Government
Argument #2 NJ Plan
- believed in the 3 branches of government but differed with some points - legislature power derived from the states, not the people - legislature appoints the executive branch but the executive branch select the supreme court - they wanted 1 house/chamber legislature: states would be represented equally in congress - all states had the same vote and power no matter how big or small the population size is. argument favored by smaller states. - they agreed that the legislature could levy taxes and regulate trade with interstate commerce clause and supremacy clause - Supremacy clause: National law is supreme law of the land over state laws
Explain how women gained their civil rights, as well as current Women's Rights issues.
-19th Amendment - 1920 gave women the right to vote -Equal Rights Amendment - A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women's Party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex." -Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act/comparable worth: Amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -Harassment
What are the different types of bureaucracies? Give examples of each.
-Cabinet Secretaries/ Departments - The biggest units of the executive branch, covering a broad area of government responsibility. The heads of the 15 departments, or secretaries, form the president's cabinet. -Independent Agency - Executive agencies that are not part of a cabinet department. Only accountable to the president, ex. cia -Regulatory Commission - Agencies of the executive branch of government that control or direct some aspect of the economy. -Government Corporation - govt sets up a business and competes for business. Ex. Amtrac. Government agencies that perform services that might be provided by the private sector but that either involve insufficient financial incentive or are better provided when they are somehow linked with government.
Explain the following roles the President has:
-Chief Executive: we except presidents to work directly with congress to fulfill campaign promises. If president won't then the president is judged ineffective. -Head of State -World Leader -Legislative Role -Political Party Leader: presidents are their political partys leader -Commander in Chief: to be in charge of the military to manage crisis' everywhere
What are these different bureaucratic reforms?
-Civil Service - The system by which most appointments to the federal bureaucracy are made, to ensure that government jobs are filled on the basis of merit and that employees are not fired for political reasons. -Deregulation - eliminating layers of bureaucracy and reducing the rules that govern business markets with the market forces of supply and demand. -Competition/Outsourcing/Privatization - government services are offered by the lowest bidder from the public or private sector./Procedures that allow private contractors to bid for jobs previously held exclusively by government employees. -Performance Standards - a range of reforms focuses on measuring agency performance a range of reforms focuses on measuring agency performance.
What are the major differences between Democratic and Republican Party platforms with respect to freedom, order and equality?
-Democratic Party - Equality over freedom Republican both freedom and order One key difference between the two parties is that Republicans tend to approve of __national defense spending______, while Democrats tend to approve of ___social welfare spending_____.
Chapter 1
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Chapter 13
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Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
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Chapter 6
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Chapter 7
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Chapter 8
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Chapter 9
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Explain how the Electoral College facilitates a federal election of the President
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Explain the main ideas in each of the 7 articles of the US Constitution.
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How does the expansion of suffrage in the U.S compare with other nations?
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chapter 10
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chapter 11 Legislative Branch
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chapter 12
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chapter 14
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chapter 2
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chapter 3
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other terms
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who are the key agents in the process of political socialization
1. Family. The biggest influence. Political party identity. 2. School. Social order, authority, etc.. 3. Community/Peers. 4. Media.
Explain the steps to be elected to Congress (the Senate & House of Representatives
1. Meet the minimum criteria. A candidate must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for at least 7 years and live in the state you wish to represent. If you are considering running for the Senate, the requirements are 30 years old and citizen for at least 9 years and must live in the state you wish to represent. 2. Decide which political party supports your views and become affiliated with them so that your name may be put forward to be placed on the ballot. 3. Hone skills important for public office, such as leadership, decision-making and public speaking. Take refresher classes. 4. File necessary papers for candidacy. Check with your state election officials for specific requirements. 5. Form a campaign committee. Begin with friends and family who are supportive of your bid for office. They will most likely comprise your inside committee. Appoint a chairman who will manage the day-to-day affairs of the campaign and help to recruit other workers. •The Campaign Manager has significant responsibility and should be a person of integrity who possesses great communication skills. This is generally the only paid position in a campaign. •Consider appointing a person as the Treasurer separate from the Campaign Manager. Choose someone who is trustworthy and credible. •Meet with your committee approximately once a week for updates, more often as the election gets closer. 6. Make yourself known to the public through advertising and personal appearances. Make certain that they know what your views are if you are elected. •Have campaign materials printed in a timely manner. Have campaign members and volunteers distribute them. •Accept opportunities for public appearances, such as debates or organization meetings. Seek out additional opportunities. 7. Schedule and attend fundraising events. Seek assistance from experts on fundraising to best optimize your time and efforts.
What were the political and economic weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation?
1. NO POWER TO TAX or to raise revenue to pay for military war. only states could tax citizens. states were suppose to give taxes to congress but never did. 2. NO LEADERSHIP there was no president or court system. Only one branch of government, the legislature to make the laws 3. NO POWER TO REGULATE TRADE btwn states and foreigns. the states ridicoulous high trading taxes caused economic downfall 4. AMENDMENTS HAD TO HAVE A UNANIMOUS VOTE no power to make changes to the confederation without unanimous congressional and state agreement...they never agreed and states would veto/reject any law formed by congress
what are the basic concepts of pluralist democracy?
1. group participation that should decide who are leaders are and what our laws are.. bc the majority of citizens are silent and don't vote or participate, they don't know what the government is doing or should do. 2. government should only listen to organized interest groups when making laws 3. plural interest groups promote their own interests at every level of government. decentralize government structure helps interest groups
What major constitutional amendments expanded the rights of suffrage in the United States? amendments on voting
15th- gave right to vote regardless of race. 17th-gave power to elect senators the people. 19th- gave women right to vote 24th- no poll tax. 26th- age/18 or older to vote
what year what the declaration of independence written?
1776
Civil rights of Disabled Americans
1990 congress passed American with Disability Act (ADA). stops discrimination against those with physical or mental disabilities disability: a physical or mental impairment that limits one or more major life activities
Explain how women gained their civil rights, as well as current Women's Rights issues.
19th Amendment - 1920 gave women the right to vote -Equal Rights Amendment - A failed constitutional amendment introduced by the National Women's Party in 1923, declaring that "equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of sex." -Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act/comparable worth: Amends the Civil Rights Act of 1964. -Harassment
What media format do most Americans currently use to get the news?
1st TV, 2nd Internet
what is the formal amendment process
2 steps 1. proposal: need a 2/3 votes from congress to get an amendment to the ratification step ( 33 amendments proposed) or national convention called by congress at request of 2/3 state legislatures (no amendments proposed) 2. ratification: need 3/4 vote of state legislatures (26 amendments ratified) or 3/4 vote of the states in constitutional convention to approve. ( only 1 passed, the 21st amendment)
How should we run our indirect democracy(government)?
2 ways: majoritariansim, pluralism
electoral college
A body of electors chosen by voters to cast ballots for president and vice president.
national convention
A gathering of delegates of a single political party from across the country to choose candidates for president and vice president and to adopt a party platform.
What is meant by the "standard socioeconomic model" (SES) for explaining political participation?
A relationship between socioeconomic status and conventional political involvement: people with higher status and more education are more likely to participate than those with lower status. The standard socioeconomic model of participation shows the relationship between socioeconomic status and conventional political involvement. 1.Unconventional behavior, however, is related to higher socioeconomic status in much the same way. 2.Regardless of socioeconomic status, young people are less likely than older people to participate in conventional politics. 3.The strongest single factor in explaining most types of conventional political participation is education. 4.Race and gender, as well as family status can be related to political participation as well.
Do the two major American political parties fulfill the principles in the Model of Responsible Party Government?
A set of principles formalizing the ideal role of parties in a majoritarian democracy. a. Parties should present clear and coherent programs to voters. b. Voters should choose candidates on the basis of party programs. c. The winning party should carry out its program once in office. d. Voters should hold the governing party responsible at the next election for executing its program
What are "battleground states" or "Swing States" in presidential elections and why are they important?
A state of the U.S. in which the Democratic and Republican candidates both have a good chance of winning. They are important because winning these states is the best opportunity for a party to gain electoral votes.
critical election
An election that produces a sharp change in the existing pattern of party loyalties among groups of voters.
Popular Sovereignty
"peoples power" The US people collectively have all power to the govern this country. It authorizes the legitimate use of force by voting for their elected leaders who make the laws to protect the peoples freedom and rights.
What are the 4 basic principles of the US Constitution and in which Articles/sections and Amendments are they located? #1
#1 Republicanism: form of government in which power resides in the people and is exercised by their elected representatives in an indirect democracy. Article 1: 8 , Article 2
What are the 4 basic principles of the US Constitution and in which Articles/sections and Amendments are they located? #3
#3 Federalism: division of power btwn central (national)government and regional (state) government. Article 4
How do civil liberties differ from civil rights as they relate to the role of the government? -What are 'positive' and 'negative' rights?
Civil Liberties - Negative - Freedoms guaranteed to individuals taking the form of restraint on gov't. what government can not away from you. unalienable natural rights... born within you. ex. "Congress shall make no law ... abridging the freedom of speech." Civil Rights - Positive - Powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals and must be provided by the government Ex. search warrant: only government can do this, you can't make up your own search warrant
What distinguishes conventional participation from unconventional political participation?
Conventional is simple, everyday, acceptable way. IE.. voting, petitions, letters, lobbying, campaigning, lawsuits, political parties etc... Unconventional is shocking, threatening ways that defy our government. these people don't trust our government. IE.. violence, demonstrations, strikes, protests, sit-ins, boycotting, marches, etc...
Article 2
Executive Article: president and beaucracies establishes the presidents term of office, procedure for electing the president by means of electors, qualifications for becoming president, and presidents duties and powers
Ratification debate was btwn what 2 groups?
Federalists and Antifederalist
Bill of right #8 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. civil liberty
How is sovereignty threatened in our globalized world?
Global forces generate pressures for economic trade, observance of human rights, and governance by international law. if the majority of nations thinks a country is being ruled unethically or crimes on its citizens are happening, world sanctions can be ordered.
Is there a liberal or conservative Media bias?
It depends on the network and who is delivering the information.
How does the Media influence citizens' political knowledge and ideology?
It shows fluffy pieces. Does not give all information. Media coverage shapes how Americans perceive the world and what they consider to be important. Voters and politicians alike must pay attention to the media. Democracy requires that citizens be informed because they must be able to make educated voting choices.
what is the function of commitees?
It's within the committees that the representatives and the senators not only become expert but show their expertise in specific policy areas. It's in the committees that these elected leaders gain seniority, and they gain prestige for the work that they do in the committees, the work that they do of writing new laws, of amending other laws, of understanding and addressing the many issues that face our country. The committees are where the bills -- and remember, bills are proposed laws, they are proposed legislation -- the committees are where the bills are first debated,they're first studied, they're first revised in the committees and subcommittees.
How do the President and Congress control the Bureaucracy
Legislation and law must be followed. Budget appropriations. President appoints the the lead workers based on merit and expertise. Senate confirmations only a few thousand. Other employees are hired based off of expertise, not what political party they belong to. Executive orders. Legislative committees, congressional hearing, oversight: job congress has to look over the executive branch and make changes prn. Presidential review of rules and regulations that bureaucracy writes, must be passed by the OMB office of management and budget
Article 1
Legislative article: congress grants substantial but limited legislative power to Congress. Defines and describes the bicameral system of Congress, including the house of reps and senate
Socioeconomic Status/Model
Made up of 3 things: 1. Education Level-Strongest factor 2. Income Level 3. Job Status-Prestige of job/occupation Predicts voting behavior. High involvement with high education.
Can we have total freedom and total law and order at the same time?
NO, the more laws we have the less freedom we have
Who is likely to join an Interest Group and what benefits will they receive?
New interest groups form as a matter of course when the need arises. Individuals who are threatened by change, band together in an interest group.
Bill of Right #3 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
No quartering of soldiers. prohibited unlawful forced housing of soldiers in private homes civil right
Can we have total freedom and total equality?
No, each person makes different choices, therefore we can not be totally equal
How does public opinion affect politics and policymaking? Should it?
Opinion polls show what the people want. politicians look at the opinion polls to keep their jobs. the opinion polls are so close to telling which politician will win a election. It should play a large part in making the decisions.
Explain these two powers of the Supreme Court:
Original Jurisdiction - The authority of a court to hear a case before any other court does. The power to hear and decide "all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party." -Appellate Jurisdiction - The authority of a court to hear cases that have been tried, decided, or reexamined in other courts.
What is party identification?
Party identification refers to the political party with which an individual identifies. A voter's sense of psychological attachment to a party.
Plessy v. Ferguson
Plessy was half black and some white during the period of segregation. he sat in the whites only railroad car using the 14th amendment of equal protection. he was arrested. supreme court established the separate but equal doctrine. ok to segregate blacks and whites as long as the blacks were equally provided the same things as the whites. after this ruling, discriminatory laws dramatically increased.
Parts of the US Constitution
Preamble: describes the purpose of the document and government Articles: establish how the government is structured and how the constituition can be changed amendments: changes to the constitutions, 27 total bill of rights: the first 10 amendments
Describe the Supreme Court's nomination process. Or how is a new Supreme Court Justice seated onto the SCOTUS?
Presidential nomination and Senate confirmation
what are the key principles of political socialization
Primary principle-what you learn first you have learned it the best Structuring principle-what you learn after and how it fits into what you learned first.
what is the relationship between the right to vote, popular sovereignty and republicanism?
Republic is a type of government where citizens elect their representatives based on popular sovereignty, the peoples power by the right of voting. Guarantee the Republic is not ruled by one person or group.
Representative democracy =
Republic=Republicanism= indirect democracy
Bill of right #7 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Right of trial by jury in civil cases. civil right
Bill of Right #2 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia. weapons to defend yourself Civil right
Given the high level of education in the United States does actual voting turnout align to what the standard socioeconomic model would predict?
SES models of voter turnout remain persistent because of the fact that, although varying models of turnout exist, most cite "socioeconomic status as one of the elements determining turnout".
What are the different kinds of Interest Groups in our political system?
The AFL-CIO (representing labor union members), the American Farm Bureau Federation (representing farmers), the Business Roundtable (representing big business), and Common Cause (representing citizens concerned with reforming government).
What is the Rule Making Process?
The administrative process that results in the issuance of regulations by government agencies. Using the discretionary authority granted to it by Congress to implement a program or policy enacted into law.
What is political socialization
The complex process by which people acquire their political values developing your own political beliefs, ideas, or values throughout your life. It is a process everyone goes through to develop political views and it can change through out their life.
Why & how is administrative discretion used by the bureaucracy
The latitude/power that Congress gives agencies to make and enforce policy in the spirit of their legislative mandate (law). Congress recognized long ago that it has neither the time nor the technical expertise to make all policy decisions. Administrative discretion is the bureaucracies power to make and enforce policies Congress says ok we have approved this law now we need the beaucracies to help make rules and regulations that pertain to this law.
What are the basic steps to make new laws?
The legislative Process - anyone can come up with an idea for a bill - but only a member of congress can introduce the bill - if passed it becomes a federal law see chart
What is the 'right to privacy?' -How was it created out of the Bill of Rights?
The right to privacy served as the basis for the right of women to terminate a pregnancy, which in turn suggested a right to personal autonomy. The abortion controversy is still raging, and the justices, relying in part on the abortion cases, have extended protections against state criminal prosecution of private consensual sexual behavior for homosexuals. Based on the Right to personal autonomy.
Explain why America has a Two-Party System.
The two most convincing explanations for the two-party system lie in our electoral system and in our historical pattern of political socialization
Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
Thomas Jefferson
Libertainism
Values freedom first (1). Order (2) is limited and only used as police power for protection. Sacrifice equality(3)
What were the 2 arguments of the great compromise?
Virginia plan vs. NJ plan
What are the current steps in nominating and electing a president
Who Can Run? The President and Vice-President are elected every four years. They must be at least 35 years of age, they must be native-born citizens of the United States, and they must have been residents of the U.S. for at least 14 years. (Also, a person cannot be elected to a third term as President.) How Do the Political Parties Choose Their Candidates? That's up to the political parties. Most political parties hold conventions, which are large meetings attended by "delegates." Some delegates are selected by state "primary" elections, some are selected by state caucuses (very much like primaries, except with public voting instead of secret ballots), and some are chosen for their prominence in the party. A majority of delegate votes is needed to win the party's nomination. In most cases, the delegates let their chosen presidential candidate select a vice-presidential candidate. Candidates for President and Vice-President Run Together. In the general election, each candidate for President runs together with a candidate for Vice-President on a "ticket." Voters select one ticket to vote for; they can't choose a presidential candidate from one ticket and a vice-presidential candidate from another ticket. The Electoral College. The national presidential election actually consists of a separate election in each of the 50 states and the District of Columbia; in these 51 elections, the voters are really voting for "electors" pledged to one of the tickets. These electors make up the "Electoral College." (In most cases, the names of the electors aren't written on the ballot; instead the ballot lets voters choose among "Electors for" each of the tickets, naming the presidential and vice-presidential candidates each slate of electors is pledged to.) Each state has the same number of electors as it has senators and representatives (there are two senators from each state, but the number of representatives depends on the state population in the most recent census). The District of Columbia, although it isn't a state, also participates in presidential elections -- it currently has three electors. The People in Each State Vote for Electors in the Electoral College. In most of the states, and also in the District of Columbia, the election is winner-take-all; whichever ticket receives the most votes in that state (or in D.C.) gets all the electors. (The only exceptions are Maine and Nebraska. In these states, just two of the electors are chosen in a winner-take-all fashion from the entire state. The remaining electors are determined by the winner in each congressional district, with each district voting for one elector.) The Electoral College Votes for the President. The Electoral College then votes for President and for Vice-President, with each elector casting one vote; these votes are called electoral votes. Each elector is pledged to vote for particular candidates for President and Vice-President. In most elections, all the electors vote in accordance with the pledge they made; it is not clear what would happen in the unlikely event that a large number of electors violated their pledge and voted differently. Normally, one of the candidates for President receives a majority (more than half) of the electoral votes; that person is elected President. That candidate's vice-presidential running mate will then also receive a majority of electoral votes (for Vice-President), and that person is elected Vice-President. If There's No Electoral College Winner, the House of Representatives Chooses the President. In the rare event that no presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, then the President is chosen instead by the House of Representatives, from the top three presidential vote-getters in the Electoral College; each state delegation in Congress casts one vote. (The Vice-President would be chosen from the top two vice-presidential vote-getters by the Senate.)
President must... or he is deemed ineffective
Works directly with congress and prepares the entire budget. Must work with congress to get campaign promises. Or else public will see him as ineffective
what is majoritarism?
a indirect representative democracy must decide its leaders and laws based on majority rule
What are the steps in the Decision-making Process of SCOTUS (supreme court of the us)?
a. written arguments or briefs, evidence b. Oral arguments btwn the 2 lawyers. c. Conference and opinions: Then the 9 judges decide who wins(majority opinion) and who looses (minority opinion)
Article 5
amendment process for the constitution: specifies methods for amending or changes the constitution and guarantees equal state representation in the senate
What are the 4 political ideologies?
anarchism, totalarism libertianism, liberalism
Enumerated Powers who has the power examples
article 1 section 8 18 powers granted to congress by the constitution Federal/congress power examples: regulate commerce, collect taxes, coin money, national defense, foreign treaties, interstate commerce, social security, income tax, immigration, copyrights
Communitarian
balance between equality and order (1) sacrifice freedom (3)
Conservative
balance between freedom and order (1) sacrifices equality (3). Republican
John Lockes Belief
believed that people have god given natural rights that are unalienable, that is they can't be taken away from you by the government
the us has different levels of government with power and authority over citizens citizens must follow federal laws, state laws, and local laws, plus pay taxes to each level of government
citizen are ruled by both federal and state government both types never cross each other
Chapter 15
civil liberty
Civil rights of Hispanics
during the great depression, Hispanics were deported by millions out of the US to free up jobs for the Americans. even if you were born in the us, if you were Mexican you were deported. cesar Chavez led migrant farm workers to strike in CA. thus gaining better housing, pay, and working conditions
Equality of Opportunity
each person is guaranteed the same chance to succeed
bill of right #9 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
enumerate power. government could not violate rights not mentioned in constitution unenumerated rights (unlisted rights) are protected and could exist right to privacy civil liberty: can not take privacy away from you
Example of equality of outcome
equal pay, equal funding for men and womens sports, no racial profiling. affordable care act, everyone must have health insurance.
Quote from declaration of independence: " we hold the truths to be self evident" this describes...
equality
election: reapportionment
every 10 years during the census, every state has to ... redistribution of representatives among the states based on population changes that happen in their states after each census so if the census goes up in your state, reapportionment will increase the amount of representatives for your state
how does the federal government use preemption to force policy choices of state and local governments?
federal government takes over enforcement of law from the state
how does the us patriot act impact civil liberties?
forgo some liberties in order to secure greater order
Quote from declaration of independence: "they are endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty, and pursuit of happiness" this describes....
freedom
Equality of Opportunity increases our
freedom its up to you to succeed
How may the failure of the Articles of Confederation be seen as giving rise to the US Constitution?
it showed the government needed powers to raise money, make trade laws, raise a national army, and allow states to have limited powers
What is the USA Patriot Act?
landmark law greatly expanded the ability of law enforcement and intelligence agencies to tap phones, monitor Internet traffic, and conduct other forms of surveillance in pursuit of terrorists.
Which of the major purpose of government is the most controversial?
law and order
What 3 powers are being separated in the principle of separation of powers
legislative branch: makes laws executive branch: enforces laws judicial branch: interprets laws
3 freedoms or unalienable rights
life, liberty, pursuit of happiness (property rights)
how does the federal government use grants-in aid to force policy choices of state and local governments?
lowest level of force if state government complies with federal laws they will receive money
What are the major purposes of government?
maintain law and order provide goods: government taxes go to education, parks, paving roads promote equality: redistributing income ( taking more from the rich to give to the poor to promote economic equality) social equality (passing same sex marriage)
concepts that describe models of democratic government. how government decides to do it
majoritarian democracy pluralist democracy
What are the duties of the House of Reps?
must vote to declare war only after president asks propose bills for new taxes if electoral college can not reach majority vote, the house will take the final vote to elect the president
What is the Continental Congress?
national government consisting of a single chamber legislative branch. Citizens would only vote and elect representatives in their state and then the state government would send reps to the Continental Congress
race: Asians
no preferences
Bill of right # 10 Main idea
not about rights. powers reserved to the state
what is indirect representative democracy based on
popular sovereignty: the people rule by voting for the representatives or leaders.
Voting Rights Act of 1965
prohibits voting discrimination
Article 7
requirements for original ratification of the constitution
the sovereignty or power of the state government comes from
reserved power full faith and credit clause privileges and immunities clause
Government
the legitimate use of force to control human behavior. the organization/agency authorized to exercise that force.
Federalist arguments
they wanted the new constitution
municipal government
type of local government city or town government units
Liberals
value total equality (1), freedom (2), order (3) democrats
what are the political implications of divided government and gridlock?
very little gets accomplished
How does voter turnout in the United States compare to other countries?
voter turnout: measures the percent of eligible voters (those who should have voted) who actually voted in a given election. Lower rates. We are near the bottom. We vote for more levels of federalism than any other nation.
capitalism
wants free entereprise, privately owned business without government regulation. only wants government to protect their business, not run it.
direct democracy
when ALL citizens run their government directly all citizens get together and vote for all laws, taxes, and government actions
Indirect Representative democracy
when all citizen vote for government leaders. the elected leaders run the government for the people.
What are the 4 basic principles of the US Constitution and in which Articles/sections and Amendments are they located? #2
#2 Separation of Powers: assignment of lawmaking, law enforcing, and law interpreting functions of government are separated into 3 branches so that power doesn't reside in only one person Article 1,2,3
What are the 4 basic principles of the US Constitution and in which Articles/sections and Amendments are they located? #4
#4 Checks and Balances: gives each branch some control over the other branches in ordered to keep the balance of power between the 3 branches Article 1, 2, 3
Explain these five functions of Interest Groups
-Representation - represent there members to government. - member Participation - provide a means by which like-minded citizens can pool their resources and channel their energies into collective political action. -Education - educate to get more members. help educate their members, the public at large, and government officials -Agenda Building - bring a to do list of new issues into the political limelight -Program Monitoring - they keep track of everything the government is doing that can impact their interest group. follow government programs that are important to their constituents, keeping abreast of developments in Washington and the communities where the policies are implemented.
Argument #1 Virginia Plan
-proposed 3 branches of government: legislative, executive, judicial -Legislature considered most powerful bc it represents the people and their rite to choose and vote -legislature chooses the executive and judicial -legislature is bicameral: consist of 2 houses based on population size of people in each state. this argument was favored by larger states for this reason. 1. house of reps: elected by the people 2. senate: elected by state legislatures - legislature could regulate trade, strike down laws, and use force to enforce laws(military) - the states no longer can veto laws, only the national government/congress could... legislature can override state laws
What are the 4 elements that form the foundation of American political tradition in the Preamble of the US Constitution?
1. "We the of the US" = POPULAR SOVERIENGTY 2." In order to form a more perfect union" = EXPLAINS THE REASON FOR THE NEW CONSTITUTION,SHOWS THE FAILURE OF THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION 3. " establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote welfare,and secure the blessing of liberty to ourselves and our prosperity" GOVERNMENT EXISTS TO PROMOTE ORDER AND FREEDOM. LISTS THE REASONS AND GOAL FOR CREATING THE 2ND CONSTITUTION 4. " do ordain and establish this constitution for the USA" IT ESTABLISHS A NEW GOVERNMENT UNDER A NEW CONSTITUTION
who are the leaders in the house of reps and what are there powers?
1. speaker of house: the number one leader in the House of Representatives. The Speaker of the House controls what happens in the House of Representatives 2. Majority Leader: helps the speaker guide the party's policy program throughout the legislative process 3. Majority whip: helps the leader and the Speaker of the House to whip members into shape to vote for bills the way that the political party wants them to. they keep track of the vote and rallies support for legislation on the floor
What is the declaration of independence?
13 colonies declaring their independence from the British King. sparked the Revolutionary war against Britain, in which Americans won under Washington's lead. 13 colonies were now called independent states.
How is 'due process' in the 14th Amendment applied to State laws and Civil Rights?
14th amendment fixed the 5th amendments due process by adding that due process was not only for federal cases but also for state/local cases due process: right for an indictment or formal charge, no double jeopardy, can't be tried twice with the same evidence, no self incrimination
Roe v. Wade
9th amendment: women's right to privacy included abortion in a 7-2 decision, declared unconstitutional a Texas law making it a crime to obtain an abortion except for the purpose of saving the woman's life.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Interest Groups?
Advantages:They pressure the government for change; they provide valuable resources and expertise on complex policy issues for political decision-makers and the general public; and they represent the policy preferences of minority segments of society to decision-makers, in this way, link citizens to their government and make politics more democratic. disadvantages: They encourage conflict; interest groups overemphasize minority interests to the neglect of majority preferences; they can foster a less transparent and accountable mode of politics, intensifying public perceptions of closed-door policymaking, preferential treatment, and political bias in government.
Which article in the US Constitution establishes the legislative branch?
Article 1
Where are the enumerated and implied powers of congress located?
Article 1 section 8 enumerated: a list of 18 powers only granted to congress by the constitution implied: powers that congress needs to execute enumerated power. passing a new law that the government feels is necessary and proper
Implied Power who has the power examples
Article 1 section 8 federal/congress power powers that congress needs to execute their enumerated powers... bc we find it necessary and proper so we must make it a law ex. Obama care
Interstate Commerce
Article 1 section 8 clause 3 gives congress the power to regulate commerce among states
Full Faith and Credit
Article 4 section 1 states must respect the laws of other states ex. drivers license are accepted in all states
Privileges and Immunities clause
Article 4, section 2, clause 1 prevents a state from treating citizens of other states in a discriminatory manner. citizens of other states are entitled to all privileges and immunities with in the state they are in
Which Article in the U.S. Constitution creates a Supreme Court and delegates the power for creating the rest of the national court system to Congress?
Article III, Section 1
what are historical examples of executive orders and executive privilege?
Executive order: the president is ordering the beaucracies to do something. Pres can create their own mini laws or modify existing laws, without court or congresses approval. Orders can be opoosite of existing laws a. President Dwight Eisenhower ordered the Arkansas National Guard into service in Little Rock, Arkansas, to enforce court orders to desegregate the schools. b. Harry Truman issued an executive order to end racial segregation in the armed services. Executive privilege: how they stay to themselves and not answer to anyone to maintain their own power. Presidential claim to withhold executive info from congress, the courts, or media if it will disrupt the work responsibilities or prestige of the presidency Ex. Pres Nixon and Watergate cover up in order to get him re elected
Article 4
Federalism. the full faith and credit clause: states must respect the laws of other states all warrants and judicial acts be honored in every state, forbids discrimination against citizens of one state by another state, allows addition of new states with government protection, promotes equality
What is the necessary and proper clause or elastic clause?
Found in Article 1 section 8 the legislative branch is called congress, has 2 chambers, the house of reps and senate They have implied power: necessary and proper clause: to make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forgoing powers and all other powers vested by the constitution or in any department or officer thereof This means: shows how far the federal government can stretch power to pass a new law that is necessary and proper. if there is enough agreement btwn congress and president then the law is passed
Bill of Right #4 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. civil liberty
Bill of Right #1 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. civil liberty
What is the Modern Dilemma of government?
Freedom vs Equality
What was the Original Dilemma of government?
Freedom vs Order The first constitution, Articles of Confederation was based solely on freedom
What are "battleground states" in presidential elections and why are they important?
In U.S. politics, a battleground state is a state where the political race between a Republican and Democrat, usually presidential candidates, is extremely close. Due to the way that presidential elections are run in the United States, the popular vote is not as important as the individual tally of the states. This allows campaigns to pursue a state-by-state strategy in order to win an election, which makes those states where the race is close very important.
What are the functions of the Media in politics and government?
In the American political system, the media perform a number of functions important to the democratic process. The media reports the news, serves as an intermediary between the government and the people, helps determine which issues should be discussed, and keeps people actively involved in society and politics
Explain how the Supreme Court's 2010 decision in the Citizens United case led to increased spending in federal election campaigns.
It allowed Corporations, associations, and unions to spend unlimited funds on direct advocacy for or against candidates. a bitterly divided Supreme Court departed from its precedents and ruled against BCRA's ban on spending by corporations in candidate elections. Conservatives viewed its decision while liberals saw it as opening the door to the corrupting influence of corporate money. Beginning with the 2010 election, corporations, unions, and trade associations were free to run ads directly advocating a candidate's election for the first time since 1907, when Congress first banned using general corporate funds in federal election campaigns.
Federalist Papers #10
James Madison argues that the proposed constitution was designed to break and control the violence of faction and prevent a tyranny of the majority (mob rule). no faction or interest group can control or take over power. that's what the 3 branches are for. all factions should be monitored and controlled by government
Article 3
Judicial Article: supreme court establish the supreme court as the highest court congress decided on the composition of the judiciary, creating a system of federal courts that were separate from state courts
race: Indians
Liberal. Low % vote.
How do Majoritarianism and Pluralism disagree on the role of public opinion?
Majoritarianism believes: yes, listen to public opinion polls... you should do what the majority of the public wants...majority rule...assumes that a majority of the people holds clear, consistent opinions on government policy. they believe politicians should listen to public opinion Pluralism/Pluralist believe: no, don't listen to opinion polls... assumes that the public is often uninformed and ambivalent about specific issues, and opinion polls frequently support that claim. Opinions change and politicians should listen to interest groups only bc they are really active and involved in government.
What are the characteristics of any bureaucracy?
Most organized and productive way to get the job done. Large complex organizations where employees have specific job responsibilities and work within a hierarchy of authority. So u have someone in charge of a group of people all doing certain things to get the job done, or meet a common goal.
Putting the 2 Arguments together to make .... The Great Compromise
National legislature would be based on both population(house of reps) and equal representation (senate): there will be a bicameral legislature 1. house of reps: elected by the people based on population size of the states. members serve for 2 years. 2. Senate: would be elected by state legislature with states equally represented. each state has 2 senators each serving a term of 6 years
What is the 'Power to Persuade'? -How does it affect presidential job performance?
Neustadt develops a model of how presidents gain, lose, or maintain their influence. His initial premise is simple enough: "Presidential power is the power to persuade." Presidents, for all their resources—a skilled staff, extensive media coverage of presidential actions, the great respect the country holds for the office—must depend on others' cooperation to get things done. Ability in bargaining, dealing with adversaries, and choosing priorities, according to Neustadt, separates above-average presidents from mediocre ones. A president must make wise choices about which policies to push and which to put aside until he can find more support.Neustadt stresses that a president's influence is related to his professional reputation and prestige. When a president pushes hard for a bill that Congress eventually defeats or weakens, the president's reputation is hurt. The public perceives him as ineffective or as showing poor judgment, and Congress becomes even less likely to cooperate with him in the future.
What factors influence voter choices?
Party identification; Issues and Policies; Candidate Attributes
who are the leaders in the senate and what are there powers?
President of the senate is the vice president. Vice President only goes to the Senate when there is that tie vote. 1. Majority leader: actual leader of the senate. head of the majority party
What are the primary functions of government bureaucracies?
Provide enforcement, administration, and implementation of all federal laws and right Provide financial support to groups and businesses within society Ex. Social security is #1, largest amount of money that the govt spends on #2 healthcare #3 military Investigate and stop unfair business and economic practices
Bill of Right #6 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial civil right
Article 6
Supremacy Clause: National law takes precedence over state or local laws
Identify the ways in which the Government regulates the Media.
The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is an independent agency of the United States government, created by Congressional statute to regulate interstate communications by radio, television, wire, satellite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and U.S. territories. The FCC works towards six goals in the areas of broadband, competition, the spectrum, the media, public safety and homeland security.
What is the power of Judicial Review
The main power is to declare congressional (and presidential) acts invalid if they violate the Constitution. other powers: Although the Constitution did not spell out judicial review of Congress and the president, it did provide such power over state and local government. When such laws conflict with the Constitution or national laws or treaties, the federal courts can invalidate them. That's because the Supremacy Clause obligates state judges to follow the Constitution, national laws, and treaties when state law conflicts with them. Moreover, the Supreme Court ruled that it had final authority to review state court decisions calling for the interpretation of national law. -Where did it come from? Marbury v. Madison -How might Judicial Review give the SCOTUS(supreme court of the us)? power over the other Branches? judicial review gave the Supreme Court the final word on the meaning of the Constitution.
Does the Media advance freedom, order or equality?
The media has an important role in advancing equality. Throughout the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s, the media gave national coverage to conflict in the South as black children tried to attend white schools or civil rights workers were beaten and even killed in the effort to register black voters. Partly because of this media coverage, civil rights moved up on the political agenda, and coalitions formed in Congress to pass new laws promoting racial equality. The media's ability to report whatever they wish and whenever they wish certainly erodes efforts to maintain order. For example, sensational media coverage of terrorist acts gives terrorists the publicity they seek, and portrayals of violence on television can encourage copycat crimes. freedom of press... but most citizens favor government censorship
What are the basic concepts of majoritarian democracy?
The popular election of government officials is the primary mechanism for democratic government in the majoritarian model. Citizens are expected to control their representatives' behavior by choosing wisely in the first place and by reelecting or voting out public officials according to their performance. Elections fulfill the first three principles of procedural democratic theory: universal participation, political equality, and majority rule 1. people must be politically equal universal participation: everyone votes, everyone should participate in government decision making 2. knowlegdable citizens: everyone must know what they are voting on 3. Citizens are stable, consistant public opinions and ideology 4. the national or central government is accountable and responsive to all the people based on majority rule... listen to the people, public opinion polls
What persuaded the Antifederalists to drop their opposition to the us constitution?
Washington suggested including the bill of rights after the ratification of the new constitution. the new constitution would have a bill of rights
Why has the Federal Government bureaucracy grown
We are globalized. government has taken on more responsibility in increasingly complex social and economic environments. Increasing responsibilities in environment, business, government programs. These bureaucracies are responsible for helping to spend 3.5 trillion dollars in federal budget. Increased taxation, war, changes in public attitudes, national goals.... All cost money
what is pluralism?
a indirect representative democracy must decide its leaders and laws based on plural group participation (ex. organized interest groups)
how is gridlock related to divided government?
a situation in which government is capable of acting on important issues situation when there is difficulty passing laws in a legislature bc the votes for and against a proposed law are evenly divided, or in which 2 legislative houses or the executive branch and the legislature are controlled by different political parties or otherwise can not agree
democracy
a system of government where the people rule, either directly or indirectly. leaders are ruling for people.
What are three basic campaign strategies candidates can use to win elections?
a. A party-centered strategy - which relies heavily on voters' partisan identification as well as on the party's organization to provide the resources necessary to wage the campaign; b. An issue-oriented strategy - which seeks support from groups that feel strongly about various policies; c. A candidate-oriented strategy - which depends on the candidate's perceived personal qualities, such as experience, leadership ability, integrity, independence, and trustworthiness.
Identify several strategies and tactics used by Interest Groups to influence the policymaking process.
a. Direct lobbying - personal contact with policymakers. b. Grassroots lobbying - Lobbying activities performed by rank-and-file interest group members and would-be members. Ex. letter writing, protests. groups political activity to influence outcome of elections c. Information campaigns - organized efforts to gain public backing by bringing their views to the public's attention. d. Coalition Building - Several organizations band together for the purpose of lobbying.
What is Judicial Activism versus Judicial Restraint?
a. Judicial Restraint - judge following precedents.... Prior rulings to make his decision. A judicial philosophy by which judges tend to defer to decisions of the elected branches of government. Maintains that the people's elected representatives, not judges, should make the laws. b. Judicial Activism - judge wants to make their own ruling......A judicial philosophy by which judges tend not to defer to decisions of the elected branches of government, resulting in the invalidation or emasculation of those decisions. A judicial philosophy by which judges tend not to defer to decisions of the elected branches of government, resulting in the invalidation or emasculation of those decisions.
What are the major functions of political parties?
a. Nominating candidates on to the ballot b. Structuring the voting choice in elections - reducing the number of candidates on the ballot to those who have a realistic chance of winning c. Proposing alternative government programs - the general policies their candidates will pursue if they gain office. d. Coordinating the actions of government officials - Political party organizations are the major means for bridging the separate powers to produce coordinated policies that can govern the country effectively. i. Candidates' and officeholders' political fortunes are linked to their party organization, which can bestow and withhold favors. ii. Members of the same party in the presidency, the House, and the Senate tend to share political principles and thus often voluntarily cooperate in making policy.
How does a political party differ from an interest group?
a. Political Party - An organization that sponsors candidates for political office under the organization's name. Political parties exist to gain power over governmental policy by winning elections for political office b. Interest Group - They often support candidates, but they do not nominate them to run as their avowed representatives. An interest group's goal is to promote a position on a specific issue such as gun control or agriculture.
How important is precedent or stare decisis in judicial decisions?
a. Precedent - A judicial ruling that serves as the basis for the ruling in a subsequent or next related case. Looking back in history to see what was ruled previously in a similar court case. b. Stare decisis - when judges want to use precedent. Literally, "let the previous court decision stand"; decision making according to precedent. I will issue the same ruling, or what was said before in a previous similar ruling.
what are the formal powers explicitly granted to the president in Article 2 of the us constitution?
a. Serve as administrative head of the nation State of the Union b. Act as commander in chief of the military c. Veto legislation d. Appoint various officials e. Make treaties
Compare de facto and de jure segregation
a. de facto - segregation occurs outside of the law. private discrimination. b. de jure - segregation by law or government discrimination
Compare the structure of the federal judicial system to State Governments' judicial systems.
a. federal courts have three tiers: district courts (lowest), courts of appeals, and the Supreme Court(highest, can only request/petition a hearing. If 4 out of the 9 judges agrees on the petition, then case moves up to supreme court ruling.). The cases that reach the supreme court are ones that effect the constitition or are high profile case such as national security. Supreme Court was created by the Constitution; all other federal courts were created by Congress. b. state courts varies from state to state; usually there are minor trial courts for less serious cases, major trial courts for more serious cases, intermediate appellate courts, and supreme courts. State courts were created by state constitutions.
13th amendment
abolished slavery
What are the duties of the us senate?
advise and consent: senate must confirm all presidential appointments senate confirms or rejects foreign treaties with 2/3 vote
Explain the major ideas of the 14th Amendment.
after the civil war: 1. Freed slaves are citizens a person born in the us is a citizen 2. citizens have the right so due process under state and local government laws. 3. mandates that everyone has equal protection under the law, no more discrimination to anyone born in the us
communism
all goods are controlled by the government
Reserved power who has the power examples
amendment x every power not on the enumerated powers list is reserved or given to state government state power: power over local issues ex. education, police, state tax, elections, zoning, state budgets, state business regulations
interest group
an organizes group of people that seeks to influence public policy, also called a lobby these groups talk to leaders about their own interests, give the most money to leaders for campaigns, they try to influence the laws they are most interested in
Example of political equality
anyone can run for office, join or start a political party, contribute to a campaign
Supremacy Clause
article 6. clause 2 National law takes precedence over state or local laws when the conflict
Liberalism
balance of all 3... freedom, order, equality freedom to follow individual pursuits
24th Amendment
banned poll taxes in primary and general elections for national office.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
bans discrimination in public accommodations, employment, promotions, etc prohibits state and local governments from banning access to public spaces on account of race, religion, or ethnicity bars government agencies from discrimination and threatens federal funding. during coercive federalism... government threatened to take away federal money if people did not stop discrimination
Thomas Jefferson belief
based on John Locke all men are created equal we are endowed by our creator with unalienable rights: life, liberty, pursuit of happiness governments are instituted among men, deriving their power from the consent of the governed (the people).. that whenever any form of the government becomes destructive, it is the right of the people to abolish it and institute a new government (social contract theory)
Cooperative federalism: marbled cake metaphor Second type of federalism 1933-1964
because federal and state governments were separate, the federal government didn't help the states during the Great Depression leading to economic downfall overlap and cooperation btwn federal and state government. shared power. federal and states have joint government function/programs FDR knocked down the line separating federal and state power by sharing federal money ( practically free money) with the states during the great depression
Rosa Parks
black woman living in Montgomery, Alabama, sounded the first call to action. That city's Jim Crow ordinances were tougher than those in other southern cities, where blacks were required to sit in the back of the bus while whites sat in the front. Parks boarded a city bus on her way home from work and took an available seat in the front of the bus; she refused to give up her seat when the driver asked her to do so. She was arrested and fined $10 for violating the city ordinance. Montgomery's black community responded to Parks's arrest with a boycott of the city's bus system.
how was the us constitution ratified?
by july 1788 9/13 states agreed on the new constitution. the new constitution and its government took effect with Washington as president. bill of rights became part of the constitution. the other 4 states that did not approve were forced to ratify the constitution
who are in the presidents cabinet and the executive office of the president?
cabinet:The heads of departments of the executive branch and small number of other key advisors a. President's Cabinet: closest group of presidential advisors i. Chief of Staff ii. National Security Officer iii. Council of Economic Advisors iv. National Economic Council v. Senior Domestic Policy Advisor vi. 15 cabinet secretaries: leaders of the largest bureauracries b. Executive Office of the President - presidents personal bureaucracy. The president's executive aides and their staffs; the extended White House executive establishment
what 2 powers does the legislature/congress possess?
congress has strong power over national issues enumerated: powers granted to congress by the constitution implied: powers that congress needs to execute their enumerated powers... bc it necessary and proper so it must be a law
What is the best balance between freedom, order, and equality?
constantly debated on today no one wants to sacrifice freedom, order, or equality
how long did it take for the bill or rights to be ratified?
constitution ratified in july 1788. bill of rights ratified dec 1791. less than 2 years after the constitution was ratified
gender gap
differences in political opinions btwn men and women
how does the decision of the supreme court case McCullough vs Maryland illustrate the powers associated with the necessary and proper clause?
during the time of dual federalism: Congress placed federal banks in all states Maryland state wanted to tax the federal bank. supreme court ruled: banks were not listed on enumerate power list. the national bank was covered under the necessary and proper clause. so the states could not tax a federal bank.
How do checks and balances work?
each branch can not have complete control or make itself more powerful than the other
What is the economic theory and political party of liberalism?
economic theory: capitalism vs socialism political party: conservatives, communitarian, liberals
What is the economic theory and political party of totalarism?
economic theory: communism no political party
What is the economic theory and political party of anarchism?
economic theory: laissez faire no political party
What is the economic theory and political party of libertarianism?
economic theory: laissez faire political party: libertarians
Political Equality
equality in political decision making: one vote per person, all votes counted equally, no nobility/king, anyone can run for office, everyone has a voice
Order
established ways (laws) of social behavior to maintain traditional patterns of social relationships to preserve life and protect property
What are the main consequences of private ownership of the Media?
ex. privately owned radio stations, tv, news stations. need to make a profit to stay in business. they have to sell the news. more political freedom than any other in the world, but it also makes the media more dependent on advertising revenues to cover costs and make a profit. it can be market driven.
Federalist Papers #51
explanation of separation of powers and checks and balances. each branch watches over the other 2 branches.
what is shays rebellion?
farmers outraged by increasing taxes, not being able to provide and went bankrupt, owned money from wartime, they raised war on the states. States called on Congress to help, but they couldn't unless states provided the money for an army, which they did not.
Miranda v. Arizona
fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. The Court said that warnings are necessary to dispel that coercion. The Court does not require warnings if a person is only held in custody without being questioned or is only questioned without being arrested. The Miranda Warnings - the Court declared that all governments—national, state, and local—have a duty to inform suspects of the full measure of their constitutional rights.
Americans freedom
freedom to think, do , believe, feel , create, buy/sell, start a business, travel, get a job, talk to leaders, make self choices that don't infringe on anyone else's freedom
Political equality increases our...
freedom we are not forced to vote or run for office
concepts that identify the values pursued by government. What government is trying to do with issues
freedom, order, equality
what are the fundamental values of American democracy?
freedom, order, equality
what are the main values of government?
freedom, order, equality
what are the values and ideals of government and its rights in the declaration of independence?
freedom, order, equality
15th amendment
gave all male citizens the right to vote regardless of race
26th amendment
gave right to vote to 18 yr olds
Chapter 16 civil rights!!!!
government gave to you
Examples of Equality of Opportunity
government has made it law for everyone to go to school. public library. you can start a business. you can travel. copyright laws.
National Sovereignty
government has the rite to exercise final authority over its affairs, power to rule its nation without interference from other nations.
socialism
government ownership or control of businesses
democratic socialism
guarantee civil liberties and allow citizens to decide on the extent of government
how does the federal government use mandates to force policy choices of state and local governments?
highest level of force states must obey federal law placed upon them
The key question about interest groups that determines their success or failure is...
how well their interests are represented. not only how wealthy there members are
where do you see direct democracy
in small towns, clubs, teams
what is an interest group?
individuals who share some political goals and try to influence public policy decisions An organized group of individuals that seeks to influence public policy; they choose a candidate that supports there interests and they will support them. also called a lobby.
What are the laws that regulate Interest Groups?
interest groups are giving money to government to try to influence government to get their favorable laws interest group must follow laws: set up political action committee (pac) and must register must report any political activity that they do. ex. campaign donations and fundraising that they give to candidates. where do they the money and who do they give it to. there are limits in how much money they can give to candidates. they can only given $5,000 bundling: pooling or combining individual campaign contributions from group members and sending them to political candidates lobbyist: political experts who know government, the officials and bureaucracy, the processes and policys. they know when and how to intervene and communicate for the interest group
Martin Luther King, Jr
it took many years to permanently segregate. urged the people to hold out, and they did. A year after the boycott began, a federal court ruled that segregated transportation systems violated the equal protection clause of the Constitution. The boycott had proved to be an effective weapon. In 1957, King helped organize the Southern Christian Leadership Conference to coordinate civil rights activities. He was totally committed to nonviolent action to bring racial issues into the light. To that end, he advocated civil disobedience, the willful but nonviolent breach of unjust laws.
What was the original purpose of the Philadelphia Convention?
it was to strengthen or revise the Articles of Confederation but instead they threw it out and spent 90 days writing a new US Constitution, including a new federal government
Dred Scott v. Sanford
master moved him from the slavery south to the freedom north, and master died. he sued for his freedom, to not be a slave any longer. judges were saying he couldn't be free bc he was born a slave. the Supreme Court ruled that Americans of African descent, whether free or slave, were not American citizens and could not sue in federal court per the constitution. blacks were property. The Court ruled that every state was now a slave state.
religion: protestant
more likely to vote: Christian values. Conservative. Average % vote. Republican.
race: whites
more likely to vote: Conservative/Republican high voter turn out
education levels: bachelors/master
more likely to vote: Conservative/republican. High % vote.
non religious
more likely to vote: Equality issues. Liberal. % vote depending on issues. Democrat.
religions: jews
more likely to vote: Foreign policies, mainly Israel and the middle east. Liberal. High % vote. Democrat.
income levels: low
more likely to vote: Government social and welfare issues. Liberal. Low % vote. Democrat.
income levels: high
more likely to vote: Government tax and regulation issues. Conservative. High% vote. Republican.
gender: men *
more likely to vote: Law & order, punishment and low tax issues. Conservative/Republican.
education levels: highest phd
more likely to vote: Liberal/democrat. High % vote.
education levels: high school
more likely to vote: Liberal/democrat. Low % vote.
race: Blacks
more likely to vote: Liberal/democrate. Social and economic equality. Against discrimination. low % vote.
religion: catholic
more likely to vote: Orthodox Catholic standards and moral issues. Morderate ideologically. Average % vote. Democratic.
gender: women *
more likely to vote: Social and welfare concerns. Liberal/Democrat. Married women vote more than single. women vote the same percentage as men
ethnicity: Hispanics
more likely to vote: Immigration, citizenship, family and traditional value issues. Low % vote, but is increasing. Will vote for either party depending on stance on issues.
laissez faire
opposes any form of government intervention in businesses. government can not interfere with business. businesses have all the power
Equality of Outcome increases our...
order
Quote from declaration of independence: "to secure these rites, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed"... this describes
order and popular sovereignty
What does order protect?
our freedom and equality
what duties do the senate and house of reps share?
power to propose amendments, override presidents veto, hold oversight hearings to investigate president, create/eliminate federal courts, impeach government officials
Identify the major eras in the development of U.S. political parties. What were key events in each phase?
pre party period 1787-1795 Washington did not want political parties, it was not mentioned in the constitution. Debates were an ongoing issue first party system 1796-1819 federalist vs democrats/republican led the 12th amendment which changed the electoral college vote second party system 1824-1855 democrats vs whigs(republican) political parties started national conventions, a new way to nominate presidential candidates. based on political parties. during Andrew jacksons time. 3rd or current party system democrats vs republicans 1st critical election: prez Lincoln, change in the ways of voting
market driven journalism
private ownership of the media encourages journalism that is driven by increasing advertising revenues, circulation, and profit margin. this in turns leads to story coverage driven by audience appeal rather than by educational, social, and political value. stories for money $$$
Regents of the University of California v Bakke
quotas used to hire minority groups to show there was no discrimination. made race a deciding factor for a job or entry into schools. Bakke, white male denied entrance into medical school bc he didn't make the white quota. he had higher qualifications than the black quotas. supreme court: quotas were reverse discrimination. from now on race would not be the only factor to admit students. race could be a factor but not the only one.
Election: gerrymandering
redrawing a congressional district to intentionally benefit one political party. this is illegal! Governor Gerry redrew the district lines to keep himself, and his political party and maintain his power in office
Bill of right #5 Main idea civil liberty (-) or civil (+)right
rights in criminal cases only under federal government: right to an indictment: formal charge of arrest no double jeopardy: can't be tried twice for the same offense with the same evidence no self incrimination: right to remain silent, Miranda right to due process: make sure rights are adhered to right to just compensation if government take your property civil right
How do social and economic factors (such as gender, education level, income level, religion, race, and ethnicity) generally influence public opinion and individual ideology, including the likelihood of political participation?
see chart
Size of the 2 chambers? how long do they serve in office?
senate: 2 senators from each state, serve 6 year terms house: based on population of state, serve 2 year terms
Why did the Founders create a bicameral Congress?
so that the national legislature/laws would be based on both population of states (house of reps) and equal representation (senate)
Equality of Outcome
society must ensure that people are equal. government must design policies/laws to redistribute wealth and status so that economic and social equality ( equal wealth, education, and social status) is achieved
Brown v. Board of Education I & II
struck down segregation and made it unconstitutional to segregate. no more separate but equal. strengthened the 14th amendments equal protection right regardless of race. this was easily accepted to stop segregation in schools. but everywhere else like buses and rosa parks, had a hard time segregating right away.
the sovereignty or power of the federal government comes from
supremacy clause enumerated and implied power
Tinker v Des Moines
supreme court case challenging the 1st amendment Symbolic Expression - three public school students who wore black armbands to school to protest the Vietnam War. school district had prohibited the wearing of arm-bands on the grounds that such conduct would provoke a disturbance; the district suspended the students. Supreme Court overturned suspensions.
Sherbert v. Verner
supreme court case challenging the 1st amendment: freedom of religion free exercise clause(-): government can't force you to believe or take away what you believe in. government can't make a law against religion Adeil Sherbert, a Seventh-Day Adventist, lost her mill job because she refused to work on Saturday, her Sabbath. She filed for unemployment compensation and was referred to another job, which she declined because it also required Saturday work. Because she declined the job, the state disqualified her from receiving unemployment benefits. In a 7-2 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that she could get unemployment benefits until she found a job in which she didn't have to work on saturday
Lemon v. Kurtzman (Lemon Test)
supreme court case challenging the 1st amendments freedom of religion establishment clause (+): government can not set up any laws that favors or sets up a religion case: every single school, even religious schools could receive tax payer money to pay their teachers. supreme court stated this was unconstitutional. government money was going to religion. The justices proposed a three-pronged test for determining the constitutionality of government programs and laws under the establishment clause: the law must ... ● They must have a secular (non religious) purpose ● Their primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion. ● They must not entangle the government excessively with religion.
District of Columbia v. Heller
supreme court case challenging the 2nd amendment a challenge to the strictest gun-control statute in the country. It barred private possession of handguns and required the disassembly or use of trigger locks on rifles and shotguns. Court ruled 5-4 that there is a personal constitutional right to keep a loaded handgun at home for self-defense.
Mapp v. Ohio
supreme court case challenging the 4th amendment An Ohio court had found Dolree Mapp guilty of possessing obscene materials after an admittedly illegal search of her home for a fugitive. The Ohio Supreme Court affirmed her conviction. In a 6-3 decision, the justices declared that "all evidence obtained by searches and seizures in violation of the Constitution is, by [the Fourth Amendment], inadmissible in a state court." Ohio had convicted Mapp illegally; the evidence should have been excluded
what are the powers of the vice president?
take over the presidency in the event of presidential death, disability, impeachment, or resignation. President of the senate: only goes to the senate to cast a tie breaking vote. Whatever the president wants him to do: Campaigning, fundraising, and "stroking" the party faithful.
What is the Articles of Confederation?
the 1st American Constitution and Government set up after winning the Revolutionary war. The confederation was a league of friendship btwn 13 STRONG INDEPENDENT STATES with a very WEAK NATIONAL GOVERNMENT CALLED THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS
tv hypothesis
the belief that tv is to blame for the low levels of citizens knowledge about public affairs and government
John Lockes Social Contract Theory
the collective right of the people to establish a society, to set up their government, and to change their government when needed. in order to set up a society or government we need a contract: a written constitution and laws for society/nation
How did trade wars and events like Shays Rebellion expose some of these weaknesses?
the congresses inability to confront the rebellion was evidence that a stronger national government was needed to preserved order and property. Congress had no power to power to raise money or protect the new country
Ratification of the Constitution
the constitution is written. the 13 states need to decide to approve the new constitution or keep the articles of confederation. atleast 9 states had to approve
election: racial gerrymandering
the drawing of a legislative district to maximize the chance that a minority candidate will win the election this is illegal!
what kind of events and forces have played a role in expanding power of the federal government relative to the states? what happened to make federalism evolve into the coercive federalism that we use now
the greatest changes in balance of power come in times of crisis and national emergency ex. great depression, civil/world wars, 911, 2008 recession. when in crisis... congress uses the elastic clause to increase its federal powers
Globalization
the increasing interdependence of citizens and nations across the world
horserace journalism
the media election coverage that focuses on which candidate is ahead.
Under the Articles of Confederation, where did the power lie?
the power lied in the individual states and not within the Continental Congress. Congress would try to set up their own laws and taxes for states and the states wouldn't abide by their laws or pay their taxed. the states acted as if they were their own individual country.
What does article 2, sections 2 and 3 say about bureaucracy?
the president may require the opinion in writing of the principal officer in each executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respected offices president appoints leaders, ambassadors, public ministers and consults, heads of departments all the laws are faithfully executed and shall commission all the officers
John Lockes purpose of government
the purpose of government was to protect these natural unalienable rights of the people all legitimate political authority exists to preserve these natural rights and is based on the consent of those who are governed.
what is divided government?
the situation in which one party controls the white house and the other controls at least one house of congress
Coercive Federalism 3rd type of federalism currently being practiced today
the states were not using free federal money wisely if states wanted federal money, now they must follow laws, policies, and regulations in the form of mandates and restraints the federal government consistently passes laws on anything necessary and proper and forces states to follow national standards
Elite theory
the view that a small group of people actually make most of the important government decisions. It is an undemocratic model. Important government decisions are made by an unidentifiable and stable minority that shares certain characteristics like wealth and business connecitons... gives them power to control
election: redistricting
the way states redraw congressional house district voting lines for the next election after a census based reapportionment based on population changes with the census every 10 years must be fair and equal to all political parties
Dual federalism: layered cake metaphor First type of federalism 1789-1933
theory about the proper relationship btwn the national government and the states. relationship btwn federal and states was based on tension, separation and complete autonomy from each other... they didn't tell each other what to do.. totally separate. primary importance on strong state rights and reserved powers. national government ruled by enumerate power only the relationship btwn nation and states is best characterized by tension rather than cooperation the national government has a limited set of constitutional purposes each government unit—nation and state—is sovereign within its sphere.
Antifederalist arguments
they were against the new constitution they thought the new government was way to big and powerful, and they would take away rights of the people. they thought the president would eventually turn into a king the Antifederalists attacked the centralization of power in a strong national government, claiming it would obliterate the states, violate the social contract of the Declaration of Independence, and destroy liberty in the process. there strongest argument was they wanted a bill of rights to protect liberties
Civil Rights of Native Americans
they weren't citizens until 1924, they were considered foreigners. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the U.S. government took Indian lands, isolated Native Americans on reservations, and denied them political and social rights. The government's dealings with the Indians were often marked by violence and broken promises. Indian reservations today are semi sovereign with their own tribal governments, taxes, services, etc.
soft news or infotainment
this form of media emphasizes stories based on entertainment. lacks serious discussion or info on government and issues. ex. movies and celebreties
Freedom of
total freedom an absence of constraints on behavior
Anarchism
total freedom, no government involvement
watchdog journalism
type of investigating journalism. it refers to forms of active journalism aimed at investigating and reporting on public personalities and institutions for perceived misconduct. they are trying to find greed, misconduct, corruption, and scandal
county government
type of local government largest political units of the states
Griswold v Connecticut
used the 9th amendment to give women the right to birth control. the right to privacy. a vote of 7-2, struck down a seldom-enforced Connecticut statute that made the use of birth control devices a crime. Griswold established the principle that the Bill of Rights as a whole creates a right to make certain intimate, personal choices, including the right of married people to engage in sexual intercourse for reproduction or pleasure.
How can government protect order?
using police power to safeguard the life, health, morals, safety, rights, property, and welfare of its citizens. to preserve social order
Totalarism
values law and order. total government control
Can we have total equality and total law and order?
yes, we need everyone to follow the same laws. the laws make everyone equal.
how has party identification changed over time?
● The proportion of Republicans and Democrats combined has exceeded that of independents in every year. ● The proportion of Democrats has consistently exceeded that of Republicans but has shrunk over time. ● The proportion of independents has nearly doubled over the period. Party ID changes can occur in times of party coalition change, or realignment. During these times, party coalitions themselves are being transformed, and as a result, people are more likely to desert the party of their parents. It is during these times of partisan turmoil when younger adults are more likely to change party ID.
