GOL111 OCEANOGRAPHY CH5
Covalent bonds form between hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a water molecule as a result of the __________. polarity of water molecules sharing of electrons between atoms surface tension of water transfer of electrons between atoms viscosity of water
Sharing of electrons between atoms.
Other than the hydrogen and oxygen atoms themselves, the two most abundant elements (ions) dissolved in seawater are __________. fluorine and iodine gold and silver bromine and boron sodium and chloride carbonate and sulfate
Sodium and chloride
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that __________. ocean salinity varies as a function of season ocean salinity varies with geographical location the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth the relative concentration of seawater ions does not change
The relative concentration of seawater does not change
When water evaporates from the ocean surface __________. energy is transferred from the atmosphere to the remaining liquid sea surface temperature increases sea surface salinity decreases the remaining water is cooled the remaining water is warmed
The remaining water is cooled.
Heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. True False
True
The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. True False
True
The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. True False
True
Water has an unusually high heat capacity. True False
True
Water is a polar molecule. True False
True
Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. True False
True
Since water dissolves all substances to some degree, it can be termed a/an __________. antacid universal solvent universal solute polymer receiver
Universal solvent
The process in which water molecules are transformed into a gas by boiling is termed __________. deposition sublimation condensation evaporation vaporization
Vaporization
The density of a parcel of seawater will increase __________. when the temperature increases when the salinity decreases when the salinity increases when the pressure decreases when it is exposed to high ambient sound levels
When the salinity increases
A change in phase from liquid to gas WITHOUT reaching the boiling point is called __________. condensation evaporation sublimation freezing melting
evaporation
Halite, sodium chloride, is the most abundant salt in seawater. (a) True (b) False
...
Most subsurface water samples are taken __________. (a) in a bathythermograph (b) in a hydrowire (c) in a messenger sampler (d) in a Nansen or Niskin sampling bottle (e) in a Hensen-Stempel sampler
...
The ions present in seawater alter the characteristics of pure water in all of the following ways except __________. (a) the ions cause seawater to freeze at a lower temperature than fresh water (b) the ions cause seawater to boil at a higher temperature than fresh water (c) the ions cause seawater to evaporate more slowly (in equal conditions of temperature and pressure) than fresh water (d) the ions cause cells placed in seawater to burst
...
Heat capacity is the quantity of heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of substance __________ C. 0.1° 1.0° 5.0° 10.0° 15.0°
1.0°
The average salinity of the world ocean is closest to which of the following? 3.4 ‰ 21.5 ‰ 34 ‰ 52 ‰ 96.5 ‰
3.4%
The average salinity of sea water is __________. 0.35% 2.0% 3.5% 10% 25%
3.5%
Pure water reaches its maximum density at __________ C. 32.00° 18.42° - 2.05° 0° 3.98° (4.0)
3.98°(4.0)
A pH of __________ is considered neutral. - 5 - 3 - 7 - 9 - 11
7
What is the approximate mixing time of the world ocean? (a) About 1,000 years (b) About 100,000 years (c) About 100,000,000 years (d) About 1 billion years (e) It has never been fully mixed
A. About 1,000 years
A change in phase from gas to liquid is called __________. (a) condensation (b) evaporation (c) sublimation (d) freezing (e) melting
A. Condensation
Which of the following has a negative charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton
A. Electron
The components of ocean water whose proportions are not accounted for by the weathering of surface rocks are called __________. (a) excess volatiles (b) zwitterions (c) excess ionics (d) excess constituents (e) Forchhammer volatiles
A. Excess volatiles
. __________ results from the physical vibrations of atoms and molecules. (a) Heat (b) Sound (c) Light (d) Color (e) Stirring
A. Heat
Nutrients are considered non-conservative properties of seawater. (a) True (b) False
A. True
The ocean is stratified with respect to __________. density temperature salinity all of the above
All of the above
The hydrogen bonds of water molecules account for which of the following? Water is the universal solvent. Water has a high surface tension. Water has a high boiling point. Water has a high heat capacity. All of these are relevant.
All of these are relevant
Oxygen enters seawater mainly __________. - through the respiration of animals - as a byproduct of photosynthesis - as a result of decomposition of plant and animal remains - through the oxidation of metal ions in seawater
As a byproduct of photosynthesis
Which of the following statements regarding pH is NOT true? - A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. - As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. - Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. - pH will increase in areas of rapid plant or algal growth. - pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution.
As a whole the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic
Which of the following statements about pH is NOT true? - pH relates to acid-base balance. - A pH of 10 is alkaline, a pH of 3 is acid. - Buffers prevent large swings in pH. - As a whole, the pH of the ocean is mildly acidic. - pH will tend to rise in areas of rapid plant growth.
As a whole, the pH of the ocean is mildly acidic
Seawater freezes __________ fresh water. at a higher temperature than at a lower temperature than at the same temperature as
At a lower temperature than
The property of seawater used in induction salinometers to measure salinity is __________. (a) density (b) electrical conductivity (c) surface tension (d) heat capacity (e) optical refraction
B. Electrical conductivity
Which of the following has a neutral charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton
B. Neutron
The central portion of an atom is the __________. (a) nuculus (b) nucleus (c) nucular (d) nuclear (e) core
B. Nucleus
The symbol "‰" stands for __________. (a) parts per hundred (b) parts per thousand (c) parts per ten thousand (d) parts per hundred thousand (e) parts per million
B. Parts per thousand
Over a long time period, the input of salts to the ocean __________ the output. exceeds is less than is not related to balances
Balances
A solution which is hardly affected by the input or output of hydrogen ions is said to be __________. - acidic - basic - buffered - neutral
Buffered
The angle between the hydrogen atoms in a molecule of ice is __________. 127.5° 97.3° 105.0° 109.5° 48.7°
C. 105.0°
Which of the following has a positive charge? (a) Electron (b) Neutron (c) Proton (d) Soliton
C. Proton
Water's slight blue color is caused by the absorption of red light by __________. (a) living things in the ocean (b) the covalent bonds between hydrogen and oxygen in the water molecule (c) the hydrogen bonds between water molecules (d) a refractive illusion
C. The hydrogen bonds between water molecules
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is called the __________. boiling point elevation calorie latent heat of condensation latent heat of evaporation thermal capacity
Calorie
When carbon dioxide is dissolved in water, it reacts with the water to form __________. - calcium carbonate - sodium bicarbonate - carbonic acid - orthoclase sediments - plagioclase sediments
Carbonic acid
Latent heat is used to: break chemical bonds change molecular structure change states of matter change the temperature of a substance form chemical bonds
Change states of matter
We can determine salinity if we know the __________. density of a water sample mass of a water sample chlorinity of a water sample exact color of a water sample temperature of a water sample
Chlorinity of a water sample
Which of the following statements best describes the conservative constituents of seawater? Conservative constituents, which include salinity, change very slowly. Conservative constituents are elements involved in chemical and biological processes that change rapidly. Conservative constituents must be conserved for future generations. Conservative constituents of seawater include gold and other valuable elements dissolved in seawater.
Conservative constituents, which include salinity, change very slowly.
The water molecule is an example of a/an __________ chemical bond. ionic covalent isotopic
Covalent
The smallest unit of an element that contains all the chemical properties of the element is a/an __________. (a) molecule (b) proton (c) compound (d) atom (e) neutron
D. Atom
The phase in which water exists is determined by __________. (a) density and pressure (b) density and salinity (c) pressure and salinity (d) temperature and pressure (e) temperature and salinity
D. Temperature and pressure
Increasing the salinity of water __________ its freezing point. decreases increases does not affect
Decreases
Precipitation __________ seawater salinity. increases decreases
Decreases
River input __________ seawater salinity. - increases - decreases
Decreases
The amount of mass contained in a unit volume is termed __________. specific gravity density weight specific heat isostasy
Density
A molecule that has a positively-charged end (H) and a negatively-charged end (O) is termed a/an __________ molecule. monocular dipolar radioactive anoxic ionic
Dipolar
A molecule is a group of ___________ held together by chemical bonds. (a) ions (b) electrons (c) protons (d) covalent bonds (e) atoms
E. Atoms
The process in which water molecules change to a GAS at temperatures BELOW the boiling point is called __________. deposition sublimation condensation evaporation transpiration
Evaporation
Any solution with a pH of greater than 7.0 is acidic. - True - False
False
Latent heat of vaporization is the same as latent heat of sublimation. True False
False
Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. True False
False
Water can pile up higher than the edge of a container due to its low surface tension. True False
False
The major source of carbon dioxide in seawater is __________. - from photosynthesis by marine plants - from rain falling into the ocean - from the respiration of marine animals and other organisms - from seafloor sediments
From the respiration of marine animals and other organisms
pH describes the __________ of a substance. - salinity - temperature - H+ concentration - Cl- concentration - Na+ concentration
H+ concentration
The ion in sea water that is serves as a buffer is __________. - Ca+2 - Cl- - CO2 - HCO3- - Na+
HCO3-
The __________ is a rapid change in salinity with a slight change in depth. - isocline - halocline - pycnocline - thermocline
Halocline
The ocean is slow to heat and slow to cool. This is related to a property of water known as __________. density high heat capacity low heat capacity residence time boiling point
High heat capacity
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? high heat capacity high salinity high viscosity low heat capacity low viscosity
High heat capacity
Water can pile up short distance above a container's rim due to __________. high capillary action high surface tension high viscosity low surface tension low viscosity
High surface tension.
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of water is __________. a function of salinity about the same as other liquids higher than other liquids lower than other liquids related to solvent concentration
Higher than other liquids
The weak chemical bond that forms between bipolar molecules is called a/an __________ bond. water isotopic hydrogen oxygen liquid
Hydrogen
The transfer of water from the atmosphere to the oceans to the continents is known as the __________. - closed cycle - geologic cycle - hydrobiological cycle - hydrologic cycle - meteorological cycle
Hydrologic cycle
The amount of gas that seawater can hold in solution will be greater __________. - in colder water - in warmer water - in salty water - under less pressure
In cold water
The salinity of the ocean, at the present time, seems to be __________. - increasing due to evaporation as the Earth warms up - decreasing due to several years of excessive rainfall - increasing due to pollution - in equilibrium, with dissolved components entering equal to dissolved components leaving
In equilibrium, with dissolved components entering equal to dissolved components leaving.
Evaporation __________ seawater salinity. increases decreases
Increases
High temperature __________ seawater salinity. increases decrease
Increases
Low latitude (being closer to the equator) __________ seawater salinity. - increases - decreases
Increases
The formation of sea ice __________ seawater salinity. - increases - decreases
Increases
Many of the unique properties of water are attributed to the fact that water __________. contains hydrogen bonds exists in three phases at the earth's surface is a polar molecule is a universal solvent requires heat to condense
Is a polar molecule
Once an element or dissolved substance reaches the ocean, __________. it will remain dissolved in the water forever it will settle to the seafloor in less than 100 years it will be removed quickly by the activities of organisms it may stay or be removed depending on the individual chemistry of the element
It may stay or be removed depending on the individual chemistry of the element.
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure water at 0 degrees C. What happens to the temperature of the mixture as heat is added? It immediately begins to rise slowly. It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC then it remains constant as the ice melts. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted.
It remains constant until the ice melts then it begins to rise.
The most abundant gas dissolved in seawater is __________. nitrogen carbon dioxide oxygen argon hydrogen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of __________. electron sharing electron transfer polarity of water molecules surface tension viscosity of water.
Polarity of water molecules
A charged atom is called a/an __________. molecule proton isotope ion electrode
Proton
The __________ is a rapid change in density with a slight change in depth. - isocline - halocline - pycnocline - thermocline
Pycnocline
The surface tension of water is __________. increases as density decreases related to salinity relatively high relatively low very similar to similar liquids
Relatively high.
A solution is made of two components, a(n) __________ and a(n) __________. bond ... atom atom ... molecule solute ... solvent ion ... atom negative ion ... positive ion
Solute....Solvent
The substances dissolved in seawater are collectively called __________. minerals salts acids solutes solvents
Solutes
The property of water that accounts for the ability of liquid water to absorb heat and change only very little in temperature is called __________. Specific heat, or heat capacity Specific heat of evaporation Specific heat of fusion Freezing coefficient Dielectric constant
Specific heat or heat capacity
Some insects can glide across the surface of water due to water's __________. capillarity hydrogen bonds polarity surface tension viscosity
Surface tension
The property of water that allows certain insects to walk on the surface is called __________. viscosity density surface tension latent heat of fusion latent heat of evaporation
Surface tension
The Principle of Constant Proportions states __________. - that the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean is a constant - that the salinity of the ocean is a constant - that the excess volatile ratio of the ocean is a constant - that the ratio of major salts in samples of seawater from various places is a constant
That the salinity of the ocean is a constant
Residence time is __________. The same for all elements in the ocean The average length of time an element spends in the ocean A measure of tenure for a professor of oceanography A function of Forschhammer's principle The same as mixing time
The average length time an element spends in the ocean
The surface salinity in the central parts of the world oceans is determined by __________. - the amount of rainfall in the area - the amount of wind - the balance between evaporation and precipitation - the amount of freshwater runoff from the continents - the stability of the water column
The balance between evaporation and precipitation
Most of the world ocean has the temperature properties of __________. the mixed layer the main thermocline the deep and bottom waters the compensation depth
The deep and bottom waters
The term "salinity" refers to __________. the total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean the total amount of table salt dissolved in seawater the total amount of chlorine in the water the total amount of chloride ion in the water the total amount of sodium in the water
The total amount of dissolved solids in the ocean
A/an __________ is an area where the temperature changes rapidly with depth. Isotherm Pycnocline Thermocline Halocline Isobar
Thermocline
The __________ is a rapid change in temperature with a slight change in depth. - isocline - halocline - pycnocline - thermocline
Thermocline
As a whole, the ph of the ocean is slightly alkaline. True False
True
Evaporation causes cooling in the residual liquid. True False
True