Global Sports Cricket
When did leisure classes take over the sport and where?
late 18th century Sussex, Kent, London
What is a Leg before Wicket (LBW) dismissal?
When the ball strikes any part of the batsman's body before hitting the bat
What caused the rise in slavery in the Caribbean?
-1550-1950 sharp increase in the consumption of sugar -European classes drink tea, coffee, cocoa, eat processed foods -mainly in England
When was India's first World Cup victory? Who did they play? What did it symbolize?
-1983 -West Indies vs. India at Lord's in London -India's arrival as a cricketing power
Who was Jawaharlal Nehru?
-First prime minister of India -Indians should keep best parts of their colonial past -like cricket
Where was cricket initially played in West Indies?
-Garrisons (settlements of soldiers) -on sugar plantations
What happened at the 1952 Cricket match in England who played?
-India-England match -first at Headingly -Indians lost 4 wickets at the start -most disastrous beginning of a cricket match ever
Who was Learie Constantine?
-West Indian cricket player -challenged stereotypical roles of cricket -mastered every part of the game -ultimate all-rounder -played with artistry -model for West Indian Cricket -part of first west Indian cricket team to visit England in 1928 -wanted a black captain
What is the West Indies team called? What is unique about it?
-Windies -doesn't represent a single country -10 sovereign nations
What role did cricket play in independence?
-achievements on the field inspired Caribbean peoples to demand political and social change
How did West Indies cricket change in the 19th century?
-black slaves called to bowl to their white masters -chance to confront owner -slavery abolished in 1864 -blacks called to play alongside whites -racial stereotypes still dictate roles
What was post independence cricket like?
-considered the "game of the empire" -people wonder if the British game would still be played -cricket separated from colonial origins -part of new national identity -vital task of nation-building -national team became a symbol of new India (not full of religious hatred)
What role did the plantation system play in the Caribbean?
-dominated region -9/10 people were slaves -slaves did every conceivable type of task -all colonial powers involved in Atlantic slave trade -high death rates -blacks largely outnumbered whites
What happened at the 1952 Cricket match in India?
-in India -India's first Test victory over England -India still a struggling team
What role did the West Indies slaves have in cricket?
-initially not allowed to play -would retrieve ball and throw it back -opportunity to show their black masters they were more athletic
How did colonization influence west indies cricket?
-introduced by British colonizers -spread with British military -cricket used as a way to control the slave population -means of engraining "Englishness" in colonial subjects -part of civilizing mission
When was the golden age of West Indies Cricket?
-late 1970's to early 1990's -best in the world during this period -won ODI world cup 1875 and 1979 -won Twenty20 championship 2012 and 2016
What is Cricket like in the West Indies?
-main sport -most popular -sense of community and nationhood -"glue" that binds the West Indies together
What was decolonization of the Caribbean like?
-most colonies gained independence during 1960's and 1970's -tense cricket matches with England -black players allowed on team
What effect did WWII have on Independence movements in the West Indies?
-movements put on hold -soldiers return to find West Indians still living in poverty -cricket clubs still segregated
What was India like in the middle of the 20th century?
-partition of Indian subcontinent into India and Pakistan -hundreds of thousands die 1947-1948
Who was Mahatma Gandhi?
-pointed out dangers of ethnicities playing against each other -launched anti-British civil disobedience campaign
Describe decolonization
-post WWII Britain went bankrupt -dismantling of empire -policy of peaceful disengagement -people under British rule fell 700 million to 5 million between 1945-1965
What was India like in the 1990's?
-privatization -foreign access to India -massive foreign investment in India -influx of corporate money -cricket created a huge market
What was the Caribbean like in the 18th century?
-slavery and plantations throughout region
What was the Caribbean like in the 1930's/1940's?
-trade unions and upper middle class movements towards independence -1930 labor rebellions -west indies was a constitutional break from Britain -becomes violent
What was crickets role in the media?
-transformed in 3-4 years -satellite TV cricket went into the smallest corners of India -children and youth began watching cricket all over the world -increased popularity
Who was George Headley?
-west indies cricket player in the 1930's -specialist batsman from Jamaica -challenged the idea that only white batsmen could bat at the top of the order -1935 batted at #3 -scored unbeaten 270 -icon: black Jamaican from humble background -identify with him
How did race dictate roles in West Indies cricket?
-whites are batsmen -bowling is the work of slaves -young blacks were fast bowlers and out fielders
Who was C.L.R James?
-wrote Beyond a Boundary -greatest book on cricket ever . written
When was cricket first recorded?
16th century England
When did British rule of India end?
1947
When and Who discovered the West Indies?
Christopher Columbus 1492
Where is "the birthplace of cricket"?
Lord's
What are dismissals?
Ways of getting out, 11 different types
When and Who granted the East India Company a Royal Charter?
-1600 -Queen Elizabeth I
When was the first cricket match in India recorded?
-1712 -western India -match played by a group of sailors -British soldiers would play impromptu games on the beach
When was the earliest reference to cricket in NZ?
-1832 diary by Archdeacon Henry Williams -December entry mentions boys playing beach cricket
When was cricket given a set of rules?
-1835 -created by MCC -established techniques of batting and bowling
What was the Indian Rebellion 1857?
-1857 -rebels were disorganized -took British troops 6 months to suppress -very violent and brutal -ensure no large scale rebellion ever happens again -led to the end of East India company -"Sepoy Mutiny"
When was the East India Company dissolved?
-1858 -result of the rebellion in 1857
Describe Indian cricket in the early 20th century
-1912 an annual tournament between Parsees, Hindus, Muslims, and Europeans -in Bombay -15 days -celebratory atmosphere -take days off work to watch matches -matches played between different communities
When did NZ win it's first test match?
-1956 -beat the West Indies at Eden Park
How many batsman are there and what do they do?
-2 -one is a striker and hits the ball -one is a non-striker and helps score runs
Describe the bails
-2 pieces that rest on stumps -usually fall when the wicket is hit
Describe modern test cricket
-2 teams of 11 players play a 4 inning match -takes up to 5 days -considered the most complete examination of ability and endurance
Describe basic Cricket
-2 teams with 11 players -bowler throws ball at the batsman
How popular is cricket?
-2nd most popular sport in the world -1.5 billion players and fans -worlds most popular "traditional game" -played in 120 countries
What is the format of the Ashes series?
-5 test matches -hosted in turn by England and Australia every 2 year
How many Ashes series have there been? How many has each team won?
-70 series -Australia:33 -England:32 -5 series ended in draws
What country is the most successful in the Cricket World Cup?
-Australia -dominates the world cup
When did the first scored cricket match take place?
-Dec 1842 Wellington
What was the famous cricket match of 1932?
-England vs. India -India invited to tour England -crowd of 24,000 -England won -created a sense of nationhood in Indians -turning point in struggle for independence
Who was Ivo Bligh
-English captain who vowed to "regain those ashes" -presented a small urn when England won 2/3 Tests on the tour
What cricket team arrived in Australia in 1864?
-English team "All-England Eleven" arrived in Melbourne
Who were the Maharajas?
-Hindu and Muslim princes of India -helped spread cricket by building grounds and running their own teams -educated in English public schools and Oxbridge
Who were some famous cricket players in the 1970's?
-Ian and Greg Chappell -fast bowler Jeff Thomson
Who were Sepoys?
-Indian troops under British officers
What are the origins of cricket in England?
-Invented during the 13th century -Saxon and Norman periods -invented by children in Southeast England (a sheep-rearing region)
Describe 19th century cricket in schools
-MCC promoted cricket among boys at public schools -Eton, Harrow, Winchester
What is the MCC and when was it established?
-Marylebone Cricket Club -first and most influential cricket club - 1760's or 1787 google and powerpoint differ -sponsored by wealthy patrons but players were local
What International cricket match was played in 1930?
-NZ first test match against England -@ Christchurch -English win
Who were some famous players of Australian cricket in the 1990's?
-Steve Waugh -Shane Warne
Twenty20
-T20 -3 hours -75-90 min innings -only one inning for each team -max 20 overs per inning -purists say it's not real cricket
What were the Ashes?
-Test cricket series played between England and Australia -1882 Australian Victory at the Oval (fist test win on British soil) -1882 Satirical Obituary in The Sporting Times -English cricket had died and the ashes were being taken back to Australia
What was the aristocracy's relationship with cricket?
-adopted cricket as a betting game -used professional players -eventually took control of cricket
What was the Government of India Act of 1858?
-all power transferred from the East India Company to the British Crown -Crown takes direct control over India -Establishment of British Raj -appointed governor-general administered India -Queen Victoria crowned as the the Empress of India -done by force -ruled 1848-1947
What was in the urn that was presented Bligh?
-ashes of a wooden bail -"ashes of Australian cricket" -urn was only a personal gift never the official trophy
Where is cricket played in New Zealand?
-backyards, beaches, parks, stadiums -most popular summer sport
What is a four?
-ball bounces before touching or going over the boundary line -scores 4 runs
What is a six?
-ball does not bounce before going over the boundary -scores 6 runs
What is a clean-bowled dismissal?
-ball hits the wicket straight on
Want was the early equipment made of?
-ball made of wool -target was a tree stump -target was defended with shepherd's crook
What is cricket equipment?
-bat -ball -wicket -stumps -bails
Describe cricket in the 19th century
-boost when English teams tour colonies in 1860's -tours were popular and highly profitable
Who was W.G. Grace?
-captain of an English international team that toured Australia, first star of english cricket, middle class family of doctors, promoted amateur games
Who was James Cook?
-commissioned in 1766 to lead an astronomical expedition -1770 claimed east coast of Australia for Britain -significant spread of world wide spread of cricket
What were Gymkhanas?
-elite sports clubs in India and Pakistan -where sports competitions took place -initially white only -each community had their own -set up next to each other in mutual rivalry
Describe the influence and size of the British Empire
-empire originated late 16th early 18th centuries -overseas possessions and trading posts -1913 ruled over 412 million people -1920 covered 24% of land area -"sun never sets on the British empire"
What was the British East India Company?
-gave Britain a monopoly on trade -helped expansion -based in India -increasingly acquired auxiliary governmental and military functions
Describe the cricket ball
-hard -cork and string ball -covered with leather
Describe modern English cricket
-have never won a Cricket World cup -won T20 World cup in 2010
What is the bowler's objective?
-hit the wicket and prevent the batsman from scoring runs
How did the English use cricket as a means of colonization?
-ideology of gentlemanly cricket complimented ideology of civilizing the world -cricket as spread of "English morality"
How did Indians initially participate in Cricket?
-initially spectators -then began to play
Describe the cricket bat
-made of willow -flat on one side humped on the other -18th century bats looked like hockey sticks
Describe cricket in India
-most popular sport -hockey is national sport -90% of population watches matches -national obsession -colonized appropriated the sport to fight against the colonizers
Describe the origins of cricket in New Zealand
-oldest organized sport in NZ -played since 1830's -European colonization began after 1800
describe test cricket
-originally no limit to the number of innings -considered the highest standard -initially unlimited overs
Describe a cricket field
-oval field -22-yards pitch in the middle -pitch is where the game happens
Why did the British Raj end?
-partitioning of British Indian Empire into the Domain of India and Domain of Pakistan
What was the Parsee Community?
-people that fled Persia for India -first community to which cricket spread -descendants formed powerful business and professional class -1888 formed the Parsi Gymkhana in Bombay
What are innings?
-periods of a cricket match -decided by tossing a coin -can choose to bat or field first -teams reverse roles after inning
Who were the initial cricket matches played against in Australia?
-played between British colonies -inter-colonial -1850s
Describe 19th Century Cricket
-popular among native population -result of East India Company
Describe the importance of the East India Company in cricket?
-primary means for spreading English language and culture including cricket
What is the batsman's objective
-protect the wicket and try to scorer as many runs as possible
What effect did the 19th century population?
-rapid urbanization -launched a period of imperialist expansion -want new markets and sources of raw materials
Who was Don Bradman?
-record-breaking Australian batsman -first real hero
Describe the British Raj
-regime directly administered by the UK to India by indigenous rulers
Why did the British like Gymkhanas
-resulted in the disunity among communities -made them easier to govern
what is an over?
-six consecutive balling turns, all of which are bowled by a single bowler
3 formats of cricket
-test cricket -one day cricket -twenty20
What is a Hat Trick?
-the same bowler dismisses three batsmen with consecutive deliveries -all forms of dismissals count, except a run out
Describe the 1930's and 1940's in India
-time of crisis and violence in India -demand independence from Britain
What was the goal of incorporating cricket into education?
-turn cricket into a "test" of moral character -encourage ideals of fair play and courtesy to opposition
Describe cricket in Australia
-turned colonizers game into a game for all
What are wickets?
-two wickets at each end of the pitch -22 yards apart -batsman guards the wicket
Describe One Day International Cricket (ODI)
-usually 50 overs -only two innings -format of the ICC Cricket World Cup (every 4 years)
What are boundaries?
-visible demarcation marking the -edge of the field -also a type of shot
What is a caught dismissal?
-when the ball is in the air and caught by the fielder before landing
Describe the wickets
-wooden structures -3 stumps -2 bails
Who was Richie Benaud?
-young captain who rejuvenated the post-war game in 1950's
Where/when was the first organized match played?
1730 Artillery grounds in Finsbury London
When did cricket become a popular rural past time?
17th century England
When was the first reference to cricket in Australia?
1804 The Sydney Gazette recorded that recent weather had been favorable to cricketers
When was the first international cricket match? Who played in it?
1877 England vs. Australia in Melbourne Australia won by 46 runs
What was the commonwealth of Australia?
1901 establishing a system of federalism in Australia
When did NZ play their first world tournament?
1975
When did Australia create the world's first specialist cricket . academy?
1980's
How many years did it take NZ to win a Test match?
26 years
How many times has NZ . reached the semifinals of the world cup?
4 times
What countries is cricket especially popular in?
England, India, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, South Africa, West Indies, Zimbabwe, Bangladesh
Where was early cricket played?
Grammar schools and farm communities
Where were MCC headquarters?
Lord's The game shifted to London
When was cricket played at every level of society?
Mid 18th century
What is a run out dismissal?
When a fielder removes bail while batsman is outside the crease
How did cricket as means for colonization backfire?
colonized started beating the English colonizers at their own game
What does the saying "it's not cricket" mean?
describes something crooked, not quite right
How did cricket spread?
mainly colonization introduced it to West Indies, India, Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa
