Government Unit 3 Study Guide

The United Nations was founded in

1945

Spending outlays for redistributive programs are controlled by laws other than congressional appropriate acts.

Mandatory federal spending

An approach to the study of politics that focuses on formal institutions of government.

institutionalism

Currently, ________ states have term limits in place.

15

The ? Amendment was the only amendment ratified using the state ratifying convention method.

21st

Most groups are classified as ? to allow for tax-deductible donations to the group, but their political activities are limited. Thus, they will often form separate organizations known as political action committees (PACs), which raise campaign contributions to buy advertising for issues and for candidates.

501(c) organizations

Tax-exempt organizations that have no restrictions on individual donor amounts, as long as the money is not spent to directly endorse specific candidates.

527 Organizations

In 2009, African Americans made up approximately percent of state legislators.

9

When term limits have been overturned, the most common method was ________.

A decision by the state Supreme Court

American Association of Retired Persons

AARP

is a major policy advocate for older people and retirees.

AARP

The policymaking process begins with...

Agenda Setting

Which stage of the public policy process includes identification of problems in need of fixing?

Agenda Setting

Allows them to send a bill back to the legislature and request a specific amendment to it.

Amendatory Veto

"The economy is too complicated for government to involve itself without creating unintended consequences" is the opinion of...

An "Austrian School" of economic theory economist.

Groups of institutions that join with others, often within the same trade or industry and have similar concerns.

Associations

Resembles grassroots movements but is often supported or facilitated by wealthy interest and/or elites. (Top down)

Astroturf

Economic theory that posits that the economy is too complicated for government to involve itself and that the free market is ultimately an efficient entity. It asserts that government intervention can create unintended consequences that could make the problems worse

Austrian school of economic theory

Coverage favoring large business interests, as opposed to citizen organizations, is lopsided. Smaller citizen groups must utilize media differently in order to gain attention. This often requires the use of protests and demonstrations.

Biased pluralism

Typically involves using evidence from budget analysis to convince decision makers, including submitting written testimony, raising questions about budget assumptions and proposals, and making recommendations.

Budget Advocay

A program administered by the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides matching funds to states for health insurance to families with children.

CHIPS

Argue that certainly some interests are in a privledged position, but these interests do not always get what they want.

Neopluralists

________ dictate the terms and conditions state governments would have to meet in order to qualify for financial assistance in a specific policy area.

Categorical grants

Similar to state constitutions: they provide a framework and a detailed accounting of local government responsibilities and areas of authority.

Charter

This is a document that provides a framework and detailed account of local government responsibilities and areas of authority.

Charter

A legislative chamber made up primarily of citizens who have a full-time occupation besides being a legislator. Can be found on the state level, as in some U.S. states, or on the national level as in Switzerland.

Citizen legislature

A landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the relationship between campaign finance and free speech.

Citizens United v. FEC

Goods that are non-rivalrous but only to a point. Quite often underutilized due to their excludable nature. However, when overuse arises, they are then inaccessible or unusable until the congestion of use clears.

Club Goods

Benefit everyone in society, not just members of the group.

Collective Goods

When rational actors exploit a common resource without limits. For example, you and a group of friends share a lake for fishing. Everyone involved is a rational actor, so everyone is inclined to maximize the lake's benefits. That means everyone will fish a lot. If everyone fishes in the lake as much as possible without regard for sustainable behavior, however, your common resource could be destroyed.

Collective action

In 2015, the state two that had the highest percentage of women in their state legislatures were?

Colorado and Vermont

Under this structure, an elected commission, which generally consists of a small number of commissioners, serves as the governing body within the county, performing all legislative and executive functions. These include adopting a budget, passing county resolutions, and hiring and firing county officials.

Commission system

Goods that are rivalrous and non-excludable. This means that anyone has access to the good, but that the use of the good by one person reduces the ability of someone else to use it.

Common Goods

An international agreement that is not a treaty and that is negotiatied by the president and approved by a simply majority of the House and Senate.

Congressional Executive Agreement

Under these limits a member can serve for only a specified period of time in either the state house or the state senate, most commonly eight years. To try to regain a seat in the legislature once the limit has been met, the member will have to wait to run for office again. If the member succeeds, the clock will reset and the legislator may once again serve up to the limit set by the state.

Consecutive Term Limits

During the Cold War, this was the U.S. foreign policy goal of limiting the spread of communism.

Containment

Under this system, the voters elect council members to serve for a specified period of time, and the council in turn appoints an administrator to oversee the operation of the government. The administrator serves at the directive of the council and can be terminated by the council. The goal of this arrangement is to divide administrative and policymaking responsibilities between the elected council and the appointed administrator.

Council-Administrator System

Under this sytem, the voters elect both the members of the council and the executive. The executive performs functions similar to those of the state governor. For instance, he or she can veto the actions of the council, draft a budget, and provide suggestions regarding public policy. Although the tasks they perform can vary from state to state, most counties have a courthouse that houses county officials, such as the sheriff, the county clerk, the assessor, the treasurer, the coroner, and the engineer. These officials carry out a variety of important functions and oversee the responsibilities of running a county government.

Council-Elected Executive System

Under this system of government, either the members of the city council are elected by voters along with a mayor who presides over the council, or the voters elect members of the city council and the mayor is chosen from among them. In either case, the city council will then appoint a city manager to carry out the administrative functions of the municipal government. This frees the city council to address political functions such as setting policy and formulating the budget.

Council-Manager System

Created the Book American Federalism: A View from the States, he first theorized in 1966 that the United States could be divided into three distinct political cultures: moralistic, individualistic, and traditionalistic.

Daniel Elazar

The annual amount by which expenditures are greater than revenues.

Deficit

Programs that guarantee benefits to qualified recipients

Entitlement programs

The U.S. Constitution is silent on the dispersion of power between states and localities within each state. The fact that states are mentioned specifically and local jurisdictions are not has traditionally meant that power independent of the federal government resides first with the state. Through their own constitutions and statutes, states decide what to require of local jurisdictions and what to delegate. ? argued that state actions trump those of the local government and have supremacy. In this view, cities and towns exist at the pleasure of the state, which means the state can step in and dissolve them or even take them over. Indeed, most states have supremacy clauses over local governments in their constitutions.

Dillon's Rule

Talking, meeting, and making arrangements, in order to solve international problems.

Diplomacy

A direct interaction—with policymakers to influence their decisions. ? lobbyists are heavily involved in the legislative process, but institutional and citizen organizations play different roles. An institutional group invests in political representation with policy outcomes in mind. It will not see a return on its investment unless its goals are met and policy changes to its benefit. A citizen group has policy goals too, but it must chiefly maintain itself by offering incentives to its members. Its return on investment is a satisfied membership.

Direct Lobbying

Policies created to hinder or prevent behavior that is believed to be undesirable.

Discouraging Nudge

Government spending that congress must pass legislation to authorize each year.

Discretionary Spending

Programs and policies funded by the whole taxpayer base but used to address the needs of specific groups.

Distributive Policy

Groups form because their interests have been jostled by societal changes.

Disturbance Theory

The set of decisions that a government makes relating to things that directly affect the people in its own country: There's a focus on ?, dealing with issues such as health care and education.

Domestic policy

When groups attract media attention through efforts that are deemed "newsworthy" or "attractive" to journalists and editors.

Earned Media

Influence policymakers for economic benefit. These group pursue favorable regulations, lower taxes, strengthened (or weakened) collective bargaining rights, higher wages, and government subsidies. Include corporations, unions, and professional and business associations like the United States Chamber of Commerce.

Economic

Suggests that certain interests, typically businesses and the wealthy, are advantage and that policies more often reflect their wishes than anyone else's.

Elite Critique

The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections.

Elite Theory

Subtle policy changes designed to continue behavior.

Encouraging Nudge

Promote civil and economic rights for underrepresented groups. These are also known as citizen groups. Citizen groups must maintain their membership to remain viable, so they must consider members' concerns before pursuing a policy agenda, and they must preserve membership incentives. These incentives may be expressive, material, or solidary. As a result, these groups' policy agendas are often stymied.

Equal Opportunity

Groups form because organizers (or entrepreneurs) invest heavily in a group and recruit members (or customers) by offering benefits for their participation.

Exchange Theory

These are the intangible good feelings that come from contributing to a cause people believe in. Groups allow people to civically participate beyond voting, and they offer a platform for people to express their sentiments. Some groups do public demonstrations, and others lobby legislators. Many do both. These activities can be very beneficial for many, which is another bonus for participating in an interest group. Groups with members who only want to enjoy selective benefits are at a disadvantage. These groups are unlikely to mobilize members into action.

Expressive Benefits.

True or False: A lifetime ban occurs when members of a state legislature who are convicted of a serious crime are not allowed to run again.

False

True or False: A politico is an officeholder who represents the will of those who elected him or her and acts in constituents' expressed interest.

False

True or False: After the Iraq War in 2003, President George W. Bush became a proponent of liberal internationalism in his foreign policy.

False

True or False: Calorie information and Surgeon general warnings are examples of an encouraging nudge.

False

True or False: Dillon's Rule gives local governments the freedom and flexibility to make decisions for themselves.

False

True or False: Neoconservativism is an isolationist foreign policy approach of a nation keeping to itself and engaging less internationally.

False

True or False: Promoting shared dialogue over political problems is the main purpose of public policy.

False

True or False: Term limits have produced a statistically significant increase in the number of women serving in state legislatures.

False

True or False: The President is the only person who has the ability to set the agenda for public policy.

False

True or False: The United Nations currently is made up of 93 member states.

False

True or False: The total amount the government owes across all years is the federal deficit.

False

Establishes as a systematic way to deal with issues that may arise with other countries.

Foreign Policies

Powers the governor may exercise that are specifically outlined in state constitutions or state law.

Formal Powers

An example of the veto, when an appropriations bill was sent to Wisconsin governor James E. Doyle for signature in 2005, Doyle scrapped over seven hundred words from a passage that would have appropriated millions of dollars to transportation. The words that remained in the bill redirected those funds to education. Lawmakers were outraged, but they were not able to override the veto.

Frankenstein

When individuals enjoy the benefits of collective efforts without having to share in the cost.

Freeriders

Many interest groups result from widespread public concern. In turn, the public drives the group's lobbying to force policymakers to reflect the public's sentiments as they choose issues for the policy agenda. Interest group efforts that spring from mass mobilization are called ?. The implication is that real people with real problems collectively work to solve them. (Bottom up)

Grassroots

Governor of Texas

Greg Abbot

All political activity is groups pursuing their interests against the interests of others.

Group Theory

When peacedul resolutions are not possible and the president can authorize the use of military force.

Hard Power

For practical purposes, state and local governments must work together to ensure that citizens receive adequate services. Given the necessity of cooperation, many states have granted local governments some degree of autonomy and given them discretion to make policy or tax decisions.

Home rule

Texas has a legislature that is?

Hybrid

Attempting to persuade policymakers to support the group's issue positions. Large and powerful institutional groups can pressure legislators from within an institution because few citizen groups can rival their credibility and respect.

Lobbying

Someone who represents the interest organization before the government, is usuall compensated for doing so, and is required to register with the government in which he or she lobbies, whether state or federal.

Lobbyist

Refers to influencing policymakers by encouraging the general public to pressure them. Successful leaders of organizations that protest and demonstrate must discipline their membership. According to Chong (1991), leaders must manipulate the media and the masses a fair amount to secure enthusiasm among members. They must inflate their membership and attendance at demonstrations, quickly secure smaller victories, diversify tactics, and maintain a reputation for toughness, success, and endurance. These methods often receive media attention, and an organization's lack of monetary resources can be balanced by membership enthusiasm.

Indirect Lobbying

See the government as a mechanism for addressing issues that matter to individual citizens and for pursuing individual goals. People in this culture interact with the government in the same manner they would interact with a marketplace. They expect the government to provide goods and services they see as essential, and the public officials and bureaucrats who provide them expect to be compensated for their efforts. The focus is on meeting individual needs and private goals rather than on serving the best interests of everyone in the community. Electoral competition does not seek to identify the candidate with the best ideas. Instead it pits against each other political parties that are well organized and compete directly for votes. Voters are loyal to the candidates who hold the same party affiliation they do.

Individualistic Political Culture

Organizations of individuals who share a common political or economic goal and unite for the purpose of influencing government decisions.

Interest Groups

Foreign policy belief that America must be actively engaged in shaping the global environment and be willing to intervene in order to shape events

Interventionism

Foreign policy belief that Americans should put themselves and their problems first and not interfere in global concerns.

Isolationism

One of the most famous foreign policy emergencies was the Cuban Missile Crisis. Who was the president that implemented a naval blockade of Cuba that subtly forced the Soviets' hands?

John F. Kennedy

The Bay of Pigs was a foreign policy disaster that occurred during the presidency of

John F. Kennedy

Economic theory that posits that government could stimulate the economy by increasing spending and cutting taxes during recessions or by cutting spending and raising taxes during expansion.

Keynesian fiscal policy

The most common form of lobbying, attempts to shape legislation at the federal, state and local levels to align with a particular industry or group's benefit. ? lobbyists do this by tracking legislation as it is introduced and engaging legislators on the industry or issue they represent.

Legislative Lobbying

Under the mayor-council system, the?

Legislative and executive responsibilities are separated

Advocates a foreign policy approach in which the U.S. becomes more proactively engaged in world affairs.

Liberal Internationalism

Members can serve only one time for the number of years allotted, and they are not permitted to run for office again.

Lifetime ban

A(n) ________ veto allows the governor to cross out budget lines in the legislature-approved budget, while signing the remainder of the budget into law.

Line-Item Veto

Gives governors the ability to strike out a line or individual portions of a bill while letting the remainder pass into law.

Line-Item Veto

Tangible rewards that members can use. For instance, the American Automobile Association and the American Association of Retired Persons offer members a discount card for shopping, dining, and traveling expenses. The NRA gives members free tickets to annual meetings and exhibits. Mancur Olson's Logic of Collective Action argued that tangible benefits are central to getting individuals to freely exchange their free-rider status for a membership.

Material Benefits

Substantive monetary or physical benefits given to group members to help overcome collective action problems.

Material Incentives

Under this system, voters elect both a mayor and members of the city council. The city council performs legislative functions and the mayor the executive functions.. The mayor may be given a great deal of authority or only limited powers. Under a strong ?, the mayor will be able to veto the actions of the council, appoint and fire the heads of city departments, and produce a budget. Under a weak ?, the mayor has little authority compared to the council and acts in a ceremonial capacity as a spokesperson for the city

Mayor-Council System

Social programs requiring beneficiaries to demonstrate their need in order to qualify.

Means-tested program

A formula based, health insurance program, which means beneficiaries must demonstrate they fall within a particular income category. Provides health coverage to elderly adults, pregnant women, disabled, low-income adults, children,

Medicaid

An entitlement program funded through payroll taxes that provides three major forms of coverage. 1. a guaranteed insurance benefit that helps cover major hospitilization. 2. fee-based supplemental coverage that retirees can use to lower costs for doctor visits and other health expenses. 3. A prescription drug benefit.

Medicare

Groups that individuals join voluntarily and to which they usually pay dues.

Membership Organizations

Nudge policies that are aimed at guiding people to be more aware of the choice they are making.

Mindful

Policies aimed at guiding people to be more aware of the choice they are making.

Mindful Nudge

Policies that use emotion or framing to sway decisions.

Mindless Nudge

Daniel Elazar posited that the United States can be divided geographically into three types of political cultures, which of the following is NOT one of them: moralistic, modernistic, individualistic, traditionalistic.

Modernistic

See the government as a means to better society and promote the general welfare. They expect political officials to be honest in their dealings with others, put the interests of the people they serve above their own, and commit to improving the area they represent. The political process is seen in a positive light and not as a vehicle tainted by corruption. In fact, citizens in this political cultures have little patience for corruption and believe that politicians should be motivated by a desire to benefit the community rather than by a need to profit financially from service. Support individuals who earn their positions in government on merit rather than as a reward for party loyalty.

Moralistic Political Culture

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

NAACP

Created in 1949 by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations to provide collective security against the Soviet Union.

NATO

One of the most widely known interest group. National Rifle Association.

NRA

State governors have the power to call upon the to assist residents in case of emergency.

National Guard

The net accumulation of the federal government's annual budget deficits. It is the total amount of money that the U.S. federal government owes to its creditors

National debt

State with Unicameral Legislature

Nebraska

Which state has nonpartisan elections and only one chamber, the senate?

Nebraska

Advocated for keeping free of foreign entanglements, but it realizes that no advanced industrial democracy completely seperates itself from the rest of the world.

Neo-isolationism

Foreign policy belief that America is a "good" in the world that ought to combat "evil."

Neoconservatism

Foreign policy belief that the United States should refrain as much as possible from intervening in the affairs of other countries.

Non-interventionism

Subtle policies created to alter people's behavior without significantly changing their economic incentives

Nudge Policy

An example of a grassroot movement. A protest that started in 2011 in New York City and spread into other cities all over the United States. Citizens protested against how poor and wealthy people have lived in different ways and are treated differently by other people, and also against the way corporations used their money.

Occupy Wall Street

________ was the first state to institute all mail-in voting and automatic voter registration.

Oregon

Organization that privately raises money to make campaign contributions.

PACs

When groups pay to advertise issues through television, social media, and print.

Paid Media

Groups form and are maintained by patrons.

Patron Theory

The promise of an entitlement program is...

Pay now, take later

The belief that democracy is enhanced when citizens' interests are represented through group membership.

Pluralism

A person who believes many group healthiy for acess to decision makers.

Pluralist

People who identify all possible choices available to a decision maker and access the potential impact of each.

Policy Analysts

People whp actively work to propose or maintain public policy. These peoplee feel strongly enough about something to work toward changing public policy to fix it.

Policy advocates

Example of why rational actors might not cooperate collectively, even when it is in their best interests. For instance if two suspects were apprehended for a serious crime. They face three choices: a) they can become a witness for the state and turn in other suspects to get no time in prison while their accomplice gets ten years; b) they can both remain quiet and only receive one-year sentences for a minor crime; or c) they can turn each other in and each get a five-year sentence. From the suspect's perspective, the best option is to inform on each other because the cost of remaining quiet (while the other suspect turns them in) could mean ten years in prison. In this scenario, the individual and collective goals do not match. If both suspects prioritize their private goals, they each receive five years in prison. If they prioritize their collective goal and remain quiet, they would receive one-year sentences

Prisoner's dilemma

Individual selfinterest that does not require the consideration of others.

Private Goals

Convince policymakers to produce collective ? goods. Their work cannot limit benefits to members and is typically noneconomic. Groups like the American Civil Liberties Union endeavor to "fight government abuse and to vigorously defend individual freedoms including speech and religion, a woman's right to choose, the right to due process, citizens' rights to privacy," and more. No member of the public can be excluded from their legal victories, making them a high-profile example of public interest groups.

Public

Jointly supplied, public goods or services that require collective action and cannot be denied to anyone.

Public Goals

A government's plan of action to solve a problem. These problems could be large or small, but it only addresses public problems and not private ones.

Public Policy

Private and Public goods, distributive, redistributive, and regulatory policies.

Public policy categories

Interest groups form to seek influence in government decisions and patrons provide the groups with resources they need to get started. Changes in political environment and new technologies make it possible for people to efficiently identify other like-minded individuals to mobilize for national political action.

Purposes of interest groups

Individuals who are driven by the pursuit of private interests.

Rational Actors

Means-tested programs are usually

Redistributive

Programs and policies designed to shift recourses from the one party (typically the wealthy) to another (typically the poor and working-class).

Redistributive Policy

Allows governors to reduce the budget proposed in a piece of legislation.

Reduction Veto

The process of calling on your organization's advocates to comment on a regulation in order to influence the outcome of the regulatory process.

Regulatory Advocacy Lobbying

Designed to restrict or change the behavior of certain groups, businesses, or individuals.

Regulatory Policy

A federal nutrition program that helps millions of families with low income in the U.S. put food on the table. Benefits are delivered monthly through electronic benefits transfer (EBT) cards which can be used to purchase groceries at retailers nationwide.

SNAPS

The policy process contains four sequential stages, which of the following is NOT one of them? Agenda setting, policy enactment, safety netting, and policy implementation

Safety Netting

Federal law that regulates campaign spending and fundraising.

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1974

Retaining a strong military prescence and remaining engaged across the world through alliances and formal installations, is used to protect the national security interests of the U.S.

Selective Engagement

Exclusive benefits offered by interest groups to compel participation among members.

Selective benefits

Redistributive policies...

Shift resources from the haves to the have-nots.

Programs like Social Security that offer benefits in exchange for contributions.

Social Insurance Programs

Distributive or redistributive policies created to improve people's standards of living

Social Policies

An independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers ? a social insurance program consisting of retirement, disability, and survivor benefits.

Social Security

Programs or policies seeking to meet citizen needs for food, shelter, clothing, jobs, education, old age care, and health care.

Social Welfare Policies

Group activities that include demonstrations, boycotts, and strikes. The 2011 Occupy Wall Street protests in New York City's Zuccotti Park exemplify protests that attract massive media attention. Earned media has pros and cons that are the inverse of paid advertising. Interest groups cannot control the content and information disseminated nor the public's reaction, which could mean potentially negative coverage and counterproductive results. Nonetheless, the group's activities are covered by a third party, so the content receives more trust and legitimacy.

Social protests

Is an example of a loophole. There are no limits on the amounts of ? that can be given by individuals to political parties. While labor unions and corporations are prohibited from giving money to candidates for federal office, they can give ? to parties that interests can spend on behalf of candidates without being restricted by federal law.

Soft Money

In foreign policy, the use of non-military tools to influence another country, like economic sanctions, are referred to as

Soft Power

Presidents, or their representatives, meet with leaders of other nations to try to resolve international problems peacefully. The use of nonmilitary tools to influence another country, like economic sanctions.

Soft Power

These benefits refer to interacting and bonding among group members. Belonging to a church offers these effects through time spent worshipping, fellowshipping, and serving alongside members of your faith. Members of Greek organizations have bonding rituals, group events, and a shared history. Activists receive the benefits of standing, marching, strategizing, and protesting with fellow activists for a common cause. Interest groups provide a selective opportunity to stand in solidarity with likeminded folks.

Solidary

The greatest percentage of those living below the poverty line in the United States is found in the?

South

Most policy advocates argued that the best way for the government to interact with the economy was through a hands-off approach.

laissez-faire

Movement that gained momentum in the 1990s, spreading across a wide array of state legislative institutions. Today, fifteen states have imposed ? on their state house and state senate members. On the other hand, six states, one as recently as 2004, have repealed the ? imposed on them by the electorate, through either judicial action in the state Supreme Courts or through legislative action in the state legislature.

State term limits

The ____________ argument says that Americans are generally unaware of how much government is involved with providing benefits.

Submerged State

Financial incentives given by the government to corporations or individuals. Can be direct grants or loans, or they can be tax credits, exemptions, and deductions.

Subsidies

A recent Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC (2010) removed all limitations on expenditures by corporate and union PACs. This ruling created ? that accept unlimited individual, corporate, and union donations if there are no direct contributions to candidates or parties.

Super PACs

An economic policy that assumes economic growth is largely a function of a country's productive capacity.

Supply-Side Economics

An American political scientist and author, known for her research about the way Americans view and respond to the government in their lives, and helping to stimulate the study of American political development.

Suzanne Mettler

Sometimes called a sub-government, consists of interest groups, members of congressional subcommittees, and agency bureaucrats. Can produce sub-par legislation that benefits only the interest groups that are a part of the sub government, or narrows pork-barrel policies that benefit only one, small segment of the population.

The Iron Triangle

Prevents lawmakers from lobbying government immediately after leaving public office.

The Revolving Door

Suzanne Mettler's argument that Americans are generally unaware of how much government is involved with providing benefits, especially when they are hidden or submerged within policy programs.

The Submerged State

Elite theory, group theory, political systems theory and institutionalism, policy output analysis, incremental theory and rational-choice theory

Theories about public policy

In a ________ political culture, the government is seen as a mechanism for maintaining the existing social order or status quo.

Traditionalistic

Sees the government as necessary to maintaining the existing social order, the status quo. Only elites belong in the political enterprise, and as a result, new public policies will be advanced only if they reinforce the beliefs and interests of those in power. Believes in the importance of the individual. But instead of profiting from corporate ventures, these states tied their economic fortunes to the necessity of slavery on plantations throughout the South.

Traditionalistic Political Culture

An international agreement entered by the U.S. that requires presidential negotiation with other nation(s), consent by two-thirds of the senate, and final ratification by the president.

Treaty

True or False: According to the lecture, the three major domestic policy areas are social welfare; science, technology, and education; and business stimulus and regulation.

True

True or False: Distributive policies, Redistributive policies, and Regulatory policies are examples of public policies.

True

True or False: In a citizen legislature, members tend to have low salaries, shorter sessions, and few staff members to assist them with their legislative functions.

True

True or False: NATO now recognizes cyberspace as an 'operational domain' - just as land, sea or air.

True

True or False: Redlining has impacted people of color's health, people of color's ability to own a home, and the funding of public schools.

True

True or False: The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) is responsible for studying the impact of all proposed legislation to access its net effect on the budget and tracking federal debt.

True

True or False: The U.S. Congress has not declared war since World War II.

True

True or False: The line-item, reduction, and amendatory vetoes give governors tremendous power to adjust legislation and to check the legislative branch, the most powerful and controversial vetoes, which have allowed governors to make selective deletions from a bill before signing, are dubbed the "Vanna White" veto and the "Frankenstein" veto.

True

True or False: the mayor-council system is not one of the three forms of county government?

True

Created by a political scientist, Aaron Wildavsk, states that there are two distinct presidencies, one for foreign and one for domestic policy. He also argues that presidents are more successful in foreign than domestic policy.

Two presidencies thesis

Private goods, common goods, club goods, and public goods.

Types of goods

Economic, Equal Opportunity, and Public.

Types of interest groups

Legislative lobbying, regulatory advocacy lobbying, and budget advocacy

Types of lobbying

Mindful, mindless, encouraging, and discouraging.

Types of nudges

Redistributive Policies, Distributive Policies, and Regulatory Policies.

Types of public policies

An international organization of nation-states that seek to promote peace, international relations, and economic and environmental programs.

United Nations

A document that acts like a global road map for freedom and equality - protecting the rights of every individual, everywhere. Outlines 30 rights and freedoms that belong to all of us and that nobody can take away from us.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Line-Item Veto, Amendatory Veto, and Reduction Veto

Vetoes Governors can Use

Resolution that put limits on the president's ability to send troops into combat areas without congressional approval.

War Powers Act of 1973

Congress creates and legitimizes policy by writing and passing bills. The president creates policy by putting issues on the national agenda. Courts change policies and determine what the government can, should, or should not do as it relates to policy implementation. Bureaucrats enhance policy through their powers to write rules and to regulate. Policymakers are pressured by interest groups to pursue specific policies. The media influences the policymaking process by indirectly exerting pressure on policymakers via public opinion. And members of the public can assemble, protest, propose, and change policies.

Who is involved in public policy

Between 2000 and 2010, the gap between federal and state spending steadily?

Widened

Refers to the media effects processes that lead to what are perceived as the most important problems and issues facing a society. In the study of public opinion, it refers to a type of media effect that occurs when the priorities of the media come to be the priorities of the public.

agenda setting

Emphasizes the plurality of actors involved in the policy-making process and predicts that policy makers will build on past policies, focusing on incremental rather than wholesale changes.

incremental theory

Absolves someone of blame for a crime and can secure his or her release from prison.

pardon

Evaluating issues of public importance with the objective of providing facts and statistics about the extent and impact of the various policies of the government.

policy output analysis

Describes how culture impacts politics. Every political system is embedded in a particular political culture. Its origins as a concept go back at least to Alexis de Tocqueville, but its current use in political science generally follows that of Gabriel Almond.

political cultures

Conceives public policy as the response of the political system to demands from its environment.

political systems theory

Individuals use their self-interests to make choices that will provide them with the greatest benefit.

rational-choice theory

A deficit is ________.

the annual budget shortfall between revenues and expenditures

In terms of formal powers in the realm of foreign policy, ________.

the president and Congress share power

Toll goods differ from public goods in that ________.

they require the payment of a fee up front