human dev ch 4
A string of consonant-vowel combinations, such as "da, da, da," or "ba, ba, ba, ba," is known as
babbling
Some experts view the remarkable similarities in children's language acquisition all over the world as strong evidence that language has a ______ basis.
biological
Which of the following social interactions is important in language development?
caregiver responsiveness
Wernicke's area is associated with language
comprehension.
What must infants have in order to make generalizations about objects?
concepts
The sounds that infants make to express pleasure during interactions with a caregiver are called
cooing
What is the sensorimotor substage in which infants tend to make A-not-B errors more frequently?
coordination of secondary circular reactions
Which activity do infants first demonstrate to get their needs met?
crying
Which sound do infants demonstrate first?
crying
What is the process by which information is transferred to memory?
encoding
Assimilation occurs when children use ______ schemes to deal with new information or experiences.
existing
Statistical learning requires
exposure.
True or false: In infancy, spoken vocabulary far exceeds receptive vocabulary.
false
True or false: Piaget believed that children are like sponges and passively absorb information from the world around them.
false
Baby Rebecca is putting her hands by her face. She accidentally puts her thumb in her mouth. She reflexively begins to suck on her thumb. Later in the day, she tries to put her thumb back into her mouth, and the assumption is that she enjoyed sucking her thumb earlier and is trying to repeat the action. Which sensorimotor substage is Rebecca in?
first habits and primary circular reactions
When infants repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are engaging in which sensorimotor substage?
first habits and primary circular reactions
When babies repeat a body sensation first experienced by chance, they are most likely in the second sensorimotor substage, which is characterized by
first habits and primary circular reactions.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three strategies used by adults to enhance children's acquisition of language?
gesturing
An infant smacking their lips to indicate that they want food or drink is an example of
gesturing.
Which of the following is NOT an example of a common first-word type for an American infant?
goes
Chomsky proposed that a language acquisition device allows children to do all of the following, EXCEPT
hear spoken words.
According to Skinner's theory of operant conditioning, if an infant's behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, the behavior
is likely to recur.
Rebeca, a 14-month-old infant, and her mother are looking at a picture book. Her mother points to a picture of a dog and says, "Look, there's a doggie!" Rebeca repeats the word doggie. What concept does this example illustrate?
joint attention
After an infant babbles, her mother immediately smiles and touches her. According to the environmental influence perspective, what behavior will the infant most likely display following her mother's response?
more speech-like sounds
At the beginning of the sensorimotor stage, ______ have little more than reflexes with which to work.
newborns
Baby Arshiya has awakened in her crib. She cries to alert her parents that she is awake. Arshiya stands in her crib, hanging onto the bars and watching the door. When her mother opens the door and comes in, Arshiya stops crying, smiles, and waves. What attentional concept does this example describe?
orienting/investigative process
What process involves directing attention to potentially important locations in the environment and recognizing objects and their features?
orienting/investigative process
In the English language, the letters "thr" may be combined as in the word "throat." However, the letters may not be combined in the order "rht." This is an example of
phonology
Lack of __________, a type of gesture, may indicate a problem in a baby's ability to communicate.
pointing
A circular reaction is a(n) ______ action.
repetitive
Grasping, strategies for problem solving, driving a car, and balancing a budget are all examples of ______, according to Piaget.
schemes
In Piaget's theory, actions or mental representations that organize knowledge are called
schemes
A bottle is placed in baby Erika's mouth. She begins to suck on the nipple immediately. In which sensorimotor substage is baby Erika?
simple reflexes
The sensorimotor substage in which sensation and action are coordinated primarily through such behaviors as rooting and sucking is called
simple reflexes.
Joint attention enables children to use their ______ skills to acquire language.
social
Millicent knows what a ball is but cannot say the word "ball." She has not yet incorporated the word into her
spoken vocabulary.
As infants extract an increasing number of potential word forms from the speech stream they hear, they begin to associate these with concrete, perceptually available objects in their world. This is referred to as
statistical learning.
Terry's mother is playing ball with him. She takes the ball and hides it behind the chair. Terry crawls over to the chair and gets the ball. Terry's mother then hides the ball behind the door. Terry crawls back to the chair and looks there for the ball. What concept describes Terry's actions?
A-not-B error
Which of the following are components of language? (Choose every correct answer.)
- words used by a community - rules for varying words - rules for combining words
______ research suggested that infants were capable of deferred imitation at an earlier age than Piaget theorized.
Meltzoff's
Which theorist believed that children learn language in specific contexts and through interaction?
Michael Tomasello
Which of the following statements regarding child-directed speech is NOT true?
Parents purposefully speak in child-directed speech to each other once they have a baby.
______ involves how sounds are used and how sounds are combined.
Phonology
By as early as ______ months of age, an infant can recognize their name when someone says it.
5
At what age do infants begin gesturing?
7 to 15 months
While Piaget believed that deferred imitation doesn't occur until about a year-and-a-half of age, Meltzoff showed that ______ infants could imitate actions they had seen performed 24 hours before.
9-month-old
Which of the following statements is true regarding common first words?
A child's first words are usually things that he or she is familiar with.
If an infant exhibits a lack of pointing in the communication system, which of the following is true?
The infant has a problem in the communication system and should be assessed for possible developmental disabilities.
Someone who has poor comprehension and often produces fluent but incomprehensible speech may have damage to what region of the brain?
Wernicke's area
A child sees a zebra for the first time. She says, "Horse!" What Piagetian concept does this example describe?
assimilation
Michelle, an infant, is looking intently at her mother as she sings her a song. Which of the following best describes what Michelle is demonstrating?
attention
The focusing of mental resources is known as
attention
Which of the following are reasons language scholars believe that language has a biological basis?
- Particular regions of the brain are predisposed to be used for language. - Damage to certain areas of the brain affect a person's ability to speak or understand language. - Children acquire language in a remarkably similar way all over the world.
Which of the following are required for joint attention?
- an ability to track another's behavior - one person directing another's attention - reciprocal interaction
Which of the following are characteristic of child-directed speech?
- exaggerated intonation - higher pitch - simple words
Which two of the following are essential for the ability to speak and understand language?
- nervous system - vocal apparatus
Parents and teachers who provide a rich verbal learning environment for children do which of the following to attain positive outcomes?
- pay attention to what children try to say - read to them - label things in their environment
Darlene's infant daughter does not yet recognize her name when someone says it. What is the oldest she is likely to be?
4 months old
Order the sequence of babies' sounds during the first year of life, beginning with the earliest form at the top.
1. crying 2.cooing 3. accidentally imitating sounds 4. babbling 5. intentionally imitating language sounds
The "vocabulary spurt," when it happens, usually occurs between ______ and 24 months.
18
At what age do infants begin cooing?
2 to 4 months
According to Piaget, at what age does the sensorimotor period end?
24 months
Which of the following is evidence of the biological foundation of language?
Children around the world acquire language milestones at about the same time and about the same order.
What does Tomasello's interaction view of language emphasize?
Children learn language in specific contexts.
______ are cognitive groupings of similar objects, events, people, or ideas.
Concepts
What is the main finding in Rovee-Collier's experiment of infant memory?
Infants can retain information from the experience of being conditioned.
Which of the following statements about language development is true?
Infants can say 50 words at about 18 months.
Chomsky believed that children are born into the world with a language
acquisition device.
Piaget believed that children ______ their own cognitive worlds.
actively construct
Reciprocal interaction is one component of
joint attention.
Which of the following gave most humans an edge over other animals and increased the chances of human survival?
language
______ is a form of communication that is based on a system of symbols.
language
Which of the following involves the retention of information over time?
memory
Piaget believed that we build ______ structures that help us understand the world and adjust to new environmental demands.
mental
In the first habits and primary circular reactions substage, the main focus is on
the infant's own body.
With what is Broca's area associated?
the production of words
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of early vocalizations?
to practice the semantics of language
True or false: One of the functions of early vocalizations is to attract attention.
true
The rapid increase in vocabulary that begins at approximately 18 months of age is called the
vocabulary spurt.