Global History Review 1st Semester
Marx wrote The Communist Manifesto
"I don't know how old I am. . . . I began to work when I was about 9. I first worked for a man who used to hit me with a belt. . . . I used to sleep in the pits that had no more coal in them; I used to eat whatever I could get; I ate for a long time the candles that I found in the pits. . . ." What was one thing that happened in response to the conditions described in this passage?
In a state of nature, man is unsafe and insecure
"If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 What problem does John Locke identify in this passage?
Latin American Revolutions
"If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 Which of these events was most heavily influenced by the ideas in this passage?
formation of government based on a social contract
"If man in the state of nature is free, if he is absolute lord of his own person and possessions, why will he give up his freedom? Why will he put himself under the control of any person or institution? The obvious answer is that rights in the state of nature are constantly exposed to the attack of others. [...]Hence each man joins in society with others to preserve his life, liberty, and property." — John Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 1690 This statement provides support for the
Steam engine
"It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with illsmelling dye. . . ." — Charles Dickens, Hard Times Which innovation most directly contributed to the conditions described in the passage?
Industrial Revolution
"It was a town of red brick, or of brick that would have been red if the smoke and ashes had allowed it; but as matters stood it was a town of unnatural red and black like the painted face of a savage. It was a town of machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, and never got uncoiled. It had a black canal in it, and a river that ran purple with illsmelling dye. . . ." — Charles Dickens, Hard Times The author of this passage is describing conditions caused by the
Treaty of Versailles
"The Allied . . . governments . . . affirm, and Germany accepts, the responsibility . . . for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied . . . governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed on them by the aggression of Germany. . . ." What document do these passages come from?
Concentration of power
"When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . ." — Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws What problem (issue) does Baron de Montesquieu identify in this passage?
separating the branches of government
"When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates [government officials], there can be no liberty; because apprehensions [fears] may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws to execute them in a tyrannical manner. . . ." — Baron de Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws Which solution would Baron de Montesquieu offer to avoid the enactment of tyrannical laws?
Greater employment
. . . Steam-engines furnish the means not only of their support but of their multiplication. They create a vast demand for fuel; and, while they lend their powerful arms to drain the pits and to raise the coals, they call into employment multitudes of miners, engineers, ship-builders, and sailors, and cause the construction of canals and railways: and, while they enable these rich fields of industry to be cultivated to the utmost [...]. Steam-engines moreover, by the cheapness and steadiness of their action, fabricate [produce] cheap goods, and procure [acquire] in their exchange a liberal supply of the necessaries and comforts of life, produced in foreign lands. . . . According to Andrew Ure, what was one effect of the use of steam engines in the 19th century?
a separation of powers
... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.... —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws In this passage, Montesquieu references
French Revolution
... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.... —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws One historical development that resulted from the ideas expressed here was the
Declaration of Rights of Man and the Citizen
... Nor is there liberty if the power of judging is not separate from legislative power and from executive power. If it were joined to legislative power, the power over the life and liberty of the citizens would be arbitrary, for the judge would be the legislator. If it were joined to executive power, the judge could have the force of an oppressor.... —Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws Which document did this passage most heavily influence?
more influence in the political system
... We must ask ourselves three questions. 1. What is the Third Estate? Everything. 2. What has it been until now in the political order? Nothing. 3. What does it want to be? Something. ... - Abbé Sieyès, 1789 (adapted) Based on this passage, what did the Third Estate want?
John Locke
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen—1789 Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible [inalienable] rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . . Which of the following individuals most strongly influenced the ideas in the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?
A government should make laws to protect the natural rights of its citizen.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen—1789 Articles: 1. Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be founded only upon the general good. 2. The aim of all political association is the preservation of the natural and imprescriptible [inalienable] rights of man. These rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression. . . . Which of the following states the point of view of the authors of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen?
end of the Tokugawa Shogunate → beginning of the Meiji Restoration
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, and entrepreneur who founded Keio University. ". . . I am willing to admit my pride in this accomplishment for Japan. The facts are these: It was not until the sixth year of Kaei (1853) that a steamship was seen for the first time; it was only in the second year of Ansei (1855) that we began to study navigation from the Dutch in Nagasaki; by 1860, the science was sufficiently understood to enable us to sail a ship across the Pacific. This means that about seven years after the first sight of a steamship, after only about five years of practice, the Japanese people made a transPacific crossing without help from foreign experts. I think we can without undue pride boast before the world of this courage and skill. Which set of events is most closely associated with the nation described in this passage?
To explore how some Japanese viewed their country's process of modernization
Fukuzawa Yukichi (1835-1901) was a Japanese author, writer, teacher, translator, and entrepreneur who founded Keio University. ". . . I am willing to admit my pride in this accomplishment for Japan. The facts are these: It was not until the sixth year of Kaei (1853) that a steamship was seen for the first time; it was only in the second year of Ansei (1855) that we began to study navigation from the Dutch in Nagasaki; by 1860, the science was sufficiently understood to enable us to sail a ship across the Pacific. This means that about seven years after the first sight of a steamship, after only about five years of practice, the Japanese people made a transPacific crossing without help from foreign experts. I think we can without undue pride boast before the world of this courage and skill. Identify the best use of this document for a historian.
To understand the conditions child laborers experienced
I don't know how old I am. . . . I began to work when I was about 9. I first worked for a man who used to hit me with a belt. . . . I used to sleep in the pits that had no more coal in them; I used to eat whatever I could get; I ate for a long time the candles that I found in the pits. . . ." Identify the best use of this document for a historian.
Industrial Revolution
In comparing the advantages of England for manufactures with those of other countries, we can by no means overlook the excellent commercial position of the country [...] The German ocean, the Baltic, and the Mediterranean are the regular highways for our ships; and our western ports command an unobstructed [clear] passage to the Atlantic, and to every quarter [part] of the world. Identify one effect of England's geographic context as described in the passage.
England is an island located near trade routes.
In comparing the advantages of England for manufactures with those of other countries, we can by no means overlook the excellent commercial position of the country — intermediate between the north and south of Europe; and its insular situation [island location], which, combined with the command of the seas, secures our territory from invasion or annoyance. The German ocean, the Baltic, and the Mediterranean are the regular highways for our ships; and our western ports command an unobstructed [clear] passage to the Atlantic, and to every quarter [part] of the world. Based on this document, identify one advantage of England's geographic context
philsophers during the Age of Enlightenment
One way in which Montesqueiu, Voltaire and Rousseau are similar is that they were
increased their power during the French Revolution
One way in which Robespierre and Napoleon are similar is that both
civilize the people they controlled
Rudyard Kipling was a British short-story writer, poet and novelist. . The White Man's Burden. "Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. . . . This stanza from Kipling's poem is most closely associated with the belief that it was the duty of Western colonial powers to
Leaders of Latin American Independence Movements
Simon Bolivar, Jose De San Martin and Toussaint LOveture are all
The government should make very few laws that affect businesses.
The Wealth of Nations carries the important message of laissez faire, which means that the government should intervene as little as possible in economic affairs and leave the market to its own devices. It advocates the liberation of economic production from all limiting regulation in order to benefit the people . . . According to Adam Smith what role should the government play in the economy?
Industrial leaders gained in wealth and power.
The Wealth of Nations carries the important message of laissez faire, which means that the government should intervene as little as possible in economic affairs and leave the market to its own devices. It advocates the liberation of economic production from all limiting regulation in order to benefit the people . . . Which of the following effects did Adam Smith's ideas have in England in the 18th and 19th centuries?
The British established schools in India to teach Indian children English and British culture.
The White Man's Burden. "Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child. . . ." — Rudyard Kipling, 1899 Based on this poem, which action would Kipling Kipling would have most likely supported?
imperialism
The White Man's Burden. Take up the White Man's burden— Send forth the best ye breed— Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild— Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. . . ." — Rudyard Kipling, 1899 The message of this poem was used by many Europeans to justify
Berlin Conference
The political division of Africa is a result of
nationalism
This excerpt is taken from a poem written about World War I. "If I should die, think only this of me: That there's some corner of a foreign field. That is for ever England. There shall be In that rich earth a richer dust concealed; A dust whom England bore, shaped, made aware, Gave, once, her flowers to love, her ways to roam, A body of England's, breathing English air, Washed by the rivers, blest by suns of home. . . ." — Rupert Brooke, "The Soldier" Which idea is expressed in this excerpt from Brooke's poem?
French Revolution.
This is an excerpt from a speech given on September 25, 1793 by Maximilien Robespierre to the National Convention justifying measures taken by the Committee of Public Safety. ... Individuals are not at issue here; we are concerned with the homeland and principles. I tell you plainly: it is impossible, in this state of affairs, for the Committee to save the state; and if anyone disagrees, I will remind you just how treacherous and extensive is the scheme for bringing us down and dissolving us; how the foreigners and internal enemies have agents paid to execute it; I will remind you that faction is not dead; that it is conspiring from the depths of its dungeons; that the serpents of the Marais [a section of Paris] have not yet all been crushed.... What time period is Robespierre refering to?
commoners
Under the Old Regime in France, the burden of taxation fell mostly on the
Demand of the Third Estate for more political power
What was a major cause of the French Revolution
Europeans changed their thinking about the role of government.
Why is the Enlightenment considered a turning point in world history?
People have the right to rebel if their natural rights are denied
[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . — John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government Which idea is expressed in this passage?
Rise of representative democracies
[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . . . — John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government The ideas in this passage inspired which of the following historical developments?
Representative government
[When] the legislature shall . . . grasp [for] themselves, or put into the hands of any other, an absolute power over their lives, liberties, and estates of the people, . . . they forfeit the power the people had put into their hands for quite contrary ends, and it [passes] to the people, who have a right to resume their original liberty. . . . — John Locke, Two Treatises on Civil Government The Age of Enlightenment represented a turning point from absolute monarchies to
