Global Health Exam 2
What can be avoided by in low- and middle-income countries from promoting an effective comprehensive family planning program?
Maternal mortality
What are some of the factors that result in children being underweight? (Low weight for height or age)
Poor nutritioned moms, repeated diseases, and insufficient food intake
What are the leading causes of maternal mortality around the globe?
Hemorrhage, hypertensive disorders, sepsis, abortion, blood clot/embolism
How would you reduce maternal mortality from complications of pregnancy?
Ensure that births are attended by a skilled birth attendants
What is drug resistance and how does it develop?
HIV, any first-line drug MRSA, beta-lactams Resistant forms of disease can emerge or reemerge when bacteria, parasites, and viruses are altered Mutation, natural selection, or the exchange of genetic material among strains and species Occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals, or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The bacteria survive and continue to multiply causing more harm.
In what ways can the health of infants in rural communities in low-income countries be improved?
Hygienic introduction of diverse complementary foods Managing pneumonia and diarrhea Immunization Bednets for malaria, and regular drug administration for worm
What period in their lives are infants most vulnerable to death?
6-11 months
What are the major neglected tropical diseases? (Key here is "major")
Buruli ulcer Chagas disease Cysticercosis Dengue fever Dracunculiasis (Guinea Worm Disease)* Echinococcosis Fascioliasis Human African Trypanosomiasis (African Sleeping Sickness) Leishmaniasis Leprosy (Hansen's disease) Lymphatic filariasis* Onchocerciasis* Rabies Schistosomiasis* Soil-transmitted Helminths (STH) (Ascaris, hookworm, and whipworm)* Trachoma* Yaws
What would have the biggest impact on reducing the death of children under five years-old in low- and middle-income countries?
Community-based promotion of hygiene, umbilical cord care, keeping the baby warm, and exclusive breastfeeding
What are some ways to improve the health of infants in rural regions of low-income countries?
Governments need to work with the food industry, understanding good health, and enabling environment for nutrition (laws, policies, resources, and institutional issues related to the approach countries take to nutrition)
How has HIV affected the incidence of tuberculosis?
HIV infection has contributed to a significant increase in the worldwide incidence of TB By producing a progressive decline in cell-mediated immunity, HIV alters the pathogenesis of TB, greatly increasing the risk of disease from TB in HIV-coinfected individuals and leading to more frequent extrapulmonary involvement, atypical radiographic manifestations, and paucibacillary disease, which can impede timely diagnosis.
What are the benefits of exclusively breastfeeding a baby during the first 6 months of his life?
Have been estimated to lower neonatal mortality by 10-40 percent
In what area of the world are women most likely to die from giving birth?
India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Indonesia, Tanzania, Kenya, China, Uganda, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
What area of the world has the highest rates of under-five mortality?
India, Nigeria, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Pakistan, and China
What are emerging and re-emerging disease? Why are they becoming more prominent?
Infections that have recently appeared within a population or those whose incidence or geographic range is rapidly increasing or threatens to increase in the near future and can be caused by: Previously undetected or unknown infectious agents. Key factors include microbial adaptation and change, climate, changing ecosystems, international travel and commerce, and war Truly global threats and "a perpetual challenge"
Why do people suffer from undernutrition?
Insufficient food intake and repeated infectious disease
What is obstetric fistula?
Leakage from bladder or rectum into the vagina during birth
What areas of the world are most affected by the rates of underweight children under 5 years of age?
Low and middle income countries
What area of the world do unsafe abortions happen the most?
Low and middle-income countries
What are deficiencies in vitamin A and Zinc most related to? (i.e. what happens when children are deficient in these two micronutrients?)
Major risk factor for morbidity and mortality from diarrhea, pneumonia, and malaria (Window of opportunity= utero to 2) Cause problems with stature, mental development, and frequent infection.
How do you define the first 28 days or first month of life?
Neonatal
What is oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and what is it used for?
ORT is the giving of fluid by mouth to prevent and/or correct the dehydration that is a result of diarrhea.
Which groups of people have the greatest need for proper nutrition?
Pregnant women and young children
What would make the greatest impact on reducing maternal mortality in a developing nation?
Provide hygienic and appropriate post-abortion care at the lowest level of the health system possible Improve adolescent and maternal nutrition Provide effective family planning methods Ensure that births are attended by a skilled birth attendants Provide package of essential obstetric services and emergency obstetric care
How does obstetric fistula affect women?
Stigmatized or abandoned
What is the difference between stunting and wasting?
Stunting is low height for age. Wasting is low weight for height.
What area of the world has the highest rates of infant mortality?
sub-Saharan Africa and south Asia