Global Sports and National Culture Exam 1

Olympism according to Coubertin

-"Exalting and combining in a balanced whole the qualities of body, mind and will" -Olympism according to De Coubertin -"Olympism seeks to create a way of life based on the joy found in effort, the educational value of a good example and respect for universal fundamental ethical principles"

Elis

-Athletes gathered a month before the start of the games in Elis -They swore to follow the rules -Trained for events

Cuju

-China • Involves kicking the ball through an open net • The use of hands is not allowed • Played on a rectangular field defined by a thread or low walls • One or two goals positioned in the middle of the field •Goal was a moon- or crescent-shaped hole in a silk sheet hung between bamboo posts

Emperor Theodosius

-Emperor Theodosius I ended the Olypmics in 393 A.D. -Part of the effort to impose Christianity as the state religion of Rome

William Penny Brookes

-English physician and surgeon -Believed that the best way to prevent illness was through physical exercise -Greatly influenced Coubertin -Many say that the revival of the Ancient Olympics was originally his idea -Coubertin then appropriated it

Why did Coubertin want to revive the Games?

-France's loss in the Franco-Prussian war -Study of physical education -William Penny Brookes -Influence of British sports culture -Idealization of Greek Antiquity -He believed that France's defeat in the war was due to the lack of physical fitness on the part of the French

Truce of Zeus

-International truce among Greeks -Messengers sent out from Elis announced a "sacred truce" one month before the games began -Truce ensured safe travel of athletes and spectators

Olympia

-One of the oldest religious center of the ancient Greek world -Site of a major temple: the Temple of Zeus -Convenient geographically: could be reached by ship -Athletes and spectators traveled as far away as modern day Spain or Egypt

Black September

-Terrorists demanded the release of 234 prisoners jailed in Israel. -Attempts to Free Hostages Failed -11 Hostages and 1 West German Police Officer Killed

Rugby League

13 players, simple rules, easy to understand, associated with everyday people, professionalism

Rugby Union

15 players, complex rules, difficult to understand, associated with upper class, amateurism

1895 schism

1895 was a split within Northern rugby, not simply between exclusively middle class clubs and open clubs but also within the clubs themselves: Castleford, Morley and Dewsbury to name three. Many other clubs which joined the Northern Union lost key administrators and players.

Mary Lou Retton

1st American woman to win the all round metal in gymnastics. 1st female celebrity to appear on a box on Wheaties.

Coup de boule/Headbutt

2006 • Certified Platinum in France • #1 in French charts in the Summer of 2006 and #2 in Italy • Some of the lyrics: "The Italian was hurt

Agon

Agon is an ancient Greek term for a conflict, struggle or contest. This could be a contest in athletics, in chariot or horse racing, or in music or literature at a public festival in ancient Greece.

Andrés Escobar

Andrés Escobar Saldarriaga was a Colombian footballer who played as a defender. He played for Atlético Nacional, BSC Young Boys, and the Colombia national team. Nicknamed The Gentleman, he was known for his clean style of play and calmness on the pitch

Atlético Nacional

Atlético Nacional S. A., best known as Atlético Nacional, is a Colombian professional football club based in Medellín. The club is one of only three clubs to have played in every first division tournament in the country's history, the other two teams being Millonarios and Santa Fe.

Maracanazo

Brazil's devastating loss to Uruguay in the 1950 World Cup final) •Perón was worried about the effects of losing, especially after the "maracanazo" in 1950

General Augusto Pinochet

Brutal regime tortured and killed opponents

Pierre de Coubertin

Charles Pierre de Frédy, Baron de Coubertin was a French educator and historian, founder of the International Olympic Committee, and its second president. He is known as the father of the modern Olympic Games.

General Juan Perón

Elected in 1946 • Peronismo • Living and working conditions in the country improved significantly • Censorship • Elimination of opposition movements and leaders through imprisonment and torture •Perón was exiled in 1955 by a violent military coup

1998 World Cup

It was held in France from 10 June to 12 July 1998. The country was chosen as the host nation by FIFA for the second time in the history of the tournament, defeating Morocco in the bidding process.

PEPES (Los Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar/People Persecuted by Pablo Escobar)

Los Pepes, a name derived from the Spanish phrase "Perseguidos por Pablo Escobar" ("Persecuted by Pablo Escobar"), was a vigilante group composed of enemies of Pablo Escobar. They waged a small-scale war against the Medellín Cartel in the early 1990s, which ended in 1993 following the death of Escobar.

Garrincha

Manuel Francisco dos Santos, nicknamed Mané Garrincha, best known as simply Garrincha, was a Brazilian professional footballer who played as a right winger. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest dribblers of all time, and by some, the greatest dribbler ever.

Marine Le Pen

Marine Le Pen says many of Les Bleus don't sing the national anthem because they have "another country in their hearts," their "true country"

"Muscular Christianity"

Muscular Christianity is a philosophical movement that originated in England in the mid-19th century, characterized by a belief in patriotic duty, discipline, self-sacrifice, manliness, and the moral and physical beauty of athleticism.

Rugby School

Rugby was essentially football and a fight for possession of the ball. Rugby came from early Folk Football and started spreading to school in the 19th century.

Santos club

Santos Futebol Clube, commonly known simply as Santos or Santos FC, is a Brazilian sports club based in Vila Belmiro, a bairro in the city of Santos. It plays in the Paulistão, the State of São Paulo's premier state league, as well as the Brasileirão, the top tier of the Brazilian football league system

The "Goal of the Century"

The "Goal of the Century" as voted in a FIFA poll •Often considered to be the greatest goal of all time

The "Hand of God" Goal

The "Hand of God" Goal • Maradona later said, "I was waiting for my teammates to embrace me, and no one came... I told them, 'Come hug me, or the referee isn't going to allow it.'" • The "Hand of God" Goal •Afterwards, Maradona commented that the goal had been scored "a little bit with the head of Maradona and a little bit with the hand of God")

Cali Cartel

The Cali Cartel was a drug cartel based in southern Colombia, around the city of Cali and the Valle del Cauca Department. Its founders were the brothers Gilberto Rodríguez Orejuela and Miguel Rodríguez Orejuela, and José Santacruz Londoño.

Medellín Cartel

The Medellín Cartel was a powerful and highly organized Colombian drug cartel and terrorist-type criminal organization originating in the city of Medellín, Colombia that was founded and led by Pablo Escobar.

"Citius, Altius, Fortius"

The Olympic motto, first used in the 1924 Paris Olympics

Zappas Olympics

The Zappas Olympics, simply called Olympics at the time, were a series of athletic events held in Athens, Greece, in 1859, 1870, and 1875 sponsored by Greek businessman Evangelis Zappas. These games were one of the first revivals of the ancient Olympic Games in the modern era

Thomas Arnold

Thomas Arnold was the developer of the rules of Rugby and the Headmaster at the Rugby School in Britain

Black-Blanc-Beur

Three colors of the French population (Blue - White - Red)

Diego Armando Maradona

Undisputed star of this World Cup was Diego Armando Maradona • Considered one of the greatest sports performances of all time Maradona • In a FIFA poll, voted as the greatest soccer player of the 20th Century 1986 World Cup Quarterfinal: England vs. Argentina

William Webb Ellis

William Webb Ellis was credited for picking up the ball for the first time in 1823 and went to Rugby school and has the Rugby trophy named after him

Samba

a Brazilian dance of African origin.

Capoeira

a martial art and dance that developed in Brazil from Angolans who were taken there by the Portuguese from Africa

Afrikaner

a person born, raised, or living in South Africa whose first language is Afrikaans and whose ancestors were Dutch

Apartheid

a system of institutionalized and racial segregation and discrimination

John Ian Wing

a young Melburnian athlete, came up with a new idea for the closing ceremony

"Hacking"

a. Very dangerous b. Mostly disappeared from club rugby but stayed at Rugby school c. Tripping an opponent and kicking his skins d. Helped promote the manliness of the game e. Later determined as too violent

Pentathlon

an athletic contest comprising five different track and field events and won by the contestant gaining the highest total score

Brasilia

an entirely new city that would become the capital of Brazil

Pankration

an olympic event that combined wrestling and boxing, was eventually added to the Olympics along with other sports

President Medici

becomes head of state

"Garra charrúa"

tenacity of its people

"Informal Empire"

term used to describe British influence and control

futebol mulatto

the idea that racial mixing had led to the particular style of play in Brazil

Roland Barthes

was a French literary theorist, essayist, philosopher, critic, and semiotician. Barthes' ideas explored a diverse range of fields and he influenced the development of many schools of theory, including structuralism, semiotics, social theory, design theory, anthropology and post-structuralism.

Zinédine Zidane

· Nickname: Zizou · 1953: Smaïl Zidane (Zizouz's father) left Algeria for a construction job in Paris. · One of the greatest soccer players of all time ·French national icon

1970 World Cup

• 1970 Brazil team often voted as the best ever • Pelé, Garrincha • Jury is out between 1958 and 1970 • 1970 and 1958 teams both had impressive offenses • 1958 team had a better defense, was more cohesive •Some say the 1970 team is considered better because it was filmed in color

Church of Maradona/Iglesia Maradoniana

• A religion created by Argentine Maradona fans • Church of Maradona Ritual • Inducted by scoring a "Hand of God" goal • Church of Maradona • You can get married in the Church of Maradona • Church of Maradona Marriage

Tommie Smith and John Carlos

• African American athletes •Won gold and bronze in the 200m running event • During the medial ceremony, each athlete raised a black-gloved fist. •In his autobiography, Silent Gesture, Smith stated that the gesture was not a "Black Power" salute, but a "human rights salute."

"Anthropological Days"

• American organizers set aside August 12 and 13 for these "events." • "Savages" from Asia, Africa, and the Americas were gathered from sideshows at the fair • Asked to demonstrate their native games • Competed against themselves in modern sports •Poor performances by untrained natives used to support the racist theories of the day

Charles Miller

• Anglo-Brazilian • Went to school in England • In 1894, came back to Sao Paulo with two soccer balls • Taught locals the game • Founded the Sao Paulo Athletic Club •Started a league in Rio de Janeiro

1978 World Cup in Argentina

• Argentina hosted • FIFA awarded the World Cup over a decade before it was to take place • Two years before the kickoff, the Videla junta launched an effort to eliminate all political dissent • Goal was to eliminate all opposition before the first tourist set foot in Argentina for the World Cup • 10% of the government budget for the year was used to host the World Cup • Massive propaganda campaign 1978 World Cup Controversy • Threats of boycott The Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo 1978 World Cup • Argentina defeated Holland 3-1 in the final • The Dutch players complained of antífutbol tactics • Johan Cruyff didn't make the trip to Argentina due to a kidnapping attempt on his family and death threats • Widespread elation at victory • Greatly increased support for Videla's regime • Greatly increased support for Videla's regime • Sense of national unity •1978 Argentina World Cup Celebrations

Kylian Mbappé

• Born and grew up in the suburbs of Paris (banlieue) • Cameroonian father and Algerian mother • Does not fall neatly into the categories of "Black-Blanc-Beur" •Half black and half beur

The 1994 World Cup

• Brazil beat Italy in the final

2001 France-Algeria Match

• Deeply symbolic because they had never played • War between the two countries ended in 1962 •After the Algerian War, many players who had been on the French national team

Jean-Marie Le Pen 2002

• Election year in France • He said that many players on the French national team didn't sing the national anthem • Claimed immigration was destroying France's national identity • Pointed to violence in the banlieues as proof • Players on the French national team actively campaign against him • Won 17% of the vote in the first round of the French presidential elections • Huge shock to the country and the world •Lost to Jacques Chirac in the second-round elections, received 18% of the vote

Futebol Arte

• Emphasis on dribbling, artistry during play • Contrasted with the European style of organized, structured play • Individual showcases talent and ability • Contrasted with antífutbol •Brazilian society: value not only winning, but artistry of play

Freemasons' Tavern

• First written set of rules produced by Rugby School in 1845 • Other schools followed by writing their own rulebooks in the 1850s • 1862: J.C. Thring set out 12 rules which he described as "the simplest game." • November 1863: Meeting held at Freemasons' Tavern in central London •Series of meetings over two months, attempts made to generate a single code

Jules Rimet

• Fought in WWI alongside soldiers from the French colonies • Developed the idea of "us[ing] a ball instead of bullets to resolve international conflict." • Soccer: "[a] tool for education and social progress, an embodiment of fair play that inculcated virtue in those who played it" •Creation of a relationship between people of different classes given France's many divisions (class, politics, religion)

Lilian Thuram

• French national team member between 1994 and 2008 • From Guadeloupe (a French department) • Nicknames in the media: • The "Intellectual" • The "Professor" • Very articulate, very cultured • Often speaks out in the press • The spokesman of the team (a lot more so than Zidane) •He responded to Le Pen in 1996 by saying that it was shocking that a candidate for

Kemari

• Game popular in medieval Japan • Began as a courtly version of cuju • Played by the Japanese nobility • The game became highly stylized • Also known as "standing among the trees" •Became an important pastime amongst the Japanese elite in the 12th and 13th centuries

Lionel Messi

• Has won the Ballon d'Or/Golden Ball (awarded to the best player in the world) five times (tied with Cristiano Ronaldo for most ever) •Won the Ballon d'Or/Golden Ball for the best player at the 2014 World Cup

Thomas Arnold

• Headmaster at Rugby between 1828 and 1848 • Arnold planned to civilize the education of the elite in the classroom and the chapel •Program of discipline, prayer and rational learning

Josef Goebbels

• Hitler's propaganda minister • Convinced Hitler to approve the Games • Believed they would be a great propaganda tool—and he was right

Vasco da Gama Club

• In Rio de Janeiro • Founded by Portuguese immigrants • In early 1930s, team composed mainly of black and mixed-race players • Won the championship •Other clubs followed

Jimmy Carter

• Jimmy Carter threatened U.S. boycott of 1980 Moscow Olympics if they didn't withdraw •U.S. boycotts • Carter tries to persuade other non-Communist nations to boycott, with little success

Emil Zátopek

• Legendary Czechoslovakian runner • "Czech locomotive" • 1948 London: Won gold in the 10,000m and silver in the 5,000m • 1952 Helsinki: Won gold in the 5,000m and 10,000m, then the marathon

The Guerra Sucia/ The "Dirty War"

• Murder of 30,000 Argentines • The "desaparecidos": "disappeared people" • Brutal regime • Traumatic moment in the history of Argentina •Videla is in power until 1983

Estadio Nacional

• National Stadium in Santiago •Site of one of the most infamous moments of Latin American football

Jim Thorpe

• Native American athlete. • Won pentathlon and decathlon • First Native American to win a medal for his home country • A member of the Sac and Fox Nation • Amateur status retroactively challenged • Had played on a baseball team in the summer and had been paid • Stripped of his medals; IOC restored in 1983 (30 years after his death) • Considered one of the most versatile athletes in modern sports • Went on to play professional football, baseball and basketball

Ronaldhino

• Nike commercial from 2005 •First Youtube video to reach 1 million views

Folk football

• One of the traditional games • Folk football banned in many cities • Threat to order • End of the 19th-Century: games of traditional football only survived in the most remote areas of Britain • The Survival of Football • Football (soccer) took a modern form •Preserved and nurtured in Britain's public schools

Windsor Castle

• Original distance: 25 miles. • Changed to 26 miles so the marathon could start at Windsor Castle • Changed again at the request of Princess Mary so the start would be beneath the windows of the Royal Nursery. • Finish line moved so that racers would finish in front of the King. • Standard distance of 26.2 miles established.

Calcio

• Played in medieval and early modern Florence • Reached the height of its popularity in the 16th century •Disappearance in the mid 18th century

Leni Riefenstahl's Olympia

• Released in 1938 • Considered a landmark of filmmaking due to its cinematic style • Riefenstahl insisted her documentary was privately financed • In fact paid for by funds made available by Goebbels • Goebbels not pleased with final product

General Jorge Videla

• Seized power in 1976 • The Argentine military launched a coup d'état to oust Isabel Perón •Reign of terror and fear

Gilberto Freyre

• Sociologist • Controversial racial theories • Brazilian style of play contrasted to the European style •His notion of futebol mulatto: the idea that racial mixing had led to the particular style of play in Brazil

Leônidas da Silva (The "Black Diamond")

• The "Black Diamond" • Superstar of 1938 World Cup • Leônidas da Silva •"Bicycle kick"

The "Brazilian Miracle"

• The "Brazilian Miracle" became a reality • Rainforest was destroyed to provide better communications •Rapid modernization and economic development

Falklands War

• The Videla regime invaded the British territory in 1982 • Effort to bolster support for Videla's regime • Economic stagnation • Large-scale civil unrest • Part of the idea was to divert attention from the "Dirty War" • The Argentine government mistakenly believed that the British would concede the islands without a fight • Conflict lasted 10 weeks (April-June 1982) • Britain ultimately victorious • 258 British and 655 Argentine deaths • In Argentina, the press (controlled by the government) gave accounts suggesting that Argentina was winning the war • Argentine players went abroad, learned the reality (that Argentina was losing) •Maradona has described the shock of learning the truth while abroad

Church of Maradona Ten Commandments

• The ball is never soiled. • Love football above all else. • Declare unconditional love for Diego and the beauty of football. • Defend the Argentina shirt. • Spread the news of Diego's miracles throughout the universe. • Honor the temples where he played and his sacred shirts. • Don't proclaim Diego as a member of any single team. • Preach and spread the principles of the Church of Maradona. • Make Diego your middle name. •Name your first son Diego.

Kemari Rules

• The playing space was a six- or seven-meter dirt square demarcated by four trees places at its corners • Eight players would take the field, standing in pairs on either side of the trees • The ball was hollow, light and made of deerskin • Try to keep the ball in the air as long as possible • Ball often bounced off the trees • Tree branches pruned and trimmed • Emphasis on style and etiquette • Distinct schools or houses of kemari emerged with their own take on training, technique and rules • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UO3vRH2z8jo • Meiji Restoration 1868 • Kemari shrunk to a minority pastime of a minority social caste of aristocrats • Considered a part of the country's feudal past •Game extinguished by the end of World War II

Jesse Owens

• The unquestionable star of the Games • Set a World Record of 10.3 seconds for 100m • Olympic Record of 20.7 seconds for 200m • Won the long jump with a jump of 8.06m • Helped set another World Record in the 400-meter relay

"Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa"

• United Nations began compiling this list in 1980 • A list of sportspeople and officials who had participated in events within South Africa • "Register of Sports Contacts with South Africa" • Compiled mainly from reports in South African newspapers • Exerted a moral pressure on athletes •Some prominent West Indian cricketers ended up on the list

Věra Čáslavská

• Věra Čáslavská of Czechoslovakia continued to beat her competitors in gymnastics. • She won gold medals in the vault and also on the balance beam.

Albicelestes

• White and Sky Blue