GLBL 210 Final

Easterly

"Cartel of Good Intentions": "The West first set-up the IMF to prevent large trade imbalances and unstable currencies in the West. In this initial phase of its work, the IMF was very successful. It then shifted toward bailing out countries in the rest of the world. On balance, the IMF has done useful short-term bailouts of poor countries experiencing financial crises, but it has done worse at promoting long-term development. Moreover, things have gotten worse over the past two decades, as the IMF's mission statement has grown more and more bloated, its conditions more and more numerous, and its interventions more and more intrusive. The 14-point development plan that must be submitted (Comprehensive Development Framework) entraps nations receiving loans in its bureaucracy. Attempts at coordination have only resulted in red tape. Duplication of serves, increase in projects that are easily observable (schools, dams). High initial investment, but little follow-up after ribbon-cutting ceremony. He suggests that introducing market mechanisms would make the development regime less cartel-like. Also proposes voucher system so governments can contract with development agency of their choosing.

Davis

"SAPing the Third World," Planet of Slums: According to Davis, the IMF and the World Bank have been the driving force behind the creation of modern slums. "The 1980s - when the IMF and the World Bank used the leverage of debt to restructure the economies of most of the Third World - are the years when slums became an implacable future not just for poor rural migrants, but also for millions of traditional urbanites displaced or immiserated by the violence of 'adjustment.'"

Friedman

"The Golden Straitjacket" from "The Lexus and the Olive Tree: Says there's no real third way — that communism/socialism have been shown to be inherently unstable, and that some brand of capitalism must be applied everywhere. Uses private sector as the primary growth engine, involves minimal subsidies and bureaucracy, balanced budget, elimination of trade barriers. But "padding" can be added to cushion industries and sectors that need development. Notes that this system represents a victory of the market over politics.

Conditionality

*When countries needed to borrow money from the IMF or the World Bank through Structural Adjustment Programs, they often had to agree to conditions of pursuing Washington Consensus policies within their domestic governments. These policies included privatization, the opening of trade, deregulation, and less spending on social programs. They were seen by many as one size fits all policies throughout the late 1970s and early 1980s. Since the IMF focused on short-term fixes and the World Bank focused on more long term solutions, this often frustrated borrower governments due to the rise of cross-conditionalities from opposing viewpoints of the IMF and the World Bank. Think Life and Debt.

Freeman

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Hanson

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Stiglitz

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Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth

1) traditional stage - scientifically primitive, agrarian, little social mobility; world not subject to knowable laws. Leads to long-run fatalism. 2) Pre-conditions for take-off = spurred initially by scientific changes. Emergence of belief that, whether for profit or national honor, economic progress is desirable. Mobilization of savings and risk-taking; development of transport, communications, raw material extraction and exploitation. 3) Take-off = rapid industrial expansion leads to investment and sustained growth for a long period of time. Examples = Britain after 1783; US and France in the decades leading to 1860 (railway development); Germany in 1860s, then Japan; Russia and Canada in the 25 years leading to 1914; China and India in the 1950s and 1960s 4) Drive to prosperity - roughly sixty years after take-off, technical sophistication spreads beyond industries that initially spurred the take off 5) Age of Mass consumption - consumption needs move beyond food, shelter and clothing for most of society = US, Japan, W. Europe as of 1950s. All countries will go through the same stages on their way to development and modernity. This was an aspect of modernization theory.

Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP)

A detailed plan for uplifting the poor in order to receive World Bank and IMF assistance. Each document can be hundreds of pages and take months and months to prepare. Key Features of PRSP Process • country-driven, promoting national ownership of strategies through broad-based participation of civil society; • result-oriented and focused on outcomes that will benefit the poor; • comprehensive in recognizing the multidimensional nature of poverty; • partnership-oriented, involving coordinated participation of development partners (government, domestic stakeholders, and external donors); and • based on a long-term perspective for poverty reduction. According to World Development Movement Report - Common Policies in PRSPs: 1) Strict fiscal policy - austerity 2) Trade liberalization 3) Privatization, including water privatization 4) Investment de-regulation and financial liberalization 5) Agricultural liberalization (West still heavily protects and subsidizes this sector) 6) Labor market flexibility Other stipulations: 1) Limit defense spending 2) Limiting government wage bill 3) A series of privatization and restructuring of major national institutions 4) Liberalizing trade 5) Limit government role in a host of national services, like postal. 6) Consult with civil society etc.

Essential Drugs List

A list of drugs curated by the WHO designed to work around the lack of incentive for drug companies to provide effective, low-cost drugs to poor, disease-ravaged areas. Resisted by drug manufacturers and doctors, but supported by about 150 states.

Super Presidency

A presidency that places a great deal of power in the hands of one individual, giving them a large amount of control over the government. Fareed Zakaria mentions the case of Russian president Yeltin, who attacked the Russian parliament prompted by parliament's own unconstitutional acts. He then suspended the constitutional court, dismantled the system of local governments, and fired several provincial governors. From the war in Chechnya to his economic programs, Yeltsin has displayed a routine lack of concern for constitutional procedures and limits. While in the case of Yeltin the power was used for good, the power of a super-presidency can be abused due to lack of checks.

Alter-Globalization

A way of looking at globalization that uses the critical definition of progress to examine the problems of the current strategies having to do with "growth." Not necessarily anti-globalization, but a call for development in non-economic sectors, like civil society, cultural preservation, government, and protection of the environment.

Liberal Democracy

According to Fareed Zakaria, a political system marked not only by free and fair elections, but also by the rule of law, a separation of powers, and the protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, and property. Refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source - state, church, or society. The term marries two closely connected ideas. It is liberal because it draws on the philosophical strain, beginning with theGreeks, that emphasizes individual liberty. It is constitutional because it rests on the tradition, beginning with the Romans, of the rule of law. Constitutional liberalism developed in Western Europe and the United States as a defense of the individual's right to life and property, and freedom of religion and speech. To secure these rights, it emphasized checks on the power of each branch of government, equality under the law, impartial courts and tribunals, and separation of church and state.

Illiberal Democracy

According to Fareed Zakaria, democratically elected regimes, often ones that have been reelected or reaffirmed through referenda, routinely ignoring constitutional limits on their power and depriving their citizens of basic rights and freedoms. Examples:America, perhaps because of what happens after the elections. Popular leaders like Russia's Boris Yeltsin and Argentina's Carlos Menem bypass their parliaments and rule by presidential eroding basic constitutional practices. The Iranian parliament - elected more freely than most in the Middle East - imposes harsh restrictions on speech, assembly, and even dress, diminishing that country's already meager supply of liberty. Ethiopia's elected government turns its security forces opponents, doing permanent damage on journalists and political to human rights (as well as human beings.) These challenge the idea that democracy is always in the interest of the people. The number of illiberal governments is growing, and few countries have gone from illiberal to liberal democracy.

Violence Against Women

Although two of the MDGs specifically focus on women, according to some critics (Harcourt), overall the MDGs allow violence against women to continue. Goal 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women Targets: eliminate gender disparities in primary and secondary education; access to employment; representation in legislative bodies; Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health Targets: reduce maternal mortality ratio; universal access to reproductive health; reduce adolescent pregnancies; increase contraceptive use. Such data shows that violence against women is prevalent: • UN estimates that four million women and girls are trafficked annually • Sex selective infanticide and neglect during early childhood in developing countries accounts for millions of "excess" female deaths • thousands of honor killings per year • domestic violence is endemic - surveys in some countries report over half of women are raped or otherwise assaulted by partners. Proposed solutions: • gender equality as central to all MDGs. • Need for gender-disaggregated data • Address rights-based issues - not only physical security and reproductive rights, but also rights to inheritance, freedom from employment discrimination

Third World Debt Crisis

An oil shock in the late 1970s and early 1980s caused a spike in oil prices. Lots of oil revenue in 1970s meant that banks were over-flowing with money to lend. Developing countries borrowed money to pay for large infrastructure projects or for domestic consumption. Increase in price of oil meant that oil-importing countries had to borrow more money to meet their energy needs. Declining terms of trade and fall in global commodities prices thus ensued. Higher interest rates due to oil shock in late 1970s buried many debtor countries and created an international debt crisis.

Appiah

Argues that "cultural contamination" can be a good thing, as cultures have never been static. He also argues against the concept of cultural purity.. Globalization can produce homogeneity, but globalization is a threat to homogeneity - introducing new aspects of other cultures. He argues against Cultural Imperialism, he gives evidence that those within a culture are not passive, but chose the cultural aspects they maintain or change to suit them. Examples include how foreign viewers of Western TV shows choose which aspects of the tv shows to approve or disapprove of and adopt in their own cultures.

Dependency Theory

Arose as a critique of modernization theory and asserted that the world was broken up into core (first world), semi-periphery, and periphery. See modernization theory card for dependency theory's criticisms of modernization theory. Core building blocks of dependency theory included declining terms of trade, state-led development, center-periphery relations, and comprador classes. Criticisms of dependency theory included that it didn't distinguish between "periphery" countries despite great diversity, it neglected political realities (government officials didn't always prioritize benefits for nation, so it made state intervention less effective at times), it was naive about the possibilities and limits of social transformation, and it accepted the key assumptions of modernization theory.

Declining Terms of Trade

As a part of dependency theory, this idea asserted that the third world would remain dependent on and increasingly behind the developed countries as a result of their economic transactions. The norm was for the core countries to take resources from the semi-periphery and the periphery, just to sell them back as final goods. Peripheral countries would thus always have to sell more natural resources to get to some level of finished goods.

Modernization Theory

Attempted to define what is a modern society. Among the characterizations were affective neutrality (less emotion, superstition, and religion in social conducts), self-orientation (idea that greed is good), universalism (all people are equal purchasers in market), achievement orientation (you judge others based on their achievements as opposed to their race, gender, etc), and functional specificity (division of labor; people aren't defined by work as much). These characteristics were starkly contrasted with traditional society, which was characterized by a lack of ambition, fatalism, conservatism (idea that traditions should define relations), and a lack of care for future progress. Traditional society thus suffered from a lack of capital and wrong cultural habits that weren't profit focused. Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth was a main aspect of this theory. Dependency theory rose in criticism of modernization theory, saying it was very ethnocentric, naively optimistic, too "one size fits all," and that it failed to recognize the developing world's economic dependency as a result of colonialism.

Bunch

BUNCH reading. Many violations of women's human rights are distinctly connected to being female-that is,women are discriminated against and abused on the basis of gender. Women also experience sexual abuse in situations where their other human rights are being violated, as political prisoners or members of persecuted ethnic groups, for example. Gender-related abuse has been most neglected and offers the greatest challenge to the field of human rights today. -During childhood:The World Health Organization reports that in many countries, girls are fed less,breastfed for shorter periods of time, taken to doctors less frequently,and die or are physically and mentally maimed by malnutrition at higher rates than boys. -In adulthood:The denial of women's rights to control their bodies in reproduction threatens women's lives, especially where this is combined with poverty and poor health services. In Latin America, complications from illegal abortions are the leading cause of death of women between the ages of fifteen and thirty-nine. • Sex discrimination kills women daily. When combined with race,class, and other forms of oppression, it constitutes a deadly denial of women's right to life and liberty on a large scale throughoutthe world. The most pervasive violation of females is violence against women in all its manifestations, from wife battery, incest, and rape, to dowry deaths, genital mutilation, and female sexual slavery

Gender Disparities

BUNCH reading. Many violations of women's human rights are distinctly connected to being female-that is,women are discriminated against and abused on the basis of gender. Women also experience sexual abuse in situations where their other human rights are being violated, as political prisoners or members of persecuted ethnic groups, for example. Gender-related abuse has been most neglected and offers the greatest challenge to the field of human rights today. -During childhood:The World Health Organization reports that in many countries, girls are fed less,breastfed for shorter periods of time, taken to doctors less frequently,and die or are physically and mentally maimed by malnutrition at higher rates than boys. -In adulthood:The denial of women's rights to control their bodies in reproduction threatens women's lives, especially where this is combined with poverty and poor health services. In Latin America, complications from illegal abortions are the leading cause of death of women between the ages of fifteen and thirty-nine. • Sex discrimination kills women daily. When combined with race,class, and other forms of oppression, it constitutes a deadly denial of women's right to life and liberty on a large scale throughoutthe world. The most pervasive violation of females is violence against women in all its manifestations, from wife battery, incest, and rape, to dowry deaths, genital mutilation, and female sexual slavery

McKibben

Bangladesh and development. Is there an alternative, a future that doesn't lead to the Westernization of all culture and economy? He shows us a small village in Bangladesh that looks at the World Bank vision for the region — free-trade based growth, cheap labor exploitation — and compares it to their goal of providing food and work for their society. They say that they are already "developed," that they are self-sufficient, producing organic food because imported pesticides and fertilizers have hurt their crops. This is optimistic. Bangladesh's development index — 146 out of 187 — is lower than India's. But its life expectancy is five years higher than India's. By this metric, Bangladesh is outperforming the more industrialized India and the World Bank ratings mechanism.

Cultural Globalization

Basically the same idea as cultural contamination, but not as negatively worded. Anyway: The various aspects of globalization that have promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and hybrid identities · A primary critique of cultural globalization argues that globalization or multinational capitalism leads to cultural convergence and homogenization; · The rich variety of the world's cultures will be lost because of globalization's cultural imperialism

International Health Assistance (Development Assistance for Health)

Between 1990 and 2007, international development assistance for health reform rose fourfold · While international aid is of increasing importance over last 20 years, it is not a new phenomenon; International health assistance took shape in early to mid-1920s after WWI = simultaneous to or even prior to creation of many national health systems as we know them · Players include (but aren't limited to) the WHO, World Bank, Gates Foundation, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria, bilateral aid like USAID, etc. · Expectation of these international donors was that modest investment would lead to massive health improvements and economic improvements in developing world. The reality proves to be much more complicated.

Ravishankar et al.

Between 1990 and 2007, international development assistance for health reform rose fourfold · While international aid is of increasing importance over last 20 years, it is not a new phenomenon; International health assistance took shape in early to mid-1920s after WWI = simultaneous to or even prior to creation of many national health systems as we know them · Players include (but aren't limited to) the WHO, World Bank, Gates Foundation, Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB, and Malaria, bilateral aid like USAID, etc. · Expectation of these international donors was that modest investment would lead to massive health improvements and economic improvements in developing world. The reality proves to be much more complicated.

Rist

Ch 4, History of Development WWII had turned everything upside down: Western Europe had relinquished world influence/power to the US & Soviet Union in order to survive/recover from WWII. UN headquarters moved to New York City, instead of being in Geneva US & USSR did not particularly want to maintain old system of colonialism. Nazism & racism were denounced, which created new tensions & challenged traditional ideas of race. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights further supported these new ideas Truman's Point Four - was more of a public relations gimmick & "short list of good intentions"; nonetheless set up a precedent for "a new way of conceiving international relations" and ushered in the "Developmental Age." Underdevelopment - Point Four was the first time the term "underdevelopment" appeared in a widely-circulated text, though the concept had been used in a socio-economic sense by Marx & Lenin. Previously development was seen as something that just happened & could not be controlled or facilitated. New concept of underdevelopment invoked a final state of development & the possibility of actively bringing about change outlines Rostow's theory of development seems to like it but poses possible problems: "modern outlook" - is individualism really the cause of search for profit or the other way around? ignores benefits of the past lost in history to see the future as positive doesn't know what comes after mass consumption says that rostow's "end of history" is as idyllic as marx's classless society, both use evolution as their basis rostow foresaw modernity taking over tradition, but today's societies are just mixing the two (like BARBER Jihad v. McWorld) this theory won't lose sway bc it is good for soothing guilty minds, saying that developing countries will inevitably get better Discussed Point 4.

Third Sector

Civil Society is often called "the third sector" because it exists as separate from the state and the market. Its role is to fill in gaps between family, market, and state Voluntary civic and social organizations, associations, and networks; how citizens organize to represent their interests and desires to the state or others (businesses/international community, etc). · Alexis de Tocqueville wrote Democracy in America, based on U.S. visits in 1830s and his impressions of civic association. He argued that because the United States had a lot of civil organizations and associations it was more democratic than France (or Europe). Because citizens were responsive to each other through social engagement, they expected government leaders to exercise these ties and make government representative. · Many claims about what benefits of civil society are: democracy, transparency, participation, free market exchanges, trust, social capital. Civil society improves civility, trust, cooperation, reciprocity; allows collective action, watchdog of/counterweight to the state for better governance. Citizens taking control of their destinies. Conflict resolution. Community building. Among others. ·

Rapley

Development theory in the postwar period. Says the main goal of WWII's eventual victors was to promote trade and thereby avoid the conditions that had worsened the Great Depression (monetary instability, lack of credit, protectionist policies in general). But these goals led to the control the IMF and World Bank now enjoy over poor countries, thanks to conditional loans and the concept of Declining Terms of Trade, which kept producers of primary products (poorer countries) forced to keep prices low to compete. As a result, they were skeptical of this new economic order. Discussed Modernization Theory, Rostow's Stages of Economic Growth and Dependency Theory.

Brown

Differentiates between Global and International Health. Int'l Health referred to control of epidemics across borders, i.e., health as it related to international relations. Global Health has more to do with a concern for the health needs of all people above the concerns of individual nations. Mentions how globalization has spread both health benefits (new drugs and vaccines) and risks (smallpox, disease, drugs). Proposes that the decline of the power of the WHO signals a "new paradigm of Global Health." World Bank has taken over many of its old duties, and now the WHO is redefining itself as the WB's partner in the advancement of that paradigm.

Shock Therapy

Discussed in Naomi Klein's "Shock Doctrine." Shock therapy refers to an extreme form of Washington Consensus policies that was enacted in Russia after the collapse of the USSR from 1992 to 1994. These policies were led by economist Jeffrey Sachs and they were seen as a massive failure because the Western world refused to provide adequate aid to Russia (there was no political motive). Sachs was criticized for his ideas because they naively thought the world would help out Russia. These policies involved massive government spending cuts and privatization at a time when much of Russian industrial output was plummeting. Russia thus had "too much shock and not enough therapy." The failure of shock therapy led in part to worldwide financial shocks in 1998.

Sachs

Discusses African poverty and development, how it needs to overcome a slew of incorrect prejudices, such as it being rampant with corruption and authoritarianism, people having no morals, poverty due to closed markets, and money that goes to Africa is wasted Believes that it's the world's responsibility to eliminate poverty, and that it's possible if gone about correctly. Thinks philosophy behind MDGs is underpinning of the international effort to eradicate poverty. Says that in reality, poverty is the cause of problems of disease, violence, child mortality, not the inferiority of the African people themselves. Morality was once blamed for Japan's failings, until those same morals were venerated after they lifted Japan to prosperity. things that can be done: 1) Grow more food - green revolution for Africa 2) Malaria control - costs very little to make bednets available 3) Clinical health services 4) Safe water 5) School lunches 6) End of isolation - broadband

"Neglected Diseases"

Diseases prevalent in developing countries that have not proven profitable for drug companies to research or produce drugs to combat.

Huoarani

Ecuadorian Amazon tribe that dealt with the arrival of oil and logging interests to its native land in the 1980s and 1990s. Were able to successfully sue Texaco for damages and were rewarded money and land reservations.

Policy Making on Global Climate Change (December 3)

Felix Dodds generally discussed the obstacles faced by multilateral efforts to create international climate change legislation. His insight with regard to the actual weather and atmosphere (no pun intended) at the conference was interesting. But politically he said that the U.S.'s inability to be flexible because of its requirement that the Senate ratify all treaties made things difficult, especially since the U.S. is such a key player in any international negotiations. Up until this point, most agreements have been agreements to agree on goals for the future — very little practical implementation of policy or curbing of emissions on a broad scale.

Democracy Promotion

Global Democracy promotion took hold in 1990s Prior to this phase of democracy promotion (1950-1980s), there was a lot of belief in working with or consolidating the power of strong dictators in the Third World o belief that dictators would enact tough economic reforms, grow economies and create development o belief that cooperating with dictators would enable FDI which would lift economies, create middle class o belief that governments/regime change didn't really matter • With democracy promotion, bilateral and NGO actors from all western countries undertake efforts to transform governments or transition governments to liberal democracies, promoting: o elections o political parties o NGOs Reasons - believed that: • Democracy protects citizens' individual liberties • Democracy contributes to economic growth • International Relations Theory of "democratic peace" - won't go to war

Budhoo

Has similar anti-IMF/World Bank views with Davis Klein describes him as "an IMF staffer turned whistle-blower," accused IMF of "cooking the books" Saw that ideas from consensus were devastating "Genocidal impacts" + "lethal weapons that are force fed medicines" Critical of World Bank, IMF Layoffs, lower wages, structural adjustments

Birdsall, Rodrik and Subramanian

How to Help Poor Countries — argues that poor nations themselves are the agents that will decide if development will succeed or fail. Notes that Mexico has every geographical and trade advantage, but has not grown in the way some other countries have. Basically says that a stable government that can make its own choices and integrate in a way that benefits them specifically. Proposes emissions trading, relaxation of immigration laws, state-directed development, regulation of corruption involving governments and western corporations. Relaxation of intellectual property rights and investment in tropical disease research will help develop and distribute drugs to places infected with high levels of disease.

International Bill of Human Rights

Includes the 1948 UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights and two other treaties established by the UN in 1966. • UDHR is one component of the International Bill on Human Rights, which also includes to covenants: o International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) - 1966 (1976) = to be enforced immediately o International Covenant on Economic and Social Rights (ICESR) - 1966 (1976) = aspirational In 1976, after the Covenants had been ratified by a sufficient number of individual member nations, the Bill took on the force of international law

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Institution created as part of the Bretton Woods agreement. Its main purposes were initially expansion and balanced growth of international trade as well as a stable exchange rate. There are 188 member countries, and 85% of members must approve major decisions. The US is the only member country with veto power, however. The IMF over time started to focus on short-term fixes through their structural adjustment programs, many of which were based on Washington Consensus policies and thus highly controversial.

Bhagwati

Managing Transitions: Optimal, Not Maximal, Speed · Trade liberalization is one of the most common conditions (or SAPs) that the World Bank (and increasingly the IMF) promote. Bhagwati asks and answers: "Is it pushed too fast?" · Three considerations: o welcome pressure - sometimes the IFIs are pushing programs that domestic reformers want to enact, and the outside pressure provides a final push, rather than being a real external imposition. o Resistance or Non-compliance - because of incentive in the World Bank to spend, World Bank looks for any areas that can be seen as successes, even when they were the areas originally stated in loan conditionality. What is written is not (usually) what is done. o Policy reversals - Russia and Argentina in the 1990s; studies show that there are policy re-appraisals when things don't go well and that this is built into the architecture of these organizations · More broadly, defenders of SAPs say: o Political interests block full implementation of reform o Eventually, new political alignments made it possible to push through more far-reaching reforms o Because of the short-run difficulties, and the stop and start nature of reform, hard to know whether the policies were effective in making long-run growth better o But the available statistical evidence suggests that growth rates were higher than they would have been in the absence of reforms · Despite Bhagwati's positive assessment there are still real gaps in development and lending effectiveness. Is the Washington Consensus Dead? If so, what is replacing it?

Global Drug Gap

Multinational pharmaceutical industry boomed in 20th century and resulted in extraordinary advances in improving health, but it also led to some structural unfairness in the way drugs are developed and distributed Most pharmaceutical companies are based in United States and western countries and they develop drugs for their domestic markets and domestic diseases. The pharmaceutical companies are profit driven, and set high prices for the most successful drugs. In addition, the multiple steps of Research and Development (R&D) are very expensive.

Illich

Outwitting the 'Developed' Countries" Piece which is very critical of globalization, especially with how developed countries impose the ideas of "development" on developing countries, esp. Latin America Believes that developed countries view their institutions like factories, hospitals, governments as necessities & that we conceive of progress as the expansion of these institutions. Especially critical of capitalism as "continued technological refinements of products which are already established on the market frequently benefit the producer far more than the consumer" (p. 3). The rich, developed countries benevolently impose "a straightjacket of traffic jams, hospital confinements and classrooms on the poor nations, and by international agreement call this 'development'" (p. 2). Schooling and education is one of the biggest areas of fraud in the development agenda. "As the mind of a society is progressively schooled, step by step its individuals lose their sense that it might be possible to live without being inferior to others" (p. 5).

Achievability vs Adequacy

Refers to the MDGs. If the targets/indicators/goals are achievable, are they adequate to fix/alleviate the situation? Question of what "reducing the world's poverty by half" really means. Harcourt raises the questions "What kind of poverty are we talking about? How can figures and targets capture all that is needed to provide for a person's well-being? And when we move into the individual goals there are even more questions. How can education be the only measure of women's empowerment? What happened to reproductive health and rights? What happened to the human rights approach that was so strongly pushed in UN Conferences and in the Millennium Declaration?" 2012 Report on MDGs (released on July 31, 2012) announced that targets on poverty, slums, and water have been met three years ahead of 2015 UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, says meeting the remaining targets, while challenging, is possible ─ but only if Governments do not waiver from their commitments made over a decade ago. "The current economic crises besetting much of the developed world must not be allowed to decelerate or reverse the progress that has been made. Let us build on the successes we have achieved so far, and let us not relent until all the MDGs have been attained." Even so, we have to consider what this really means.

Political Globalization (Democratization)

Refers to the emergence of liberal democracy as the acceptable form of government. At the end of WWII ushered in a new prominence for liberal democracy as a badge of belonging to the international community. Other government types (monarchies, dictatorships) continued (and continue) to exist but are discredited as regime types by the international community. Legitimacy of democracy further strengthened by the Third Wave of democratization in Southern Europe (Spain, Italy), Latin America, Africa, and Asia, and again with the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe (1989) and the fall of the Soviet Union (1991). This meant that democracy was the "only game in town"; democracy is the only legitimate political regime.

Constitutional Liberalism

Refers to the tradition, deep in Western history, that seeks to protect an individual's autonomy and dignity against coercion, whatever the source - state, church, or society. The term marries two closely connected ideas. It is liberal because it draws on the philosophical strain, beginning with the Greeks, that emphasizes individual liberty. It is constitutional because it rests on the tradition, beginning with the Romans, of the rule of law. Constitutional liberalism developed in Western Europe and the United States as a defense of the individual's right to life and property, and freedom of religion and speech. To secure these rights, it emphasized checks on the power of each branch of government, equality under the law, impartial courts and tribunals, and separation of church and state. Constitutional liberalism argues that human beings have certain natural (or "inalienable") rights and that governments must accept a basic law, limiting its own powers, that secures them. o Free and fair elections AND o checks on the power of each branch of government o Rule of law and equality under the law o Protection of basic liberties of speech, assembly, religion, property o impartial courts o separation of church and state

Cohen

Says that free markets provide the structure democracy needs to succeed. Cites China as the next big test of this idea.

Center-Periphery Relations

See Declining Terms of Trade flashcard. The norm was for the core countries to take resources from the semi-periphery and the periphery, just to sell them back as final goods. Peripheral countries would thus always have to sell more natural resources to get to some level of finished goods.

Wolf

Sees no redeeming qualities in nationalist socialism. Agrees with Fukuyama's End of History claim inasmuch that he feels liberal democracy is the only liable system for sustained prosperity. But understands that the market needs constitutional and societal structures like morality and accountability for it to do good. This is why he says Globalization, which spreads those structures in addition to markets, can work.

Human Rights

Separate from other conceptions of rights in that it transcends citizenship or ties to any state or governing body. As a concept, represents the effect of globalization on how we have come to identify with the human race more strongly than with particular state identities.

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)

Set of goals created by the UN to encourage development by improving social and economic conditions in the world's poorest countries. Adopted in 2000 in Millennium Declaration by all United Nations Member States. It was a historic moment, as world leaders committed to tackle extreme poverty in its many dimensions and create a better life for everyone. 8 measurable goals; progress is tracked against 21 targets and 60 indicators, with specific dates for achieving each component. To be accomplished by 2015. The goals are: 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achieve universal primary education 3. Promote gender equality and empower women 4. Reduce child mortality 5. Improve maternal health 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development CRITICISMS lack of analysis and justification for chosen objectives and difficulty or lack of measurements for some of the goals; uneven progress towards reaching the goals · Measures fail to capture adequately quality of life · MDGs neglect agriculture sector and agricultural reforms even though a majority of the target population is rural subsistence farmers ·MDGs neglect civil and political rights · Ultimately no way to compel developed countries to meet their responsibilities (goal of .7 percent of donors' GNP) · MDGs lack emphasis on sustainability making their future after 2015 questionable WHERE THEY ARE NOW 2012 Report on MDGs = Targets on poverty, slums and water have been met three years ahead of 2015 Progress towards reaching the goals has been uneven. Some countries have achieved many of the goals, while others are not on track to realize any. China and India = major countries that have achieved their goals; China halved its population living on $1/day by 2008 However, countries in Sub-Saharan Africa region have yet to make any drastic changes in improving quality of life, and are at a major risk of not meeting the MDGs by 2015

North Carolina Justice (November 28)

Social Justice Program which Carol Brooke works with. This is the state's preeminent voice for economic, social, and political justice. Their mission is to eliminate poverty in NC by ensuring every household in the State has access to the resources, services, and fair treatment it needs to achieve economic security.

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)

Structural Adjustment Programs are IMF-mandated policies that commonly include privatization, deregulation, and liberalization; Policies prescribed also led to the end of state intervention in economies by reducing social welfare spending and "kicking away the ladder". SAPs were "one-size-fits-all" programs imposed on third world countries in the late 1970s/early 1980s. SAPs are the economic policies that are the conditions (or conditionality) that debt burdened Third World countries have to follow to qualify for IMF and World Bank loans; These loans were meant to help the countries repay their older debts to commercial banks, governments, and the World Bank. They have often had tremendously negative consequences however, often leading to even greater debt.

Third Wave

Term coined by Samuel P. Huntington. Third wave of democracy. The Third wave began in 1974 (Carnation Revolution, Portugal) and included the historic democratic transitions in Latin America in the 1980s and Eastern Europe after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Exact tallies of the number of democracies vary depending on the criteria used for assessment, but by some measures there are well over 100 democracies in the world today, a marked increase in just a few decades. Many of these newer democracies are not fully "consolidated," however, meaning that while they have electoral institutions in place, political democracy remains fragile. Reasons for this fragility include economic instability, continued elite dominance of politics, ongoing military interference in civilian affairs, and others. Many political scientists and theorists believe that the third wave has crested and will soon begin to ebb, just as its predecessors did. Indeed, in the period immediately following the onset of the "war on terror" after the September 11, 2001 attacks on the United States, some backsliding was evident. How significant or lasting that erosion was remains a subject of debate.

Washington Consensus

Term coined in 1989 by Economist Williamson to refer to a set of ten specific economic policy prescriptions put forward by Washington, D.C.-based institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and the U.S. Treasury Development as the "standard" reform package promoted for developing countries in crisis. This original term still included some social welfare state Keynesian ideas. Over time, however, it came to be used in a second, broader, sense to refer to a more general orientation towards a strongly market-based approach (neoliberalism); policies had to be followed as conditions for foreign aid and assistance. Williamson criticized this second usage saying it "never enjoyed a consensus [in Washington] or anywhere much else" and can be said to be dead." Some of the golden rules of this market-based approach included: 1) private sector as primary engine of growth 2) low inflation 3) shrinking state bureaucracy 4) balanced budget 5) low tariffs 6) deregulate finance and currency and capital markets 7) eliminate corruption

Cohen (Nov 28)

The New Colonialists — a critique of modernist approaches to development based on Dependency Theory. Recovering/Developing nations are sharing more and more power with aid agencies, depriving them of the opportunity of learning how to self-govern. NGOs also have no incentive to work quickly and get out of the way — they'd be out of a job. Accountability is needed, not just to donors, but to citizens of the states NGOs are operating in.

Myths about African Poverty

The Sachs reading discusses the myths about Africa that are prevalent in discourse on Africa's development. They include: Poverty is caused by rampant political corruption, Africans lack modern values and knowledge (don't know how to tell time), problem is lack of open markets as economic freedom solves all problems, problem is lack of democracy, and globalization will fix everything as it spreads. Sachs disproves these. African countries not more corrupt than similar $ countries, Africans DO tell time and are aware of their situation, democracy nor open market related to wealth, globalization doesn't reach everywhere (rural areas).

Third World

The Third World is a new term that developed after WWII regarding a new category of countries that were underdeveloped, as opposed to growing capitalist countries (First World) and Communist powers (Second World). Challenges that the Third World faced included very little industrialization as a result of mainly agrarian societies, low income, low life expectancies, low education, high child mortality rates, etc. It's also important to note that many countries of the Third World at this time were still colonies, and this greatly impacted their economic development after they gained freedom between the 1940s and 1960s.

Truman Doctrine

The Truman Doctrine included U.S. foreign policy of providing economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey because they were threatened by Communism in the form of $400 million in American aid, but no military intervention, the mobilizing of American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention, and the bringing of nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy. This idea of helping others develop was very new, and Point Four was part of the Truman Doctrine.

World Health Organization

The WHO is a UN agency and one of many players engaged in international health issues, such as setting standards, analyzing national performance, collecting data, research, targeted disease alleviation, etc. · Created as the League of Nations Health Organization in 1921 with Rockefeller Foundation funding and support; later reorganized as World Health Organization within the United Nations system on April 7, 1948. Grew to become one of most well respected UN agencies and has undertaken important and massive job of collecting data and analysis of health systems around the world = Provide most data that is analyzed and discussed by policymakers and scholars. · Over time, WHO came to be challenged by other international health actors and began redefining field. Moved from definition of international health to the creation of global health

World Bank

The World Bank began as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) after Bretton Woods and was originally focused on financing reconstruction after WWII. After the success of these programs, the World Bank began focusing on aiding the development of countries. It is also involved in SAPs along with the IMF and other International Financial Institutions (IFIs), but unlike the IMF, it is more focused on long-term development. 2 important agencies of the World Bank include IBRD, which now focuses on middle income countries, and the International Development Association (IDA) which focuses on the poorest countries. Its other three agencies tend to give loans to private corporations and dispute mechanisms. Membership of World Bank is contingent on membership of IMF.

Mallaby

The World's banker — proposes a development framework focused on the donors and their structures, rather than the aid recipients. Says development must be widely distributed and participatory, free from restrictions imposed under structural adjustment loans. Specifically says that would mean getting rid of red tape, allowing countries to implement their own development procedures. Successful aid needs domestic policy to direct it.

Relativism vs. Universalism

The debate with regards to human rights over whether the right to cultural sovereignty supersedes supposedly universal rights like gender equality. France's recent attempts to ban headscarves in public schools are an example of Universalism, which says the rights granted to someone as a human (or in their case, as a member of the French Republic) should supersede other cultural identities.

Cultural Contamination

The fear that globalizing influences, when paired with cultures that have had historically different values than those represented under the neoliberal regime, will wipe out those valuable native cultures.

American Exceptionalism

The idea that the United States should be exempt from ratifying Human Rights treaties because to do so would place too many limits on its ability to act and trade in the global market. Loss of sovereignty. Only nation other than Somalia not to sign Convention on Rights of the Child (1990); one of seven nations not to sign treaty eliminating discrimination against women.

"Progress"

The quotes refer to the idea that the ways we traditionally measure progress, like GDP, are not necessarily indicators of better quality of life or sustainable growth. Critical analysis of the term leads us to question the biases inherent in the western definition of "progress" and how that bias is reflected in our policy toward developing regions.

Cultural Imperialism

The various aspects of globalization that have promoted growing contacts between different cultures, leading partly to greater understanding and cooperation and partly to the emergence of transnational communities and hybrid identities · A primary critique of cultural globalization argues that globalization or multinational capitalism leads to cultural convergence and homogenization; · The rich variety of the world's cultures will be lost because of globalization's cultural imperialism

International Financial Institutions (IFIs)

These include the IMF and the World Bank among others involved in providing countries with SAPs and PRSPs and what-not.

Weisner, Baker, Rosnick

Third installment since 2001 of analysis of Washington Consensus and its impacts. They find that despite a large drop-off between 1980 and 2005, world GDPs had begun to turn around, especially in lower quintiles. Also noted significant improvements in other social indicators, like health, education. Reasons for this rebound could include: abandonment of failed policies, rebound effect, Asian nations becoming more independent of IMF borrowing, China's explosive growth having effects regionally and globally on commodity exporters.

Life and Debt

This 2001 documentary explores the effects of neoliberalism and SAPs on Jamaica. As Jamaica became independent, they didn't have systems to keep up their economy, and they were forced to receive SAPs from IMF, which have tremendously hurt their economy. 25 years after loans were started, Jamaica owed $4.5 billion to IFIs. Only about 5% of money lent to Jamaica actually stayed in Jamaica. The rest was used for repayment of debt. Furthermore, the oil shock near late 70s early 80s greatly hurt the Jamaican economy even more.

Trinkets and Beads

This film demonstrates other examples of cultural imperialism: the long standing practice of missionary work in shaping and re-shaping cultures/societies and the role of international corporations on cultures · The Huoarani = Ecuadorian Amazon Indian tribe struggles to protect its traditional land and culture in conflict with missionaries and international corporations (oil and logging) · Depicts layers of "culture": Huoarani, Ecuadorian, international religion, international capitalism, etc. · In 1993, the Huoarani filed an environmental law suit against Texaco for destruction of ecology and health impacts on local communities · In February 2011, court rules that Chevron, which bought Texaco in 2001 and inherited the law suit, is liable for $18 billion in damages. In addition, the Huoarani have been given rights to a protected reserve on 1/6 of their former land · While trying to protect their traditional culture, the Huoarani have to modernize to fight legal battle in specific cultural forms

Golden Straitjacket

This term was coined by the journalist Thomas Friedman. Basically, all governments who wanted economic growth under Washington Consensus policies had to fit into a "golden straitjacket" of capitalism. There was either bland vanilla free market capitalism (Washington Consensus policies) or North Korean style Communism. People realized over time, however, that there are many different kinds of capitalism.

Westernization vs. Americanization vs. "New Global Culture"

Tomlinson and Cowen chapters analyze influence of Hollywood movies and TV and ask whether consumption of American media/films leads to westernization or Americanization of cultures · We also need to ask: Are Hollywood movies representing "true" American culture or do they create a new global culture with universal appeal. Many U.S. critics of Hollywood suggest that these images and ideas do not reflect American culture; moreover can we say there is one cohesive American culture? · The discussion in the readings highlight that: o cultures are more sophisticated in what they take in or ignore when encountering foreign culture than they are given credit for o cultural values resist manipulation and invasion o not all aspects of a "global culture" are bad, such as freedoms, liberties, ideas of equality, hygiene and food safety, health care, etc.

Point Four

Truman's Point Four was detailed in his inauguration address of 1949. This fourth point talked about how the US and the developed world had the responsibility of helping out the developing world. This was the first time that this kind of idea came to the forefront of American politics and it was quite revolutionary. The goal was to modernize the developing world so that they could enjoy the scientific and industrial progress that the developed world had enjoyed. The method for intervention was greatly inspired by the Marshall Plan's success in Europe, but many criticized this as a new colonialism pushing capitalism. The US referred to it as decolonization, however.

Varieties of Capitalism

Unlike Friedman's idea of the golden straitjacket, this is basically the fact that there are many different versions of capital that work for different countries worldwide, not just Washington Consensus style neoliberalism.

Civil Society

Voluntary civic and social organizations, associations, and networks; how citizens organize to represent their interests and desires to the state or others (businesses/international community, etc). · Alexis de Tocqueville wrote Democracy in America, based on U.S. visits in 1830s and his impressions of civic association. He argued that because the United States had a lot of civil organizations and associations it was more democratic than France (or Europe). Because citizens were responsive to each other through social engagement, they expected government leaders to exercise these ties and make government representative. · Many claims about what benefits of civil society are: democracy, transparency, participation, free market exchanges, trust, social capital. Civil society improves civility, trust, cooperation, reciprocity; allows collective action, watchdog of/counterweight to the state for better governance. Citizens taking control of their destinies. Conflict resolution. Community building. Among otherfs. · Civil Society is often called "the third sector" because it exists as separate from the state and the market. Its role is to fill in gaps between family, market, and state

"Good" vs. "Bad" Civil Society

We tend to focus on good, beneficial organizations that make up civil society, such as recreational groups, churches, etc. Another side of civil society exists, however, that can actually threaten peace and democracy. Such groups include Nazis, the KKK, etc.

The Scorecard on Development

Weisbrot and Ray reading that discusses the results of close econometric analysis of Washington Consensus policies on development. In 2005 when first study was done, it was shown that there was a sharp decline in GDP growth for all groups analyzed except the poorest quintile because of Washington Consensus policies. According to this study, much of the world was significantly worse off in 2005 compared to 1980. When a study was done again in 2011, however, there was significant economic as well as social improvement in the countries analyzed, and this was seen as a result of more heterodox economic policies in countries such as Brazil, Argentina, and Russia, that focused less on Washington Consensus ideals.

World Bank in Global Health

World Bank, which was founded after WWII as part of the Bretton Woods institutions, initially played no role in health. Over the last 20 years became the largest financer of health projects in developing countries and one of world's largest supporters in fight against HIV/AIDS · Through 1980s and 1990s, World Bank advised governments around world to reduce expenditure on health in policy prescriptions of the neoliberal, "Washington Consensus", ilk = liberalization and privatization => less public funding for health and increase user fees to generate financing for health. The World Bank approach drew criticism but became a dominant paradigm · Gradually moved into family planning, targeted disease work (river blindness), maternal and child health, focus on govt funds for primary health away from hospital care, insurance options, competition in service delivery

Zakaria

Writes about the differences in liberal and illiberal democracies, constitutional liberalism, etc. Writes: constitutional liberalism is about the limitation of power, democracy about its accumulation and use. For this reason, many eighteenth- and nineteenth-century liberals saw in democracy a force that could undermine liberty. James Madison explained in The Federalist that "the danger of oppression" in a democracy came from "the majority of the community." Tocqueville warned of the "tyranny of the majority," writing, "The very essence of democratic government consists in the absolute sovereignty of the majority."

Harcourt

Wrote "The Millennium Development Goals: A missed opportunity?" Generally pessimistic about the MDG's, asking "the real concern is the political process of how the MDGs were framed and are now being proposed. At a micro-level, neither there is little accountability or transparency nor a sense of global responsibility. Why are national reports for the South insisted upon for all targets and for the North only for Goal 8 (on partnership and development cooperation)? Why and how are all these calculations on the funding required being made? " CORE OF HER ARGUMENT It is perhaps not too late to challenge the MDG process, particularly given the sense of failure and cynicism that pervades,as many of the articles in the issue show. If the MDGs are a process to set an agenda and mobilize actors behind it, who are the UN mobilizing? It seems from many of the articles that the UN can mobilize 'a-political' technical expertise, to some extent funds, but not much more. The UN cannot impose its agenda on key actors who are at the centre of main world events and they are struggling to galvanize the kind of on the ground political process that would be necessary to achieve the MDGs. The game the UN plays, and has always been playing, is government-to-government accountability. This game does not work anymore against neo- con unilateralists, nor does it work when the key issue is the accountability of governments to their own people. The MDGs could be a good occasion for the UN to try to break away from its highly limiting government-to-government game, notably by trying to link up seriously with civil society. But this is not happening and if it does not happen, the UN will have missed a chance to reinvent itself through the MDG process.

First Generation Human Rights

are issues of physical safety. They protect against violations of political and civil liberties, political imprisonment, torture, and summary execution. These ideas of human rights have an ideological bent toward liberalism, but there is broad international consensus that these are human rights.

Klein

from "The Shock Doctrine." Her basic thesis is that the neoliberal regime in the U.S. orchestrated cataclysmic economic crises in order that it could install its own brand of neoconservative capitalism on developing nations and Europe. Cites the Marshall plan, "shock therapy" in Latin America, deliberate statistical malpractice in U.S. relations with Canada, as examples of Chicago School economists manipulating world markets to create conditions favorable to private corporations.

Second Generation Human Rights

human rights focus on socioeconomic issues of access to food, shelter, and work Increasingly, international community is bringing attention to more complex human rights issues such as rights to freedom of religion, politics, language, social welfare, health and health care. These human rights issues are typically linked with political ideologies. These is less consensus on classifying these as human rights, as they can be seen as having a political agenda.

Global Civil Society Promotion

international actors from all western countries undertook efforts to transform governments or transition governments to liberal democracies. Civil Society was seen as "the magic bullet." They began to promote things like NGOs, which are seen as a crucial building block of civil society and essential to democracy. NGOs have been active in global issues from 1830s onward. The United Nations begins foster space for civil society organizations/NGOs in late 1940s, but massive growth in the NGO sector occurred in the post-Cold War era. • Civil society and NGOs were seen as a panacea in response to the withdrawal of governments from development after the Cold War and as a response to the Washington Consensus, which through conditioned loans by the World Bank and IMF to debt-laden developing states, created pressures for states in poorer countries to shrink. Civil Society at its core is about identifying a need or gap and finding a better (as in, more effective, efficient, fun, innovative, creative, etc.) way to fill that gap.

Procedural Democracy (Polyarchy)

• According to Robert Dahl, the following conditions are necessary for a "polyarchy" or procedural democracy: 1) Elected officials 2) Free, fair and regular elections 3) Freedom of expression 4) Alternative sources of information/adversarial press 5) Associational autonomy 6) Inclusive citizenship • Countries with these additional characteristics are called liberal democracies or constitutional democracies

Comprehensive Development Framework

• In World Bank attempt to rethink development, a new development strategy emerged = Comprehensive Development Framework. In this vision, governments must adhere to a 14-point check list and prepare a number of documents, including a detailed plan for uplifting the poor, in order to receive World Bank and IMF assistance. The plan is called the Poverty Reduction Strategy Plan (PRSP) and each document can be hundreds of pages and take months and months to prepare. • In this rethink, World Bank now includes the following considerations in development: o Governance matters - corruption is key issue o GDP growth is not only consideration - health, environment, poverty inequality all matter o Tailor aid to specific conditions o Broad-based consultation - "Participatory Development" - civil society consultation; input from donors and other constituencies

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

• NGOs are characterized by voluntary action, operating under strong norms of open membership, and democratic decision-making. Generally, they seek to spread "progress" through activities such as: o Watchdogs of governments and corporations o Information sharing, awareness raising, education o Advocacy o Lobbying, criticize, and convince governments, corporations, citizens, IOs to change behaviors/practices o service provision o Fundraising o Marketing and branding of their own organization and competition with other NGOs • Spheres of activities in which NGOs work: o Aid and development o Anti-globalization o Human Rights o Culture and Arts o Identity and Nationalism o Norms o Immigration and Labor o Health o Environment • All of these are "virtuous" goals, but there is also another side of civil society/NGOs

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• Next day, Dec 10, 1948 = UN approved comprehensive Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) = Preamble and 30 articles intended as a road map to guarantee the rights of every individual everywhere General statement of principles in the UDHR: as a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations, to the end that every individual and every organ of society, keeping this Declaration constantly in mind, shall strive by teaching and education to promote respect for these rights and freedoms and by progressive measures, national and international, to secure their universal and effective recognition and observance... UDHR is one component of the International Bill on Human Rights