Government 3
A sole executive agreement is likely to be in effect longer than is a treaty.
false
Neoconservativism is an isolationist foreign policy approach of a nation keeping to itself and engaging less internationally.
false
President George W. Bush was a proponent of liberal internationalism in his foreign policy.
false
Which statement about new federalism is not true?
President Reagan was able to promote new federalism consistently throughout his administration.
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
a cross-national military organization with bases in Belgium and Germany formed to maintain stability in Europe
comparable worth
a doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions
Nullification
a doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders
race to the bottom
a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers' detriment
Liberal Internationalism
a foreign policy approach of becoming proactively engaged in world affairs by cooperating in a community of nations
isolationism
a foreign policy approach that advocates a nation's staying out of foreign entanglements and keeping to itself
symbolic speech
a form of expression that does not use writing or speech but nonetheless communicates an idea (e.g., wearing an article of clothing to show solidarity with a group)
prior restraint
a government action that stops someone from doing something before they are able to do it (e.g., forbidding someone to publish a book he or she plans to release)
Foreign Policy
a government's goals in dealing with other countries or regions and the strategy used to achieve them
Medicaid
a health insurance program for low income citizens
Blue Law
a law originally created to uphold a religious or moral standard, such as a prohibition against selling alcohol on Sundays
Patriot Act
a law passed by Congress in the wake of the 9/11 attacks that broadened federal powers to monitor electronic communications; the full name is the USA PATRIOT Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act)
ex post facto law
a law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution
Which of the following types of discrimination would be subject to the rational basis test?
a law that treats 10 year olds differently than 28 year olds
search warrant
a legal document, signed by a judge, allowing police to search and/or seize persons or property
Coverture
a legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased
bill of attainder
a legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial; prohibited under the Constitution
Undue Burden Test
a means of deciding whether a law that makes it harder for women to seek abortions is constitutional
conscientious objector
a person who claims the right to refuse to perform military service on the grounds of freedom of thought, conscience, or religion
free trade
a policy in which a country allows the unfettered flow of goods and services between itself and other countries
Protectionism
a policy in which a country does not permit other countries to sell goods and services within its borders or charges them very high tariffs (import taxes) to do so
neo-isolationism
a policy of distancing the United States from the United Nations and other international organizations, while still participating in the world economy
selective engagement
a policy of retaining a strong military presence and remaining engaged across the world
distributive policy
a policy that collect payments or resources broadly but concentrates direct benefits on relatively few
Regulatory Policy
a policy that regulates companies and organizations in a way that protects the public
white primary
a primary election in which only whites are allowed to vote
creeping categorization
a process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants
Entitlements
a program that guarantees benefits to members of a specific group or segment of the population
double jeopardy
a prosecution pursued twice at the same level of government for the same criminal action
Equal Protection Clause
a provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law
AIM was ________.
a radical group of Native American activists who occupied the settlement of Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Reservation
exclusionary rule
a requirement, from Supreme Court case Mapp v. Ohio, that evidence obtained as a result of an illegal search or seizure cannot be used to try someone for a crime
common-law right
a right of the people rooted in legal tradition and past court rulings, rather than the Constitution
Free market economics
a school of thought that believes the forces of supply and demand, working without any government intervention, are the most effective way for markets to operate
Balance of Power
a situation in which no one nation or region is much more powerful militarily than any other in the world
Social Security
a social welfare policy for people who no longer receive an income from employment
Sherbert Test
a standard for deciding whether a law violates the free exercise clause; a law will be struck down unless there is a "compelling governmental interest" at stake and it accomplishes its goal by the "least restrictive means" possible
Miranda warning
a statement by law enforcement officers informing a person arrested or subject to interrogation of his or her rights
venue shopping
a strategy in which interest groups select the level and branch of government they calculate will be most receptive to their policy goals
bottom-up implementation
a strategy in which the federal government allows local areas some flexibility to meet their specific challenges and needs in implementing policy
top-down implementation
a strategy in which the federal government dictates the specifics of public policy and each state implements it the same exact way
Cooperative Federalism
a style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake
Dual Federalism
a style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism
New Federalism
a style of federalism premised on the idea that the decentralization of policies enhances administrative efficiency, reduces overall public spending, and improves outcomes
regressive tax
a tax applied at a lower overall rate as individuals' income rises
progressive tax
a tax that tends to increase the effective tax rate as the wealth or income of the tax payer increases
Recession
a temporary contraction of the economy in which there is no economic growth for two consecutive quarters
saftey net
a way to provide for members of society experiencing economic hardship
Obscenity
acts or statements that are extremely offensive by contemporary standards
Which stage of the public policy process includes identification of problems in need of fixing?
agenda setting
The Supreme Court case known as Kelo v. City of New London was controversial because it ________.
allowed greater use of the power of eminent domain
self-incrimination
an action or statement that admits guilt or responsibility for a crime
Civil Disobedience
an action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust
plea bargain
an agreement between the defendant and the prosecutor in which the defendant pleads guilty to the charge(s) in question or perhaps to less serious charges, in exchange for more lenient punishment than if convicted after a full trial
Keynesian economics
an economic policy based on the idea that economic growth is closely tied to the ability of individuals to consume goods
supply-side economics
an economic policy that assumes economic growth is largely a function of a country's productive capacity
Laissez-faire
an economic policy that assumes the key to economic growth and development is for the government to allow private markets to operate efficiently without interference
Medicare
an entitlement health insurance program for older people and retirees who no longer get health insurance through their work
treaty
an international agreement entered by the United States that requires presidential negotiation with other nation(s), consent by two-thirds of the Senate, and final ratification by the president
sole executive agreement
an international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiated and approved by the president acting alone
Congressional-executive agreement
an international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiated by the president and approved by a simple majority of the House and Senate
United Nations
an international organization of nation-states that seeks to promote peace, international relations, and economic and environmental programs
poll tax
annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote
The U.S. policy of containment during the Cold War related to keeping ________.
communism from spreading.
The doctrine that people who do jobs that require the same level of skill, training, or education are thus entitled to equal pay is known as ________.
comparable worth
civil rights
Guarantees of equal treatment by government officials regarding political rights, the judicial system, and public programs
All the following are examples of sharply focused foreign policy outputs except ________.
international agreements
The right to privacy has been controversial for all the following reasons except ________.
it is not explicitly included in the constitution or the bill of rights
A major difference between most European countries and the United States today is ________.
laws in europe more strictly regulate how government officials can use tracking technology
Black Codes
laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed slaves and other blacks and deprived them of their rights
probable cause
legal standard for determining whether a search or seizure is constitutional or a crime has been committed; a lower threshold than the standard of proof needed at a criminal trial
Civil Liberties
limitations on the power of government, designed to ensure personal freedoms
de jure segregation
segregation that results from government discrimination
de facto segregation
segregation that results from the private choices of individuals
concurrent powers
shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems
The goals of U.S. foreign policy includes all of the following except ________.
spreading consumerism
Jim Crow Laws
state and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction
The War Powers Resolution ________.
strengthened presidential war powers
A group of African American students believes a college admissions test that is used by a public university discriminates against them. What legal standard would the courts use in deciding their case?
strict scrutiny
At the world's first women's rights convention in 1848, the most contentious issue proved to be ________.
suffrage for women
excise taxes
taxes applied to specific goods or services as a source of revenue
understanding tests
tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise black voters
literacy tests
tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities
Plessy v. Ferguson
the 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed "separate but equal" racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment
Brown v. Board of Education
the 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and "separate but equal" to be unconstitutional in public education
immigration federalism
the gradual movement of states into the immigration policy domain traditionally handled by the federal government
selective incorporation
the gradual process of making some guarantees of the Bill of Rights (so far) apply to state governments and the national government
Why are foreign policy issues more complicated than domestic policy issues?
the international environment is unpredictable.
Elastic Clause
the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government "to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying" out all its constitutional responsibilities
Trail of Tears
the name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838-1839
Reconstruction
the period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union
Cold War
the period from shortly after World War II until approximately 1989-1990 when advanced industrial democracies divided behind the two superpowers (East: Soviet Union, West: United States) and the fear of nuclear war abounded
The 1965 Selma-to-Montgomery march was an important milestone in the civil rights movement because it ________.
vividly illustrated the continued resistance to black civil rights in the deep south
eminent domain
the power of government to take or use property for a public purpose after compensating its owner; also known as the takings clause of the Fifth Amendment
In terms of formal powers in the realm of foreign policy, ________.
the president and congress share power
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
the proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex
Grandfather Clause
the provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate whites to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified
Establishment Clause
the provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from endorsing a state-sponsored religion; interpreted as preventing government from favoring some religious beliefs over others or religion over non-religion
Free Exercise Clause
the provision of the First Amendment that prohibits the government from regulating religious beliefs and practices
Which type of policy directly benefits most citizens?
regulatory policy
glass ceiling
An invisible barrier that blocks the promotion of a qualified individual in a work environment because of the individual's gender, race, or ethnicity.
When times are tough economically, what can the government do to get the economy moving again?
A Keynesian approach would recommend deficit spending to stimulate the economy. Supply-side economists would advocate cutting taxes to get more money flowing in the economy.
unitary system
A centralized government system in which the sub national government is dependent on the central government, where substantial authority is concentrated.
categorical grants
A federal transfer formulated to limit recipients discretion in the use of funds and Subject them to strict administrative criteria.
writ or habeas corpus
A petition that enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that persons detention is legal.
redistributive policy
A policy in which costs are born by a relatively small number of groups or individuals, but benefits are expected to be enjoyed by a different group in society.
Devolution
A process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to sub national units.
Explain the difference between a right listed in the Bill of Rights and a common-law right. Describe two ways in which new technological developments challenge traditional notions of privacy.
A right listed in the Bill of Rights is afforded clearer protection than one developed incrementally through court precedents.
general revenue sharing
A type of federal grant that places minimal restrictions on how state and local governments spend the money.
block grants
A type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds.
Federalism
An institutional arrangement that creates 2 relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution
What are some of the challenges to getting a new public policy considered and passed as a law?
Approval of a new policy requires government to recognize that a problem needs solving, and the approval of the elected branches of government. This process can take a long time.
Which of the following best describes attitudes toward Asian immigrants in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Asian immigrants were welcomed to the united states and swiftly became financially successful
Which statement is most accurate about the sources of revenue for local and state governments?
Between 30 and 40 percent of the revenue for local and state governments comes from grant money.
Briefly describe the similarities and differences between the experiences of Native Americans and Native Hawaiians.
Both groups lost their ancestral lands to whites who also attempted to destroy their culture. Both groups also suffer high levels of poverty and unemployment today. Most Native American tribes are allowed to govern themselves, but so far Native Hawaiians are not.
Which types of foreign policy outputs have more impact, broadly conceived ones or sharply focused ones? Why?
Broadly conceived foreign policy outputs tend to have a longer impact overall because of their permanence, though sharply focused foreign policy outputs can have more impact in the short term.
Which is not a merit of cooperative federalism?
Cooperative federalism respects the traditional jurisdictional boundaries between states and federal government.
unfunded mandates
Federal laws and regulations that impose obligations on state governments without fully compensating them for the cost of implementation
Describe the disadvantages of federalism.
Federalism can trigger a race to the bottom, leading states to reduce workplace regulations and social benefits for employees; it can obstruct federal efforts to address national problems; and it can deepen economic and social disparities among states.
Which of the following is not a benefit of federalism?
Federalism encourages economic equality across the country.
Which statement about federal and unitary system is most accurate
In a federal system, the constitution allocates powers between states and federal government; in a unitary system, powers ate lodged in the national government
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution because ________.
Key states refused to ratify the constitution unless it was added
In MuCulloch v. Maryland, the Supreme Court invoked which provisions of the constitution?
Necessary and proper clause and supremacy clause.
Which statement about unfunded mandates is false?
New federalism does not promote the use of unfunded mandates.
Public policy ________
Requires multiple actors and branches to carry out.
Briefly explain the concept of selective incorporation, and why it became necessary.
Selective incorporation is the process of expanding the application of the Bill of Rights to also include the states. It became necessary in order to guarantee people's civil liberties equally across all states.
Explain why someone accused of a crime might negotiate a plea bargain rather than exercising the right to a trial by jury.
Someone accused of a crime may take a plea bargain because it reflects a clear path forward rather than the uncertainty of a trial. Typically plea bargains result in weaker punishments than does a court trial.
Which statement about immigration federalism is false?
The Arizona v. United States decision struck down all Arizona's most restrictive provisions on illegal immigration.
What were the key provisions of the Civil Rights Act of 1964?
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 outlawed discrimination in employment based on race, color, national origin, religion, and sex and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate discrimination and enforce the provisions of the bill. It also prohibited segregation in public accommodations and encouraged integration in education.
What where the implications of McCulloch v. Maryland for federalism?
The McCulloch decision established the doctrine of implied powers, meaning the federal government can create policy instruments deemed necessary and appropriate to fulfill its constitutional responsibilities. The case also affirmed the principle of national supremacy embodied in article VI of the constitution, namely, that the constitution and legitimate federal laws trump state laws.
How did NAWSA differ from the NWP?
The NWP favored more confrontational tactics like protests and picketing while NAWSA circulated petitions and lobbied politicians.
Which statement about federal grants in recent decades is most accurate?
The amount of federal grant money going to states has steadily increased since the 1960s.
Which key constitutional provisions define the scope of authority of the federal and state governments?
The following parts of the constitution sketch the powers of the states and the federal government: article I, section 8; the supremacy clause of article VI; and the tenth amendment. The following parts of the constitution detail the limits on their authority: Article I section 9 and 10; Bill of rights; fourteenth amendment; and the civil rights amendment
What are the pros and cons of the neoconservative foreign policy approach followed in recent decades?
The pros are that the United States is less bogged down in international process and can move more quickly to squelch conflict. The cons are that the United States, in acting alone, might offend other countries that would prefer everyone act together, and that the country might decide to go directly to military-based solutions rather than using diplomacy.
Explain the difference between the establishment clause and the free exercise clause, and explain how these two clauses work together to guarantee religious freedoms.
The two clauses together protect religious liberty but from opposite directions. The establishment clause prevents governments from having an official religion (thus giving all religions a chance to flourish), while the free exercise clause clearly empowers individuals to practice as they wish.
Which statement about the evolution of same-sex marriage is false?
United States v. Windsor legalized same-sex marriage in the United States.
Which of the following is not a foreign policy type?
bureaucratic oversight
The Trail of Tears is the name given to the forced removal of this tribe from Georgia to Oklahoma.
cherokee
direct action
civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations
Why do House members and senators tend to be less active on foreign policy matters than domestic ones?
constituents are more directly affected by domestic policy topics than foreign ones
Setting aside Social Security and Medicare, other entitlement programs in the U.S. government ________.
constitute over half the budget
The Fourth Amendment's requirement for a warrant ________.
does not apply when there is a serious risk that evidence will be destroyed before a warrant can be issued
Policy analysts seek ________.
evidence
The Third Amendment can be thought of as ________.
forming part of a broader conception of privacy in the home that is also protected by the Second and Fourth Amendments
Entitlement (or mandatory) spending is ________.
formula-based spending that goes to individual citizens
Full Faith and Credit Clause
found in Article IV, Section 1, of the Constitution, this clause requires states to accept court decisions, public acts, and contracts of other states; also referred to as the comity provision
Privileges and Immunities Clause
found in Article IV, Section 2, of the Constitution, this clause prohibits states from discriminating against out-of-staters by denying such guarantees as access to courts, legal protection, and property and travel rights
The equal protection clause became part of the Constitution as a result of ________.
fourteenth amendment
mandatory spending
government spending earmarked for entitlement programs guaranteeing support to those who meet certain qualifications
discretionary spending
government spending that Congress must pass legislation to authorize each year
The Fourteenth Amendment was critically important for civil liberties because it ________.
helped start the process of the incorporation of the Bill of Rights
The Supreme Court has decided that the death penalty ________.
may not be applied to those who were under 18 when. they committed a crime
The use of drones within other countries' borders is consistent with which school of thought?
neoconservativism
soft power
nonmilitary tools used to influence another country, such as economic sanctions
policy advocates
people who actively work to propose or maintain public policy
Libertarians
people who believe that government almost always operates less efficiently than the private sector and that its actions should be kept to a minimum
policy analysts
people who identify all possible choices available to a decision maker and assess the potential impact of each
The Supreme Court decision ruling that "separate but equal" was constitutional and allowed racial segregation to take place was ________.
plessy v. ferguson
The double jeopardy rule in the Bill of Rights forbids which of the following?
prohibits the government from prosecuting individuals more than once for a single offense and from imposing more than one punishment for a single offense
Due Process Clause
provisions of the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments that limit government power to deny people "life, liberty, or property" on an unfair basis
American Indian Movement (AIM)
the Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973
deficit
the annual amount by which expenditures are greater than revenues
a deficit is _______.
the annual budget shortfall between revenues and expenditures
Neoconservatism
the belief that, rather than exercising restraint, the United States should aggressively use its might to promote its values and ideals around the world
public policy
the broad strategy government uses to do its job; the relatively stable set of purposive governmental behaviors that address matters of concern to some part of society
The federal budget process matters in foreign policy for all the following reasons EXCEPT ________.
the budget for every presidential action has to be approved in advance.
Congressional Budget Office
the congressional office that scores the spending or revenue impact of all proposed legislation to assess its net effect on the budget
Containment
the effort by the United States and Western European allies, begun during the Cold War, to prevent the spread of communism
Social Security and Medicare are notable for their assistance to which group?
the elderly
Diplomacy
the establishment and maintenance of a formal relationship between countries
balance of trade
the relationship between a countrys inflow and outflow of goods
Disenfranchisement
the revocation of someone's right
economic liberty
the right of individuals to obtain, use, and trade things of value for their own benefit
right to privacy
the right to be free of government intrusion
Which of the following provisions is not part of the First Amendment?
the right to keep and bear arms
Which of the following rights is not explicitly protected by some state constitutions?
the right to polygamous
Which of the following rights is not protected by the Sixth Amendment?
the right to remain silent
Title IX
the section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex
Intermediate Scrutiny
the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women
Strict Scrutiny
the standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals
rational basis test
the standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens
two presidencies thesis
the thesis by Wildavsky that there are two distinct presidencies, one for foreign and one for domestic policy, and that presidents are more successful in foreign than domestic policy
debt
the total amount the government owes across all years
Mexican American farm workers in California organized ________ to demand higher pay from their employers.
the united farm workers union
Affirmative Action
the use of programs programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination
Hard Power
the use or threat of military power to influence the behavior of another country
Toll goods differ from public goods in that ________.
they require the payment of a fee up front
An example of a right explicitly protected by the Constitution as drafted at the Constitutional Convention is the ________.
write to a writ of habeas corpus