Global Health
African horse sickness is a disease of horses with cardiac and pulmonary signs. It is caused by an orbivirus that is transmitted by biting midges, but cannot be transmitted by casual contact. This is an example of a
Communicable disease
As an accredited veterinarian, you will submit samples for USDA Program Disease testing to:
A laboratory that has been approved by APHIS to run the specific test needed. the Program Disease testing must be done by an APHIS-approved laboratory. The laboratory must be approved for the specific test needed. Not all NAHLN labs are approved to test for every program disease. So check your resources before submitting.
A foreign animal disease diagnostician (FADD) is
A veterinarian who has received special training in identification, sampling, submission and investigation of foreign animal diseases.
What is the purpose of ILRI? A. Govern and enforce agriculture laws and regulations B. Prevent and respond to bioterrorism C. Research on building sustainable use of livestock to help alleviate poverty in low-income countries D. Veterinary medical research E. Provide resources and assistance to countries after natural disasters
C. Research on building sustainable use of livestock to help alleviate poverty in low-income countries
Regulates the importation of dogs, cats, monkeys and other animals that can carry zoonotic diseases
CDC
Which of these answers describe the incident command system (ICS)?
Can be used for routine or planned events as well as emergencies, An organizational framework that establishes job responsibilities and facilitates a smooth working response, Can be scaled to very large or very small responses, Has proven to be cost effective and efficient.
The pseudorabies (PRV) program has transitioned from eradication to surveillance. Which is NOTcurrently part of the surveillance for pseudorabies?
Capturing and testing of feral swine
You are planning to do a lot of horse work when you graduate. What type of accreditation would be best for you to fully serve your clients?
Category 2
Which role is one a private veterinarian will do related to foreign animal disease in the United States?
Collect samples for surveillance efforts in an outbreak Private veterinarians may be asked to collect samples for surveillance during an outbreak. It is likely NAHLN laboratories will be assisting with the laboratory testing at this time. Once NVSL or FADDL confirms the outbreak, the approved NAHLN laboratories can run the FAD tests.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about the OIE?
It is the global international organization that makes the rules of trade between nations
A successful eradication program typically has multiple elements. Which of the following is NOT a common component of an effective eradication program?
Mandatory veterinary inspections every three months
Teams of responders usually under the State animal health agencies or departments who are volunteers and respond to situations within their State. Roles and training requirements vary depending on the State.
SART
The difference between an Federal Veterinary Official and a State Animal Health Official (SAHO) is
The Federal Veterinary Official is a federal employee who has responsibility for a state and the SAHO is a state employee with responsibility for the state. These two individuals have overlapping and complementary roles and it is important they work together. The Federal Veterinary Official is the federal employee with responsibilities for a certain state and the SAHO is a state employee with responsibilities for the state that employs her/him.
Codex Alimentarius was jointly established by the WHO and the The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) Heifer International (HI) United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)
In the United States, the primary responsibility for protection against foreign animal diseases is assigned to:
The United States Department of Agriculture-Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS)
One responsibility of an accredited veterinarian (AV) is to accurately complete health certificates. By signing a health certificate, the AV is attesting to:
The animal's identification and lack of apparent illness when it was inspected by the veterinarian.
Many control and eradication programs have a program where herds that meet certain testing and monitoring standards can receive a special status (e.g., Certified Brucellosis-Free herds, Scrapie Export Monitored Category). What is an advantage of such a status for the herd owner?
The animals can generally move (interstate or internationally) with less testing. certification often increase the value of the herd and make the animals desirable as herd replacements or for export and they may be able to move more freely and possibly fewer pre-movement tests.
EMPRES
Emergency Prevention System for Transboundary Animal and Plant Pests and Diseases Est. 1994 - Rinderpest Eradication Program Major role in fight against transboundary animal diseases at a global level with emphasis on developing countries. Goal: Protect livestock from diseases
Animal disease outbreak
Epizootic
Which of these is NOT part of UNICEF's Sustainable Development Goals? Every child survives and thrives Every child learns Every child is protected from violence and exploitation Every child lives in a safe and clean environment Every child has access to technology
Every child has access to technology
What is the FAO?
FAO: A specialized agency of the United Nations that leads international efforts to eliminate hunger, malnutrition, and poverty in a sustainable manner Established in 1945 in Quebec, Canada at the 1st UN session Inter-Governmental Organization with 194 member nations
The USDA works closely with which two entities to provide assistance and coordination during all-hazards emergencies, including natural disasters? FEMA and OIE FEMA and CDC FEMA and FDA FEMA and DHS FEMA and UNICEF
FEMA and DHS
Based on the human population projections, the current level of food production will be able to provide enough food for the world population in 2050
False
Less than 50% of new emerging human infectious diseases have been vector-borne or zoonotic.
False
who responds to a FAD?
Federal USDA, Wildlife services, Homeland Security, health and human services, department of defense, FBI, EPA, State and local regulatory entities, Professional associations and industry representatives.
what is a cooperative disease program?
Federal, State and Industry cooperation on disease control or eradication. Legacy programs such as bovine tuberculosis 1917, bovine brucellosis in 1934 and Scrapie in 1952. Basic requirements for all cooperative animal health programs include- official identification of animals, official testing of animals, official laboratories performing diagnostic testing, movement certificates or interstate permitting where required.
Monitor costs of response, Paychecks, Overtime
Finance/Administration
There is an outbreak of an infectious agent known to be transmitted directly and transmitted indirectly due to its ability to persist in the environment. Which of the following is a high risk for transmission and something you want to focus on immediately for control?
Fomite transmission
Codex Alimentarius
Food Code → a collection of voluntary international standards, guidelines, and codes of practice Goals 1) Protect consumer health 2) Ensure fair trade Includes standards for all principal foods Includes provisions for food hygiene, additives/residues/contaminants, labeling & presentation, analysis & sampling, import & export Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC) → revises Codex standards as necessary based on science
public health significance of brucellosis?
Food safety concern, unpasteurized products or uncooked meats.
what is the public health significance of Tb?
Food safety concern, unpasteurized products or uncooked meats.
OIE history
Formed in 1924 in response to outbreak of rinderpest in Europe The OIE was created through the international Agreement signed on January 25th in 1924 Predates the UN which was established in 1945 The UN establish the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (or FAO) in 1946 and the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1948 These organizations partially covered aims of the OIE which lead to talk of dissolving the OIE in 1946 and again in 1951 Numerous OIE member countries and delegates opposed this, so the OIE remained
avian influenza concerns
HPAI highly infectious and high mortality zoonosis, can be fatal but low risk of infection to humans economical loss
Which species is the most susceptible to vesicular stomatitis? Swine Cattle Horse Human Mule
Horse
examples of official ID for swine
ID tags, PIN tags or tattoos, silver brite tags or plastic swine tags, universal ear notching, USDA back tags or slaughter tattoos
what are IHCs
IHCs must meet the disease requirements of the importing country and not the USDA.
Mechanisms for the introduction of foreign animal diseases include
Importation of animals and animal products, Wildlife movement, Humans
rabies prevalence in the US
In the U.S., rabies was diagnosed in 5,088 wild animals (primarily bats, raccoons, and skunks) and 420 domestic animals (cats, cattle, and dogs) in 2015. That year, there were three human cases of rabies in the U.S. In California, rabies was diagnosed in 228 wild animals and two domestic animals in 2015.
The organization of the Incident Command System (ICS) is based on five major functional areas. Pick the answer with the correct list of all five functional areas.
Incident Command, Finance/Administration, Logistics, Operations and Planning
Safety, Public Information, Liaison
Incident command
It is unknown how West Nile virus entered the U.S. in 1999. Based on what you know about the virus and how it cycles and replicates in various hosts, what would be the most likely source(s) for introduction:
Infected mosquitoes and birds. Competent mosquitoes and carrier birds replicate the virus to high enough titers to maintain the virus cycle. Horses, humans and other mammals become infected and can develop disease (sometimes severe) but are considered dead end hosts because they do not develop high enough titers in the blood (viremias) for mosquitoes to pick up to continue the cycle.
Cerebrospinal elaphostrongylosis (CSE) is caused by a nematode Elaphostrongylus rangiferi. The lifecycle of the parasite requires an intermediate host. This disease was introduced to Canadian caribou by reindeer from Norway. What is the most likely way the Canadian caribou became infected?
Infected reindeer entered Canada and shed the parasite in their feces, local snails ingested the parasite, and were then ingested by the Canadian caribou. Diseases that require an intermediate host or a vector will only become established if the new country has suitable intermediate host or vector. If they do, these types of diseases are hard to control and eradicate.
What is the OIE
International organization responsible for tracking disease in animals worldwide Maintains a list of most important animals diseases for international trade Created because there was a need to fight animal diseases at the global level Located in Paris, France
Who is in charge of the reportable disease lists?
Internationally set by the World Animal Health Organization (OIE), which requires member countries to notify OIE of detections of listed diseases. Countries can have additional diseases of country interest on the list but must have the OIE listed diseases as a minimum. USDA established the National List of Reportable Diseases for the United States. Diseases are listed by species.
Which of these is NOT a characteristic of an IHC? For export of animals out of the U.S. Required to be endorsed following completion Includes a lot of details and regulations Is valid for 45 days following issuance Requires signature from an accredited veterinarian
Is valid for 45 days following issuance
The Department of Homeland Security's Customs and Border Protection agriculture detector dogs help ensure import quarantine processes are followed by searching passengers, cargo, mail, etc for
Items that may contain harmful plant pests and animal diseases The agriculture canine teams are an important tool for preventing introduction of harmful pests and foreign animal disease.
Secure equipment for the response, Set up computers
Logistics
where is OWS found
ME, SE asia, africa
Goals of the CDC
Main goal is to protect public health and safety through the control and prevention of disease, injury, and disability in the U.S. and internationally
WHO health topics
Mediterranean zoonosis program Healthy cities End TB program Health emergency program Expanded program on immunization
challenges to Tb eradication
Mexican cattle imports, infected humans, wildlife reservoir, poor diagnostics, poor identification and traceability
PAHO objective
Mission Statement: "To lead strategic collaborative efforts among Member States and other partners to promote equity in health, to combat disease, and to improve the quality of, and lengthen, the lives of the peoples of the Americas." Additional Objectives: Promote inclusion of health in all public policies and engagement of all sectors Respond to emergencies and disasters
What is a risk factor for the introduction of M. bovis into previously unaffected US cattle herds? TB reservoirs in native badgers Widespread pasteurization of dairy products Movement of humans and animals from TB prevalent areas A and B A and C
Movement of humans and animals from TB prevalent areas
What is the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis? Mycobacterium bovis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycobacterium bacillus Bacillus bovis Tuberculosis bacillus
Mycobacterium bovis
NIES
National Import/Export Services Endorsement of international health certificates, import permits, and facility inspections/approvals
what is the NCAHS?
National center for animal health surveillance - disease eradication - monitoring and surveillance - biologics - VS laboratories - area offices - trade support - emergency programs - national center for import and export
What kind of disasters do animal health emergency response plans need to address?
Natural disasters, Disease epidemics, Chemical spills, Terrorist attacks
You are a veterinarian licensed in three States. You applied to be accredited in one of the states and received authorization to perform regulatory duties in that state. Does this authorization also apply to the other two states where you are licensed?
No
You were at a client's farm on March 1 to look at a goat because it had gotten in a barbed wire fence and had a small lesion on its neck. You cleaned the wound and had to put in a couple of stitches. Otherwise, the goat looked good. (You did not issue a CVI at this time.) The owner took the stitches out on March 11 and called to let you know everything looked good. She is calling today, April 1, because she would like you to fill out a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) for this goat so she can take it to a show in a neighboring state. She would like to just stop by and pick up the CVI and not bring the goat in. Can you legally do this?
No, a CVI cannot be issued because the last time you examined the goat is outside of the 10-day requirement
Assist in local, State, and Federal responses by providing help with activities, such as animal decontamination, animal evacuation and transportation, animal search and rescue, disaster veterinary care, and emergency animal sheltering.
Non-governmental Response Teams
OIE animal disease data
OIE headquarters was instructed by resolutions passed by International Committee + recommendations by Regional Commissions to establish a single OIE list of notifiable terrestrial + aquatic animal diseases Originally there was a list A and B Wanted a single list to be in line with terminology of the Sanitary + Phytosanitary Agreement of the World Trade Organization Classifies diseases as specific hazards, giving all diseases the same degree of importance in international trade Approved in 2004: OIE defined criteria to examine inclusion/exclusion of a given disease on the OIE single list In 2005 first single list used, however in 2006 a new list of diseases meeting the criteria was created List is reviewed on a regular basis, this info based on 2020 (Full List HERE) Includes 117 Animal Diseases, Infections + Infestations Includes 12 Different Species: Cattle Sheep & Goats Equine Swine Avian LagomorphFish Mollusc Crustacian Amphibians Bees Misc diseases + disease that affect multiple species (see slide for list of multi-species diseases, infections + infestations)
Horn of Africa
Ongoing drought in the Horn of Africa Drought aggravated by climate change and El Niño Areas of concern: Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Northeastern Uganda, and South Sudan. FAO has been providing support since 2016: Livestock Health and Production Access to Food and Water Preparing protocols for if/when rain arrives.
Vaccination, Surveillance Testing, Evacuation of animals, Medical assessments
Operations
Most veterinarians work in the following functional area of the Incident Command System (ICS)
Operations section
Which genus of ticks is a vector of African Swine Fever? Amblyomma Rhipicephalus Ornithodoros Otobius Argas
Ornithodoros
diagnostics for EHV
PCR viral isolation, serum neutralization, ELISA, post mortem IHC of CNS tissues
how to diagnose hendra
PCR, serology
Certification as a practitioner of participatory epidemiology can be acquired through which organization? WHO FAO FDA ILRI PENAPH
PENAPH
Telefood
Part of world food day The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has an annual campaign of broadcasts, concerts, and other events aimed at raising awareness about food hunger and fundraising for hunger-fighting projects
Which of the following is an activity performed only by accredited veterinarians (AVs)?
Perform certain tests on animals on behalf of USDA-APHIS
Which of the following activities does not require a veterinarian to be accredited by USDA's National Veterinarian Accreditation Program, i.e. an accredited veterinarian (AV)?
Performing surgery on any species
sources for country import requirements
Pet Travel Website or the USDA International Animal Export Regulations Website. If information is not available on these sites, contact consulate or embassy for country of destination for requirements.
What virus family does senecavirus belong to? Coronaviridae Retroviridae Flaviviridae Rhabdoviridae Picornaviridae
Picornaviridae
Prepares documents for the Incident Action PlanCollects and evaluates information about the incident
Planning
Which is NOT a member country of the PAHO? Canada Peru Venezuela Portugal United States
Portugal
what happens if you dont comply with federal laws investigated by IES?
Potential noncompliance investigation outcomes for private practitioners could include suspension of accreditation, case dismissal, informal action (letter of information or warning) or formal complaint to the Office of General Counsel.
private practitioner role in bovine brucellosis
Practitioner role: Vaccination, tagging, and tattooing in the right ear. Submit vaccination records within 14 days to the state office.
The Center for Communicable Diseases established in 1946 had a main goal of what? Identifying both communicable and non-communicable diseases Preventing malaria from spreading across the nation Controlling a broader range of communicable diseases Working to not only control disease spread but also its prevention Controlling non-communicable diseases
Preventing malaria from spreading across the nation
This resource provides the specifics of how to follow the law. Contains details on APHIS-approved methods and requirements (e.g. tests to run and how often) for a specific Program Disease.
Program Standards
Majority of the CDC's budget request goes towards which of the following areas? Ensuring global disease protection Buildings, facilities and program support Protecting Americans from infectious diseases Monitoring health and ensuring laboratory excellence Protecting Americans from natural and bioterrorism attacks
Protecting Americans from infectious diseases
mission of APHIS VS
Protects and improves the health, quality, and marketability of our nation's animals, animal products, and veterinary biologics by preventing, controlling, and/or eliminating animal diseases, and monitoring, and promoting animal health and productivity.
What does SPANA do? Provide free veterinary care for companion animals in the U.S. Provide veterinary care for companion animals in the U.S. at a low cost Provide free veterinary care for working animals in need Provide veterinary care for working animals in need at a low cost Provide low cost food to communities in need
Provide free veterinary care for working animals in need
FAOSTAT
Provides free access to food and agriculture data for over 245 countries and territories and covers all FAO regional groupings from 1961 to the most recent year available.
what are the activities of an incident command system?
Public awareness campaign, swift imposition of quarantine and movement controls, rapid diagnosis and reporting, epidemiologic investigation and tracing, increased surveillance, biosecurity measures, C&D measures, depopulation and euthanasia and vaccination as appropriate.
how to test for Senecavirus A
RT PCR of oral, vesicular fluids, tissue samples
What is the gold standard test for diagnosis of Senecavirus? RT-PCR Immunohistochemistry Serology ELISA Diagnosis of exclusion
RT-PCR
human PEP protocol for rabies
Rabies PEP includes immediate wound care, rabies vaccine, and possibly a dose of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG). A previously unvaccinated person will receive 4 doses of rabies vaccine, 1 each on days 0, 3, 7, and 14. Day 0 is the date dose 1 of vaccine is administered. A previous vaccinated person will require only 2 doses of rabies vaccine, 1 each on days 0 and 3; HRIG is not administered to previously vaccinated individuals.
What is The Who's definition of health?
"A state of complete physical, mental and social well being, not restricted to lack of disease or disability" Definition of VPH "The sum of all contributions to the physical, mental, and social well-being of humans through an understanding and application of veterinary science"
FAO's special program for food security
"Food is a Basic Right" -> availability, stability, accessibility - Targets low-income/food-deficit countries - Focuses on areas of high agricultural potential for realistic gains - Employs proven technologies to improve that country's crop variety and agricultural systems → Increase Food Production/Availability
Which phrase represents the ideal that recipients must agree to when receiving aid from Heifer International? "Pay it forward" "Pass on the gift" "See a cow send a cow" "Never help another" "Mooooo"
"Pass on the gift"
Why does UNICEF do what they do?
"UNICEF is mandated by the United Nations General Assembly to advocate for the protection of children's rights, to help meet their basic needs and to expand their opportunities to reach their full potential."
What does UNICEF do?
"UNICEF works in over 190 countries and territories to save children's lives, to defend their rights, and to help them fulfill their potential, from early childhood through adolescence. And we never give up." Child protection and inclusion Child survival Education Social policy UNICEF in emergencies Gender One of the world's largest providers of vaccines Supports children's health and nutrition Provides safe water and sanitation Provides quality education and skill building HIV prevention and treatment for mothers and babies Protects children and adolescents from violence and exploitation
Vision and Mission of ILRI
"to improve food and nutritional security and to reduce poverty in developing countries through research for efficient, safe and sustainable use of livestock—ensuring better lives through livestock"
What is PAHO?
- PAHO is a specialized international health agency that promotes the protection and improvement of human health and living standards in the Americas - Also serves as Regional Office for the Americas of the World Health Organization (WHO) - 51 member countries and territories. - Cooperation and partnership with ministries of health and other government agencies, civil society organizations, universities, social security agencies, community groups and other international agencies
Although certificates may vary with destination, the essential steps to ensure everything is complete and the requirements are met are similar. Please put the following four basic steps in the appropriate order for assuring successful movement of animals.
1. gather 2. set 3. perform 4. complete
ILRI strategy
1. to develop, test, adapt and promote science-based practices that—being sustainable and scalable—achieve better lives through livestock. 2. to provide compelling scientific evidence in ways that persuade decision makers—from farms to boardrooms and parliaments—that smarter policies and bigger livestock investments can deliver significant socio-economic, health and environmental dividends to both poor nations and households. 3. to increase capacity among ILRI's key stakeholders to make better use of livestock science and investments for better lives through livestock.
There are ___ member countries in the OIE, and each country has ___ delegates 182, 2 182, 1 182, 182 196, 2 196, 1
182, 1
WHO member states
194 member states
History of the FAO
1945: established 1950: world census 1955: world food survey 1963: codex alimentarius 1965: committee on world food security 1974-2002: eliminated river blindness 1985: fight vs hunger 1994-2011: eradication of rinderpest 2004: right to food 2012: guidelines on tenure rights 2015: port state measures
How many sterile male flies are released weekly in the Screwworm Barrier Maintenance Program? 10 thousand 1 million 20 million 50 thousand 3.3 thousand
20 million
how quickly does brucellosis need to be reported
24 hrs
how often do you have to renew your accreditation?
3 yrs, regardless of cat 1 or 2
Equine Herpesvirus Myeloencephalopathy (EHM) must be reported to CDFA in what time period: 24 hours after detection 48 hours after detection With in 30 day of detection With in one calendar year of detection It is not a reportable disease to CDFA
48 hours after detection
EHM needs to be reported when
48 hrs
An important operating guideline in ICS is called the "span of control" and it specifies the number of individuals that one supervisor can effectively manage during an emergency response. What is the optimal number of individuals a supervisor should manage?
5
How many OIE-recognized Foot and Mouth Disease Statuses are there? 4 7 6 5 3
6
You are a Category 2 accredited veterinarian. How many supplemental training modules (similar to CE requirements) are you required to complete in a three-year cycle for renewal of your Category 2 accreditation?
6
A foreign animal disease could enter the United States on/in
A salted dried ham sandwich, The boots of a traveler who while traveling internationally walked the footpaths where animals graze, An infected human traveler
What is WHO?
A specialized agency of the United Nations that focuses on international public health. Combat both communicable and non-communicable diseases. 1 HQ (Genova, Switzerland) 6 Regional Offices 150 Field Offices
OIE veterinary services
A working community in which every country of the world protects the health & welfare of animals Primarily Public Service Veterinarians Public Sector Personnel Self-employed veterinarians in the private sector Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) Pathway & Veterinary Education Empowers national Veterinary Services to improve animal health system National School of Veterinary Services (Lyon, France) Conferences
What is the scientific name of the New World Screwworm? A. Cochliomyia hominivorax B. Stomoxys calcitrans C. Musca autumnalis D. Haematobia irritans E. Chrysomya bezziana
A. Cochliomyia hominivorax
Reportable diseases can include
APHIS regulated diseases such as pseudorabies, tuberculosis, Those posing a public health threat, like rabies, Foreign animal diseases/pests such as screwworm or foot-and-mouth disease, Endemic diseases such as leptospirosis, depending on the State's requirements
accreditation vs. authorization
Accreditation is US and State government approval of private practitioners to perform official regulatory functions. Authorization is granting an accredited veterinarian the right to perform regulatory functions in additional state. Accredited once and must be authorized in each state you are licensed to work. Accreditation is voluntary.
what are the TB state statuses or zones?
Accredited free, modified Accredited Advance, Modified accredited, accreditation preparatory, non-accredited
What is the USDA's Criteria for states or zones to gain bTB Free Status? Must have had a bovine tuberculosis prevalence of less than 0.01 percent Accredited-free states or zones have a herd prevalence of zero for bTB in cattle & bison Must have had a bovine tuberculosis prevalence of less than 0.1 percent Must have had a bovine tuberculosis prevalence of less than 0.5 percent of the total number of cattle Must have had an unknown bovine tuberculosis prevalence or a tuberculosis herd prevalence of 0.5 percent or greater
Accredited-free states or zones have a herd prevalence of zero for bTB in cattle & bison
WHO objective
Affect one billion + people by ensuring universal health coverage, protection from health emergencies, and better - - Improve access to quality services, medicine, and health products -- Sustainable financing and financial protection -- Train health workforce and advise labor policies -- Support people's participation in national health policies -- Improve monitoring, data, information
International trade (if it was shut down) may resume following a foreign animal disease outbreak
After the OIE standards for the disease are met. The OIE's Terrestrial Animal Health Code and Aquatic Animal Health Code outline the recommendations for determining when a country will be classified as disease-free. The OIE standards, which must be satisfied before international trade resumes, serve to reassure international trading partners that a country's animal exports are safe.
requirements for animals traveling by air
Airlines have their own requirements. Typically require health certificate within 10-14 days which includes a signed statement about safe temperature ranges for the animal. Airlines may refuse to ship animals if environmental temperature <45F or >85 F. Animals should not generally be sedated for air travel as sedation is the most frequent cause of death as it increases the risk of cardiovascular/respiratory problems and impairs the ability to maintain balance and equilibrium.
What does the FAO do?/activities
Regular Program → Internal Operations: Data analysis, policy & planning consultation, international cooperation & collaboration Financed by Member Nations Field Program → Day-to-Day Operations: that provide assistance to governments and rural communities; ranges widely! Financed by Trust Fund donors 60%, UN Development Program 22%, FAO 16%
What is the technical cooperation program in the FAO?
Allows FAO to draw from its own resources to provide member countries with technical expertise upon request - Priority given to developing countries/islands - Developmental or emergency assistance Projects are approval based on 4 criteria - Alignment with FAO's mandate - Address a critical gap - Ensure sustainable impacts - Build government commitment
OIE regional representations
Americas, Asia & Pacific, Africa, Middle East, Europe
garbage feeding regulations to swine in CA
Regulations implemented in 1954 for state to approve garbage feeding facilities. Approved garbage feeding facility is any facility that feeds any meat garbage to pigs. Must be licensed annually and must cook garbage to ensure safety of product. Inspected annually and tested for disease by CDFA staff
OIE was formed in 1924 in response to an outbreak of ___ in Europe. Rabies Rinderpest Influenza Psittacosis West Nile Virus
Rinderpest
The tuberculosis (TB) program includes surveillance testing by accredited veterinarians. What is the primary TB surveillance test that accredited veterinarians perform for cattle?
An intradermal caudal fold test, This is the official tuberculin test used in cattle, bison, or goats for routine testing.
Which is not a responsibility of the USDA-APHIS Veterinary Service? Export/ Import of animals in the U.S. Veterinary Biologics Animal Rehabilitation Zoonotic Disease Surveillance and Monitoring Promote One Health
Animal Rehabilitation
Which agency do you obtain a health certificate from in the transport of animals across borders? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) World Health Organization (WHO)
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (USDA-APHIS)
What are potential consequences to animals when an accredited veterinarian does not properly complete Certificates of Veterinary Inspection and/or International Health Certificates?
Animals may not be allowed to enter another state or country and may even be euthanized. Animals may be subject to confiscation, lengthy quarantines, or returned at the expense of the owner. Animals experience unnecessary stress.
isolation of animals exposed to rabies that are currently vaccinated
Animals that are currently vaccinated for rabies should be revaccinated immediately and placed in strict isolation for 30 days.
PENAPH and participatory epidemiology gained global notability through its successful contributions in controlling which of the following diseases? Rinderpest Canine coronavirus Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis Diabetes mellitus Shipping fever
Rinderpest
what do the federal control programs do?
Rules for testing protocols, classifying reactors, epidemiologic investigations, surveillance, handling infected herds Surveillance- Slaughter and live animal testing
What general website can you visit to find specific information regarding live animal exportation? fda.gov avma.org wikipedia.org fs.usda.gov Aphis.usda.gov
Aphis.usda.gov
What does thee CAHFs lab do for CA backyard flock owners?
Available to California backyard flock owners or fewer than 1,000birds. Full diagnostic workup on up to 2 chickens (other species may be more) for $20. Goal to assist the state's surveillance program to monitor and detect immediate threats of diseases such as AI and VND.
With regards to RABIES, which statement is FALSE/ UNTRUE: A. It is generally transmitted via inoculation thru bite wounds B. It is one of the worlds most contagious and easily transmitted viruses C. It is a Lyssavirus, of family Rhabdovirdae D. It travels to the salivary gland by way of the brain. E. Wild mammals are an most important reservoir
B. It is one of the worlds most contagious and easily transmitted viruses
Which president signed an executive order establishing the Peace Corps? A. Theodore Roosevelt B. John F. Kennedy C. Ronald Reagan D. Herbert Hoover E. Franklin D. Roosevelt
B. John F. Kennedy
The leading cause (species) of human Brucellosis in California is: Brucella abortus Brucella suis Brucella canis Brucella melitensis We don't have Brucellosis in CA - it's not an endemic disease!
Brucella melitensis
Locally organized animal response teams to serve as a resource for local emergency management and to assist State and Federal authorities when needed.
CART
what is the confirmatory testing for Tb
CCT must be done within 10 days or after 60 days of CFT test or gamma interferon test (not currently validated or available)
What is the CDC
CDC is a national public health institute in the United States. It is a United States federal agency under the umbrella of the Department of Health and Human services Especially focuses attention on infectious disease, food borne pathogens, environmental health, occupational safety and health, health promotion, injury prevention and educational activities designed to improve the health of U.S. citizens Also conduct research and provides information on non-infectious diseases such as obesity and diabetes
private practitioner role in bovine Tb
Caudal fold injection and read 72 hours +/- 6 hours. Any change in the area visible or palpable is a response and must be immediately reported to state or federal animal health official so regulatory official can perform CCT confirmatory testing within 10 days of CFT. Expect a 1-5% response rate for CFT and state is monitoring and provides training when not meeting expectations. Note. Testing in cervidae or non-domestic species requires additional certification in the state.
what does the private practitioner do for the Tb program?
Caudal fold testing, inject and read within 72 hours +/- 6 hours Expected response rate 1-2%, Requires palpation and visual inspection. Immediately notify CDFA of responders.
movement of swine requirements in California
Certificate of veterinary movement within 30 days of entry to California for all movements except swine to slaughter. As scenario indicates these Senecavirus pigs show no clinical signs at the origin but show signs upon arrival at a terminal destination so CVI would not be beneficial for these pigs.
A comprehensive "law book" that contains all the current Federal regulations.
Code of Federal Regulations
Which of the following is the most important body for food standards, consumer protection, and fair practices in the food trade? Codex Alimentarius Hand-in-Hand Initiative EMPRES-AH Horn of Africa South-to-South Cooperation
Codex Alimentarius
What service provided by the American Fondouk has the greatest impact on animal welfare and public health? Surgeries Internal medicine Community programs and education Emergency services Dental work
Community programs and education
Describe the structure and finance of the FAO
Conference of Member Nations Meets every 2 years to review previous work & approve new programs/budget Each member = 1 vote Council of 49 Member Nations Interim governing body Members serve 3 yr rotating terms Committees Programme, Finance, Constitutional & Legal Matters, Agriculture, Commodity Problems, Fisheries, Forestry Director-General Dr. Qu Dong Yu
Veterinarians play a major role in finding a balance between the need for efficient food animal production and
Conservation of the environment and animal welfare
One of Ethiopia's social ideologies that may contribute to the spread of TB is the ______? Consumption of raw milk and meat Consumption of injera Consumption of raw eggs during holidays Constant trading of cattle to the state capital Wild possums inhabiting the country
Consumption of raw milk and meat
equine herpesvirus virology
DS DNA family herpesviridae
how to record test results on IHC
Date recorded should always be the date the sample was collected.
WHO regional offices
Denmark representing EURO Egypt representing EMRO India representing SEARO Philippines representing WPRO Congo representing AFRO And Washington DC representing AMRO or PAHO
who is the primary regulatory body when it comes to rabies?
Dept of public health, they do investigations, quarantines, manage vaccination and licensing protocols
Organization of the CDC
Director & Principal Deputy Director oversee other deputy directors of areas: ie. non-infectious dz, infectious dz, immunization and respiratory dz, etc.
WHO structure
Director general Chairman: executive board - 34 members Regional committees Regional offices, each has 1 director Employees
PAHO structure
Director represents PAHO Deputy director is secretary to governing bodies, oversees planning, budget, resource mobilization, communications Director of administration serves as member of the executive management, oversees units of administrative operations specialists and strategic initiatives and innovation
why is VND a concern?
Disease is a concern due to virulence and ability to spread. Clinically similar to Avian influenza. Impact on commercial operations when detected.
isolation of animals who bitee (regardless of rabies exposure)
Dogs, cats, and ferrets that bite a human or another dog, cat, or ferret are subject to a 10 day period of isolation and observation, or euthanasia and testing. The isolation period is 10 days regardless of the animal's vaccination status.
Which animals does American Fondouk focus on providing services to? Cows, goats, sheep Cats, dogs Reptiles and Birds Donkeys, mules, and horses Pigs
Donkeys, mules, and horses
Director of the FAO
Dr. Qu Dong Yu PhD in Environmental Science China's Vice Minister of Ag & Rural Affairs
Which of the following species is resistant to Virulent Newcastle Disease per CDFA? Chickens Emus Pheasants (and other game birds) Ducks Pigeons
Ducks
Which program sector is the largest? A. Community Economic Development B. Agriculture C. Health D. Environment E. Education
E. Education
Which strain of Equine Herpesvirus is most commonly linked to EHM? EHV-1 EHV-2 EHV-5 EHV-6 EHV-9
EHV-1
STAS
Science, Technology and Analysis Services Diagnostic submissions to NVSL and biologics program
what are the swine vesicular diseases?
Senecavirus A, African Swine Fever, Classical Swine Fever, Swine Vesicular Disease and Vesicular Exanthema of swine, Foot and Mouth disease.
What is one specific requirement that dogs entering the British Virgin Islands need to have if they are coming from a rabies endemic country? Have a rabies vaccine at some point in their life They don't need anything specific Serological test (FAVN) has to be carried out after each vaccine Their country can be under rabies quarantine Any pet from a rabies endemic country cannot enter the BVI under any circumstances
Serological test (FAVN) has to be carried out after each vaccine
What does SPANA mean? Save People and Animals Anywhere Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad Structural Panel of North America Space Analysis Network of America Safehouse Progressive Alliance for Nonviolence for Animals
Society for the Protection of Animals Abroad
where is NWS found
South America and carribean
federal Tb control program managed by who?
States and USDA and public health agencies
CDC partners
Support comes from the following partners and stakeholders: State and local health departments Professional organizations National medical associations Patient safety advocates and organizations Businesses Academia Other federal agencies Non-governmental organizations CDC Foundation
SPRS
Surveillance, Preparedness and Response Services Foreign and Reportable Diseases, Animal Identification, Accreditation
what is CA's Tb status?
TB Free since August 2016
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN has an annual campaign of broadcasts, concerts and other events aimed at raising awareness about world hunger and fundraising for hunger-fighting projects. What is this campaign called? Codex Alimentarius Technical Cooperation Program EMPRES TeleFood FAOstat
Telefood
Mission of the CDC
The CDC works 24/7 to protect America from health, safety and security threats, both foreign and in the U.S. Whether diseases start at home or abroad, are chronic or acute, curable or preventable, human error or deliberate attack, CDC fights disease and supports communities and citizens to do the same
OIE member countries and delegates
The OIE is comprised of 182 member countries (there are 196 countries in the world, therefore only 14 aren't members) Originally OIE started with 28 member countries including: Argentine Republic, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Denmark, Egypt, Spain, Finland, France, Great Britain, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg, Morocco, Mexico, the Principality of Monaco, the Netherlands, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Siam (Thailand), Sweden, Switzerland, the Czechoslovak Republic, and Tunisia. Most recent members include: (2010) Timor-leste, Bahamas + Seychelles (2014) South Sudan + Liberia OIE provides international standards that are used to supports member countries + helps them strengthen and improve the structure of their national animal health system Members are responsible for reporting animal disease within their territories Each country has one delegate, therefore 182 Permanent Delegates
When asked to complete a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection for animals traveling to another state, the best source of information regarding the entry requirements would be
The State Animal Health Official for the destination state
What does "Heifer International" define as a "living income?" The amount of money everyone wants The amount of money each person needs for food The amount of money everyone in a country thinks they can live off of The amount of money each person in a household needs per day to live a dignified life The amount of money needed to live by the beach
The amount of money each person in a household needs per day to live a dignified life
African swine fever (ASF) was likely introduced into the Caucasus region in discarded food waste (swill) from a ship who sailed to the Caucasus from a country where ASF was endemic. What is it about this virus that makes feeding swill (food waste) to pigs a risk?
The virus can survive in some pork products for long periods of time.
Highly contagious or transmissible disease and has the potential for very rapid spread irrespective of national borders, causing serious socio-economic or public health consequences. This term is used in the global setting, as nothing is technically exotic or foreign.
Transboundary
In a climate with long, freezing winters, an infection which persists in the blackfly population from year to year and disappears from animals after the first frosts is probably maintained by
Transovarial transmission. The blackfly eggs maintain the infection through the winter. When they hatch when warmer weather comes, the flies bite animals and infect them.
OIE objectives
Transparency - ensure transparency in the global animal disease situation Scientific information - collect, analyze and share veterinary scientific information International solidarity - encourage international solidarity in control of animal diseases Sanitary safety - safeguard world trade by publishing health standards for international trade in animals and animal products Promotion of Veterinary Services - improve legal framework and resources of national veterinary services Food safety and animal welfare - provide better guarantee of food animal origin and promote animal welfare through a science base approach
Which of the following is correct regarding Belgium's Health Certificate (orange banner)? USDA Accredited Veterinarian & the USDA APHIS Medical Officer are both allowed to sign the health certificate electronically via VEHCS. USDA Accredited Veterinarian is allowed to sign the health certificate electronically via VEHCS while the USDA APHIS Medical Officer cannot sign electronically and must have original ink signature and embossed seal. USDA Accredited Veterinarian cannot sign the health certificate electronically and must have original ink signature and embossed seal while the USDA APHIS Medical Officer can sign electronically via VEHC. USDA Accredited Veterinarian & the USDA APHIS Medical Officer cannot sign the health certificate electronically via VEHCS. The health certificate must have original ink signature and embossed seal for both. USDA Accredited Veterinarian nor USDA APHIS Medical Officer are needed to complete a health certificate
USDA APHIS Medical Officer are both allowed to sign the health certificate electronically via VEHCS. USDA Accredited Veterinarian is allowed to sign the health certificate electronically via VEHCS while the USDA APHIS Medical Officer cannot sign electronically and must have original ink signature and embossed seal.
what is the veterinary export health certification system?
USDA's electronic certificate submission and processing. Creates the certificate directly and allows APHIS review and endorsement. Availability depends on acceptance of electronic forms by importing country.
Which agency manages activities of veterinary accreditation?
USDA-APHIS-VS
What does UNICEF stand for? United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund United National Institute for Children's Education Fund Unified Nations Institute for Child Emergency Foundation Undeveloped Nations Institute for Children's Education Foundation United Nations Institutional Children's Education Foundation
United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund
isolation of animals exposed to rabies that are not currently vaccinated
Unvaccinated animals exposed to a known or suspect rabid animal should either be administered a rabies booster and placed in isolation for 180 days (6 months), or be euthanized.
Which of the following statements about Foot and Mouth Disease is FALSE? The causative agent of FMD is an Aphthovirus of the family Picornaviridae, a non-enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus. FMD is one of the most contagious infectious diseases in animals, with morbidity reaching 100%. All cloven-hoofed animals are susceptible to FMD. Vaccination against FMD is simple, as there is only a single serotype of FMDV. The wildlife reservoir for FMD is the African Buffalo, which can harbor FMD virus for more than 5 years.
Vaccination against FMD is simple, as there is only a single serotype of FMDV.
Which is true of the veterinarian's oath
Veterinarians have a responsibility to promote public health
What is the confirmatory test for the serological diagnosis of HeV in horses & what type of virus does it require? PCR & inactivated virus PCR & live infectious virus Virus isolation & live infectious virus Virus Neutralization Test & inactivated virus Virus Neutralization Test & live infectious virus
Virus Neutralization Test & live infectious virus
The PAHO serves as the regional office for the Americas as part of what other organization? WHO OIE USDA CDC FAO
WHO
The three organizations that work together to monitor the status of avian influenza are? WHO, FAO and USDA USDA, UNICEF and FAO WHO, USDA and FFA WHO, OIE and FAO OIE, USDA and CDC
WHO, OIE and FAO
What is the natural reservoir for Avian Influenza? Mosquitoes Waterfowl and shorebirds Chickens Pheasants Ticks
Waterfowl and shorebirds
Which statement best represents the WHO's stance on mass culling of stray dogs for rabies control? Mass culling is a cost effective way to control rabies in endemic areas, and should always be a part of a rabies control protocol Mass culling should never be considered as an option for rabies control, as the population does not contribute to rabies transmission While feral dog populations should not be ignored, the cost and ineffectiveness of mass cullings does not make it a priority in rabies control protocols Mass cullings are usually an effective means of controlling rabies, but should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis B & C
While feral dog populations should not be ignored, the cost and ineffectiveness of mass cullings does not make it a priority in rabies control protocols
OIE world animal health situation
World Animal Health Annual synthesis of animal health situation worldwide Online publication through OIE Website Available to members & non members World Animal Health Information System (WAHIS) Online system that processes data on animal diseases in real time & informs the international community Two Components: Early warning system Monitoring system Available only to Delegates of OIE member countries & authorized representatives
OIE structure
World Assembly of Delegates: is the highest authority of the OIE Council: is composed of the President of the World Assembly, the VP, the past president and 6 delegates Director General: is Monique Eloit, the director general is appointed by the world assembly Specialist Commissions: include terrestrial animals, laboratories, aquatic animals and scientific Regional Commissions: These commissions cover the following regions - Africa, Americas, Europe, Asia-Far East and Oceania, Middle East
World food day
World Food Day is a day dedicated to tackling global hunger. Held annually on 16th October, people from around the world come together to promote worldwide awareness and action for those who suffer from hunger and for the need to ensure healthy diets for all.
Following graduation, you successfully get your veterinary license, and you apply and receive authorization as a Category 2 accredited veterinarian. The job you accept is with an exclusively dog and cat clinic. Will you be able to sign the health certificates for your dog and cat patients?
Yes
Infectious disease that is transmitted between animals and people.
Zoonotic
steps to get accredited
a. Complete the Initial Accreditation Training (IAT) which is provided by Iowa State b. Obtain a DVM or equivalent degree c. Complete Orientation Program (Junior year accreditation lecture and final year accreditation seminar) d. Complete State Specific Orientation (CA orientation is given during junior and final year) e. Complete the Accreditation application VS Form 1-36A (will be provided in final year)
EHV transmission
aerosolized from coughing, inhalation, fomites, direct
what was needed to ship chicks to Hong Kong?
apply for special permit, need trader license, must show Hong Kong ID card or passport, payment permit only good for 6 months, one time 30 day extension need veterinary health certificates, no more than 24 hrs before departure, birds come from flocks free of VND and AI, no evidence of disease at facilities for 180 days before health cert, birds kept in gov approved quarantine housing 21 days before health cert
activities that require accreditation/authorization
assess and document animal health, assist with the interstate and international movement of animals or animal products, first line of surveillance for endemic and foreign animal diseases, practice strict C&D measures to prevent spread of infectious diseases
VND reservoirs
birds ducks and geese resistant
when would state or federal agencies get involved with rabies?
cases in livestock
how to test for Tb
caudal fold test
types of Tb testing
caudal fold test gamma interferon test, test blood comparative cervical tuberculin test, hair is clipped on 2 areas of the neck, skin thickness measured, bovine PPD in one, avian PPD in other
what is the CDC role in rabies?
compile and publish surveillance data, provide lab support, serve as experts
Role of private practitioner in EIA
conduct testing for interstate movement requirements report reactors to state animal health officials.
what is the national animal health laboratory network
cooperative network of animal health laboratories which have been validated and completed proficiency testing. The purpose of the network is to ensure information sharing and surge capacity necessary for disease response.
private practitioner role in swine comprehensive integrated disease surveillance program
designed surveillance program for multiple swine diseases. Swine Brucellosis and Pseudorabies: Currently commercial swine in all states are free of Brucellosis and Swine Pseudorabies. However, feral swine are positive for both diseases and pose a risk to domestic swine.
VND transmission
direct contact, ingestion, inhalation, fomites
PAHO health topics and programs
disease, environmental factors, health education, disasters, etc. (literally everything)
CA response to vesicles on swine
emergency, report within 24 hrs, then investigation, if needed FADD dispatched by SAHO or feds, assess and take samples
how do foals get equine herpes virus
from mom
Tb post mortem lesions
granulomas where bacteria have localized
things horses need to travel
health cert in 30 days neg Coggins within 1 yr permit to enter state for international, EIA, viral arteritis, VS, WEE, EEE
where is brucellosis found?
in the designated surveillance areas in the greater Yellowstone area: Montana, Idaho, Wyoming
challenges to eradicating brucellosis
include the policy of natural regulation of wildlife in the Yellowstone Area, the lack of an effective vaccine for wildlife, policies on land use, the iconic role of Yellowstone National Park, the designation of bison as the national mammal, land use policies, and the general public's response to any actions taken against wildlife because of a disease affecting livestock
describe establishment of zones with FAD
infected zone (3Km), Buffer Zone (7Km), Control Zone (10km) Surveillance Zone (10km). Size of zones depends on jurisdictional areas, physical boundaries, epidemiology, premises characteristics, environment, types of premises
livestock movement into CA
interstate livestock entry permit, only valid for 15 days, must be pseudorabies vaccinated, but state vet can give exempt permit CVI within 30 days swine must be going to approved slaughter facility to be exempt from this entry documentation all must be fit and healthy to travel must have ID pseudorabies test within 30 days, then quarantined at destination for 30-60 days
Tb vaccine type
live attenuated
why might there be less brucella vaccination?
lower prevalence
Tb transmission
nose to nose contact between animals, contaminated feed or water, infected humans humans infected through raw and infected dairy, aerosol droplets or direct contact to wound
official animal ID
official ear tags, National Uniform Ear tagging System (NUES) tags, Animal Identification Number (AIN) devices or Location Based Number System Devices. Official ID must be imprinted with a unique official ID number, must contain USDA shield, must be tamper resistant and have a high retention. Unofficial ID is an identification device or method which does not have a unique identification number (ie a brand, a herd management tag).
role of private practitioner with scrapie
one of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies which there is a national program for eradication which includes utilization of genetic selection for natural resistance, identification of sheep and goats entering commerce, location of source flocks via traceback epidemiology and restriction of movement of genetically susceptible. Note USDA provides official ID tags required for change of ownership.
avian influenza family
orthomyxoviridae
VND family and genus
paramyxoviridae avulavirus
common IHC mistakes
requirements not researched, wrong certificate used, incomplete certificate, missing permit information, test results or vaccination certificates not included, incorrect test recorded, veterinarian not properly accredited, missing veterinary signature, consignor lists PO Box instead of physical location of animals, white out used, missing certification statement, incorrect date format, or incorrect ID or incorrectly recorded ID.
EHV manifestations
resp, neuro, repro
ILRI research
themes: environment, food, gender, health, prosperity research programs: Human and Animal Health, Food and Forage Development, Impact at Scale, Livestock Genetics, Policies, Institutions, and Livelihood, Sustainable Livestock Systems, BECA-ILRI HUB
what is the private practitioner's responsibility with international movement
to ascertain and understand current export movement regulations according to the code of federal regulations. Accredited veterinarian is responsible for educating and advising owners of export requirements, perform examinations and administer vaccines, collect diagnostic samples and complete certificates.
What is the FAO's mandate?
to improve nutrition, increase agricultural productivity, raise the standard of living in rural populations, and contribute to global economic growth
what are the CA rules for brucella vaccination of cattle?
vaccination requirement for calves. Practitioners must have contract with CDFA to vaccinate calves between 4-12 months of age. After the vaccine is administered, the calf will receive an official identification ear tag and a vaccination tattoo to prove they have been vaccinated. The tattoo begins with an "R" followed by the U.S. shield, and finally followed by the last number of the calendar year in which the animal was vaccinated (i.e. - R, U.S. shield, 8). Along with the ear tag and tattoo, there is an Brucellosis Vaccination Record
what signs are suspect of a FAD
vesicles, CNS signs, high morbidity/mortality, mucosal diseases, hemorrhagic septicemias, unusual ticks or unusual or unexplained illness. FAD should be suspected if there is history of foreign travel, visitors or gifts from a foreign country.
how to test for VND
viral isolation via inoculated embryonate SPF eggs, hemagglutination activity testing culture and PCR ELISA
how to diagnose ASF
virus isolation in macrophage and HAD tests but can also do PCR, DIF
avian influenza reservoir
waterfowl and shorebirds
where is VND found?
worldwide
is VND reportable
yes within 24 hrs
Who is ILRI
● CGIAR research centre focusing on the improvement of livestock in developing countries ● Established September 21, 1994 ○ Unified International Laboratories for Research on Animal Diseases and International Livestock Center for Africa ● Headquarters found in Nairobi, Kenya ○ Co-hosted by the Government of Ethiopia
The signature made with a rubber stamp and typed name on this IHC meets the criteria set forth by the USDA for endorsement.
False
The term exotic animal disease (EAD) in this course refers to diseases of exotic animals such as reptiles, birds, and unusual rodents (e.g. prairie dogs).
False
Which of these types of diseases would be most difficult to prevent from entering and infecting animals in the U.S.? All pose a risk, but which would pose the highest risk?
A disease of various species that has wild birds as a reservoir. Wild birds do not enter via import centers and are difficult to control.
What is a fomite?
A contaminated inanimate object such as clothing, milking equipment, trucks
If a practitioner suspects a foreign animal disease, they:
Are responsible for reporting a suspected foreign animal disease to the Area-Veterinarian-in-Charge (AVIC) or State Animal Health Official (SAHO) Veterinary practitioners are obligated to report certain diseases to state or federal authorities. A private veterinarian should not submit laboratory samples or attempt to diagnose a suspected FAD himself or herself.
Which three diseases are disease problems in cervids in the United States and are part of a control/eradication program?
Brucellosis, Tuberculosis, Chronic Wasting Disease. These three diseases in cervids are a concern in the United States. There are Federal programs for TB and CWD in cervids, and State-administered programs for brucellosis in cervids. Scrapie is not a disease of cervids; therefore, the other choices are incorrect. Scrapie is a disease of sheep and goats, but not deer, and is being eradicated from the United States.
Regulate the entry of dogs that will be used in livestock handling and require quarantine and inspection to ensure they are free of tapeworms. They also inspect dogs from countries where screwworm is endemic.
Dept of Ag- APHIS
Enforce the regulations in place by inspecting dogs and cats at ports of entry. Any dog or cat showing signs of infectious disease that can be transmitted to humans may not be allowed to enter the United States.
Dept of Homeland Security - Customs and Border Protection
Which of the following is NOT one of the WHO's goals for another one billion people? Ensure universal health coverage Protection from health emergencies Better health and well-being Prevent emergencies and outbreaks Develop laws and policies for elimination of poverty
Develop laws and policies for elimination of poverty
The importation requirements and quarantine processes are the same for all animals imported into the U.S.
False
Which of the following is NOT a research theme for ILRI? A. Environment B. Food C. Health D. Gender E. Expansion
E. Expansion
A disease whose incidence has recently increased in an area and has the potential for significant health impacts in animals or humans.
Emerging
Which of the following factors contributes to the emergence and reemergence of diseases in people?
Environmental degradation, Increasing human population, Globalization of travel and trade and illegal transport of animals, Climate change
A term that is synonymous with foreign animal disease. It describes a disease that is not currently found in the country but found in other places in the world.
Exotic
A Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) is the best document to use for international movement of animals.
False
All veterinarians need to be accredited to practice veterinary medicine
False
Making an emergency response plan for individuals, families, and businesses is generally not strongly encouraged; rather, individuals and businesses are encouraged to rely on the assistance of trained emergency response personnel in an emergency. In addition, there are few resources available to aide families and business with making emergency response plans.
False
West Nile virus is a mosquito-borne virus that caused disease in numerous species. Disease due to West Nile virus infections emerged in the United States in 1999. The virus had previously never been isolated in the Western Hemisphere. Genetic analysis of the virus revealed that it was closely related to the virus circulating in Israel. Which factors listed below most likely contributed to the introduction and emergence of West Nile virus in the United States?
Globalization (travel and trade of humans and animals). It is unknown how West Nile virus (WNV) was introduced into the United States in 1999. It is possible that an infected bird or mosquito from an endemic country could have entered (legally or illegally) the U.S. and introduced the disease.
There are different goals/purposes for the USDA Disease Programs. Which of the following is NOT a goal/purpose of a USDA Disease Program?
Indemnification. "Indemnity payments are compensation payments made to individuals or organizations to compensate for the loss or destruction of certain animals and crops." Indemnity payments are made to encourage disease reporting, reduce the spread of animal disease, and compensate owners on the basis of fair market value. [USDA-APHIS-VS]
The National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN):
Is a network of state and university laboratories certified by NVSL to provide support during an animal disease outbreak by testing suspect herds and these labs also conduct diagnostic tests for regulated and program diseases.
A resource created by APHIS that summarizes important regulations (an overview of how to follow the law) important to accredited veterinarians. Helps accredited veterinarians know how to perform accredited duties.
NVAP Reference Guide
The primary resource that provides detailed instructions for animal health emergency management, interstate movement regulations, health certificates, vaccinations, reportable diseases, and regulatory form selection and completions for accredited veterinarians is
NVAP Reference Guide
Part of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' National Disaster Medical System. Team members are private citizens, including private veterinary practitioners, who apply and get accepted into the program.
NVRT
You are a Category 1 accredited veterinarian. The owner of a dog and cockatiel is flying with her pets from New York to Los Angeles. The airline requires a health certificate for each one. Can you provide her with these documents?
No, as a Category 1 veterinarian you could write the health certificate for the dog but you cannot write one for the bird.
During the recovery stage of an animal disease outbreak, activities include
Payment to animal owners for euthanized livestock and destroyed materials, Renegotiation of international export protocols, Reassurance and reinforcement of consumer expectations by the federal government and industry, Lifting of quarantine and movement controls
Which of the following is an activity performed only by accredited veterinarians (AVs)
Perform certain tests on animals on behalf of USDA-APHIS
There are several reasons that a disease may become subject to an eradication, certification, surveillance, or control program. Which of the following is NOT a common reason for developing a disease program?
The disease has a long incubation period
What is the goal of the One Health initiative?
This initiative enhances cooperation and collaboration between physicians, veterinarians, and other health professionals
Your client has a horse that is traveling to compete in an international event. One of the export requirements is a negative test for equine infectious anemia (EIA). The results need to be reported on the International Health Certificate (IHC). Where can you send the blood sample for testing to obtain official results?
This test should be sent to a USDA-approved laboratory for EIA testing
What is the mission of the USDA's National Veterinary Accreditation Program (NVAP)?
To provide private veterinary practitioners with the information they need to ensure the health of the Nations' livestock and animal population and to protect the public health and well-being
During a response, volunteers who are not part of a response team are strongly discouraged from showing up to help, as they tend to become part of the problem, not the solution.
True
In the United States, most emergency response is planned as a bottom-up system rather than a top down system. This means the response is local and managed locally until the next level up is contacted to help rather than a Federal response getting things under control, then passing responsibility down to state, etc.
True
Intensive animal production and backyard animal production are both factors that can contribute to disease emergence and reemergence.
True
Health certificates are legal documents. Providing false or incorrect information can lead to:
Warning letter from Federal veterinarian, Fines, Loss of accreditation status, Loss of licensure
Tuberculosis has nearly been eradicated from the United States. The biggest barrier preventing its eradication is
Wildlife reservoirs of the disease
