dividing by the desired number of classes?

Equal Interval

Who makes ArcGIS?

Esri

What is Identity? (multiple layer Geoprocessing: vector overlay)

Features that overlap identity features will get the attributes of those identity features.

What is Intersect?(multiple layer Geoprocessing: vector overlay)

Features that overlap in all layers will be written to the output feature class.

__________ describes when an action is taken to a dataset that results in a new dataset being created.

Geoprocessing

How do we link non-spatial data to geospatial data in a GIS?

Joins

What is a Classification?

Methods used for grouping together values on a choropleth map.

What are Raster Overlay Methods?

Multiplying (Result: 0 & 1) Adding (Result: 0, 1, & 2)- adding produces a suitability complex

What are the 4 types of Classifications?

Natural Breaks- Breaks selected based on spaces in the data values. Quantile- Breaks selected by placing an equal # of values in each class. Equal Interval- Breaks selected by taking all values & dividing by the # of desired classes. Standard Deviation-Breaks selected by using the mean of the values & the average distance a value is from the mean.

What are the 4 types of Non-Spatial data?

Nominal -Unique Identifiers -Ex: City Names, Social Security Numbers Ordinal -Orderly Rankings -Ex: Top 10 Largest Cities in America Interval -The difference b/t numbers is significant. No fixed, non-arbitrary zero. -Ex: Temperature (30°C is not twice as warm as 15°C) Ratio -The difference b/t numbers is significant. A fixed, non-arbitrary zero. -Ex: Weight (30 pounds is twice as heavy as 15 pounds)

A graphical representation of the orientation of a map can best be shown with a:

North Arrow

What is Multiple Layer Geoprocessing?

Overlay Operations: Geoprocessing with 2+ layers.

Which of the following queries will select all housing parcels classified as "residential" (from a layer called PARCELS) that are also considered to be "seasonal" homes (from a layer called STATUS)?

PARCELS = "residential" AND STATUS = "seasonal"

Which of the following queries will select all counties that have a population with more than 100,000 persons (from a layer called POP) as well as all counties that have more than 100,000 housing units (from a layer called HOUSES)?

POP > 100000 OR HOUSES > 100000

Which programming language is used for writing scripts in ArcGIS?

Python

Which of the following GIS software programs can be downloaded for free?

QGIS

A chart showing the amount of money earned by each of the top 10 movies of the week is an example of which type of data?

Ratio (twice as much)

What are Maps?

Representations of geographic data.

A "neutral" file format used for geospatial data was:

SDTS.

What are the two types of Queries?

SQL Queries and Spatial Queries

What is a Color Ramp?

Series of colors applied to a thematic map.

A series of files (with extensions such as .shp, .shx, and .dbf) that make up one-vector data layer refers to:

Shapefile

GIS Data includes:

Spatial Data -Location (Ex: Boone, NC) -Data Model (Ex: Vector - Point) Non-Spatial Data -Attributes -(Ex: Population of Boone, NC)

The tool used for viewing imagery at a particular location on a road is:

Street View.

Which of the following data formats will result in the LEAST loss of data of a map graphic?

TIFF

What is Spatial Analysis?

Techniques to examine how features spatially relate to each other.

What are Queries?

The conditions used to retrieve data from a database.

Two tables may be joined together if which of the following conditions are met?

The two tables have a common field (key)

What are Compound Queries?

They are SQL Queries that combine several operators ex.) Which cities had pops > 25,000 in 2000 in NC? "POP2000" > 25000 AND "ST" = 'NC'

TIGER files are created and maintained by:

U.S. Census Bureau.

What is Symmetrical Difference? (multiple layer Geoprocessing: vector overlay)

What does not overlap will be written to the output feature class.

A small scale map would show:

a larger geographic area than a large scale map.

In a GIS network, an "edge" represents:

a link on the network.

A basic representation of spatial data refers to a(n):

a map

Which of the following is an example of a thematic map?

a map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not

Which of the following is an example of a reference map?

a map showing the lakes in Ohio and the number of fishing days per lake

What is a Join?

a method of linking two or more tables together. (chapter 5)

A map template provides:

a pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map.

A set of steps used in a process designed to solve a particular type of problem (for example, the steps used in computing a shortest path) describes a(n):

algorithm.

In a GIS network, a "junction" represents:

an intersection on the network

Geoprocessing describes:

applying an action to one dataset that results in a new dataset being created.

In the raster data model,:

areas are modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells.

Non-spatial data in a GIS are referred to as:

attributes.

What is Parsing?

breaking an address up into its component parts.

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

buffer

What is Dijkstra's Algorithm?

calculates the shortest path between the origin node and other destination nodes

The simplification of representing items on a map refers to:

cartographic generalization.

What is ArcToolbox?

central place where you find, manage, and execute geoprocessing tools in ArcGIS

A single layer in a geodatabase refers to a feature:

class.

What is Geocoding?

converting an address / words into coordinates.

Metadata refers to:

descriptive information about the data.

MCE (multi-criteria evaluation) is used in GIS modeling to:

determine the suitability of a site.

Site suitability analysis is used to:

determine which areas are "useful" or "not useful" in spatial analysis.

In "Heads-Up" digitizing:

digitizing is performed on a computer screen using an image as a backdrop.

Which of the following operations would best be used to combine a map of county boundaries into a single map of a state boundary?

dissolve

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and are also zoned as "residential" areas, but not parcels that meet both of these criteria?

exclusive or

What is Centerlines?

files containing line segments representing roads (Note: Different from a roads shapefile!)

What is Batch Geocoding?

geocoding multiple addresses / words at once

The use of different-sized symbology to convey thematic information on a map refers to:

graduated symbology.

What is Transit Cost?

how many units (of time, distance, etc.) are used in moving along a network edge

What is Representative Fraction (RF)?

how many units of measurement in the real world are equivalent to the same units of measurement on a map.

In GIS terms, "topology" describes:

how objects are connected to one another independently of their coordinates.

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also the areas that a second dataset has in common with them?

identity

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas that the first dataset and all areas that the second dataset have in common?

intersect

Which of the following Boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as "residential" areas?

intersection

The temperature measured in degrees Celsius represents what type of data?

interval (not twice as much)

What is Address Standardization?

is setting up the address components in a regular format.

A key to what the various symbols on a map represent can be found in the map's:

legend

Combining datasets together using simple mathematical operations is:

map algebra.

A very large scale map would likely show:

more detail than a very small scale map.

A major road (such as Virginia Beach Blvd) would be represented in a GIS as:

multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road.

Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by searching for spaces in the data values?

natural breaks

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 but are also zoned as something other than "residential" areas?

negation

A parcel map of Mahoning County listing the owner of each land parcel would mean those polygons are representing what type of data?

nominal

A person's social security number represents what type of numerical data?

nominal

Having all count values of the data brought to the same level describes:

normalization

TIGER files typically contain all of the following data except:

number of houses per street.

A map showing the locations of the top tourist destinations in Florida, ranked by the number of tourists that visited them in 2011, is showing what type of data?

ordinal

Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to:

place a point an approximate distance along a line.

What is Linear Interpolation?

places an address location among a range of addresses along a segment.

On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as:

points

In the vector data model, all items are represented as:

points, lines, and polygons.

Attributes:

provide detailed information about each road segment (name, zip code, side of road).

Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class?

quantiles

What type of data is NLCD (National Land Cover Database)?

raster (land cover is continuous)

A map showing streams in Ohio, displaying the number of available fishing days for each stream is showing line data of which type?

ratio

In an attribute table, each object is stored as a:

record

The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as:

reference database

A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a:

scale bar

Address parsing is done to:

separate the parts of an address.

What is Line Segment?

single edge of a network that corresponds to one portion of a street

The "information" being handled by GIS refers to __________ information.

spatial

Utilizing John Snow's 1854 cholera map to see the connection between cholera death locations and well pumps is an example of:

spatial analysis.

Selecting objects from one layer based on their spatial relationship with another layer describes a:

spatial query.

Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes:

standardization.

Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as:

stops

A file containing line segments representing roads is a __________ file.

street centerline

A "ranking" of various sites as the result of examining certain criteria to determine their usefulness or non-usefulness describes a:

suitability index.

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset EXCEPT those areas they have in common?

symmetrical difference

The term "GIS" first started being used in:

the 1960s with Canada's CGIS

If an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be:

the address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world.

In order to match an address to a particular street location, what fields are necessary to have in the reference database?

the address ranges on the right and left side of the street

What is Cartography?

the art and science of creating and designing maps

What is a Key?

the common field that is used to create the join. (chapter 5)

In a TIGER 2000 file, the FEDIRP field refers to:

the direction of the prefix of a street

What is Visual Hierarchy?

the display of features to emphasize their level of prominence

What is Visual Balance?

the organization of the map and other elements on the page

What is Geographic Scale?

the real-world size / extent of an area.

What is Map Scale?

the relationship between measurements made on a map and real-world equivalents. Large Geographic Scale = Small Map Scale Small Geographic Scale = Large Map Scale

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset?

union

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 or are also zoned as "residential" areas?

union

What type of data is NHD?

vector

The NHD (National Hydrography Dataset) contains GIS data for:

water bodies.