gov chapter 5
Black codes
Laws passed immeditley after the civil war by the confederate states that limited the rights of 'freemen' (people formally enslaved)
Reconstruction era
The time after the civil war between 1866 and 1877 when the insituions and infrastructure of the south were rebuilt
Poll tax
A fee for voting; levied to prevent poor African Americans in the South from voting.
heightened scrutiny test
All of the following methods were used in attempts to keep blacks from voting except?
Affirmative action
In the employment arena, intentional efforts to recruit, hire, train, and promote underutilized categories of workers (women and minority men); in higher education, intentional efforts to diversify the student body.
Inherent characteristics
Individual attributes such as race, national origin, religion, and sex
Transgender
Indivuals whose gender identity does not match the sex they were assigned at birth
1. Educational opportunities 2. Employment opportunities 3. Pay 4. Lack of child care 5. Domestic violence 6. Rape 7. Obtaining credit
Second wave of women's rights? (7)
De facto segregation
Segregation maintained by practive
De jure segregation
Segregation mandated by law
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
The 'separate but equal' precedent referred to above was established by which of the following cases?
Civil rights
The rights and privileges guaranteed to all citizens under the equal protection and due process clauses of the 5th and 14th amendments; the idea that individuals are protected from discrimination based on characteristics such as race, national origin, religion, and sex.
Brown v. Board of education of Topeka
This 1954 Supreme Court decision ruled that segregated schools violated the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Race, ethnic, religion
What does strict scrutiny deal with?
A university's use fo race as one factor of consideration for admittance to its law school
Which of the following is an example of a legal affirmative action policy?
De jure- Jim Crow laws De facto- blacks and whites choosing to live in separate neighborhoods
Which of the following scenarios is an accurate comparison of de jure and de facto segregation?
Grandfather clause
a clause exempting individuals from voting conditions such as poll taxes or literacy tests if they or their ancestors had voted before 1870, thus sparing most white voters
Civil disobedience
active, but nonviolent, refusal to comply with laws or governmental policies that are morally objectionable, while accepting the consequences of violating these laws.
Jim Crow laws
laws requiring strict separation of racial groups, with whites and "nonwhites" required to attend separate schools, work in different jobs, and use segregated public accommodations, such as transportation and restaurants
Equal protection clause
the 14th amendment clause stating that no state shall "deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws"
Strict scrutiny test
the guidelines the courts use to determine the legality of suspect classification-based discrimination; on the basis of this test, discrimination is legal if it is a necessary means by which the government can achieve a compelling public interest
Hispanic women
Assuming that white, nonhispanic men are at 100%, which of the following groups is most affected by the wage gap?
Ordinary Scruinty test (rational bases test)
On the basis of this test, sex based discrimination is legal if it is a reasonable means by which the government can acheive a legitmate public interest
Sexual orientation
Only in recent years has federal hate crime legislation been expanded to protect individuals on the basis of
Heightened scrutiny test (intermediate scrutiny test)
The guidelines used most frequently by the courts to determine the legality of sex-based discrimination; on the basis of this test, sex-based discrimination is legal if the government can prove that it is substantially related to the achievement of an important public interest.
Schools, business, public transportation, restaurants, hotels, swimming pools, recreation facilities
What are facilities included in separate but equal doctrine?
Sex
What does heightened scrutiny deal with?
Age
What does ordinary scrutiny deal with?
Hate crime
a crime committed against a person, property, or society, in which the offender is motivated, in part or in whole, by his or her bias against the victim because of the victim's race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity
Literacy test
a test to determine eligibility to vote; designed so that few African Americans would pass
Intersectionality
the experience of multiple forms of oppression (based on race, gender, class, and/or sexuality) simultaneously
White primary
A primary election in which a party's nominees for general election were chosen but in which only white people were allowed to vote
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 supreme court ruling creating the seperate but equal doctrine
Was confirmed by Supreme Court, garnered national attention, evoked public sympathy, gained a powerful leader
Bus boycott success? (4 things)
Suspect classifications
Distinctions based on race, religion, and national origin, which are assumed to be legitimate
Separate but equal doctrine
Established by the Supreme Court in Plessy v. Ferguson, it said that separate but equal facilities for whites and nonwhites do not violate the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause.
1. Race 2. National origin 3. Religion 4. Sex
Individual characteristics ?
Standing to sue
The legal right to bring lawsuits in court
