Government Unit 4 exam

legislative oversight

Congress's monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings.

7. What is the role of courts in a democracy? What are the major criticisms of the court system in the U.S. today? In what ways might the courts be considered too strong or weak?

Ensure that justice is upheld at all times, defend fundamental principles of freedom and equality in the face of popular opposition, judicial review. Critisms are that it takes too long to process things, too political, racial injustice. Too weak as in 78 like doesn't have the power of purse or sword, and too strong as they set precedents.

The presidential use of pardons has generally become less visible and newsworthy in recent decades.(previous quiz question)

FALSE

435 members

House of Representatives

A specific committee establishes the guidelines of debate, such as time limits and limits on the number and type of amendments. (quiz questiobn)

House of Representatives

Because of gerrymandering, there are a large number of "safe seats" during each election cycle. (quiz question)

House of Representatives

3. How do the House of Representatives and the Senate differ? How does the structure of leadership differ between the two?

House: 1. Majority Party, Speaker of the House, The Majority Leader, Majority Whip, Minority Party,Minority Leaders,The Minority Whip; 2. Two-year terms, Comprises 435 members(appointed by population), Initiates impeachment procedures, The procedures are becoming more efficient, with less debate and fewer amendments. Senate: 1. The President of the Senate which is the Vice President, The President Pro Tempore, The Senate Majority, The Majority Whip, Minority Leaders, The Minority Whip; Six year terms, Approves treaties, Comprises 100 members (2 from each state), Members are becoming more specialized; debate and deliberations less frequent.

3. What is policy implementation and what are its main features? What factors facilitate and what factors hinder successful implementation of a public policy? Use specific examples of implementation to illustrate your points.

implementation is the stage of policy making between the establishment of a policy and the results of the policy for individuals. Also defined as Methods by which agencies execute congressional wishes is called implementation. its main features are the creation of a new agency or assignment of a new responsibility to an old agency, the translation of policy goals into operational rules and development of guidelines for the program, the Coordination of resources and personnel to achieve the intended goals. The Factors that hinder good implementation: Program design,Lack of clarity, lack of resources, Lack of authority, Administrative routine, Administrators' disposition, Fragmentation. Factors that facilitate: Clear goals & adequate means to achieve them. An ex: Voting Rights Act of 1965: its goal was clear (register large #'s of black voters), implementation was straightforward (sending out people to register them) and authority of implementors was clear (support of attorney general & even U.S. marshals)

Whip

in the House and in the Senate, a high leadership position whose primary duty is to enforce voting discipline in the chambers and conferences. This is below a leader.

rider

individuals receive benefits (get a free ride) without helping to bear the cost. This person is in interest groups. ex) Union Membership, not joining union and paying all the money and spending all the time but still getting benefits like pay increase.

The power to control the borders of the state (not naturalization) is an example of this type of power (as described in the text). (previous quiz question)

inherent power

regulation

is a rule that permits government to restrict or prohibit certain behaviors among individuals and corporations.

judicial restraint

judges should decide cases strictly based on the language of the constitution

judicial activism

judges should discern the general principles underlying the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances.

merit system

system of filling civil service positions by using competitive examinations to value experience and competence over political loyalties

hold

A procedural practice in the Senate whereby a senator temporarily blocks the consideration of the bill or nomination, so that it does not reach the other floor for nomination.

6. How do court decisions become public policy? What is involved in judicial implementation? Use examples to illustrate the potential problems of implementing court decisions.

(taken from another quizlet) How decisions become public policy:1. Cases on the docket2. Briefs submitted by both sides, amicus curiae briefs filed3. Oral argument4. Conference: cases discussed, votes take, opinion writing assigned5. Opinions drafted, circulated for comment6. Decision announcedWhat is involved in judicial implementation:-Interpreting population - must understand and reflect intent of original court decision-Implementing population - Police, hospitals, gov. agencies etc.; plenty of room for "slippage" b/w what the SC decides and what actually occurs-Consumer population - the people who may be involved in the decision and those who will not be, may be aware of its new found rights and stand up for them

War Powers Resolution legislative veto

(this might not be right) The War Powers Resolution was passed by both the House of Representatives and Senate but was vetoed by President Richard Nixon. By a two-thirds vote in each house, Congress overrode the veto and enacted the joint resolution into law on November 7, 1973. meant to prevent the president from sending troops without congressional approval

lame duck

A politician who is still in office after having lost a reelection bid, they could become corrupt as they know their time is limited.

2. How is the United States bureaucracy organized? What policymaking roles do the different federal agencies play?

4 categories: cabinet departments, government corporations, independent executive agencies, and independent regulatory commissions. These federal agencies play many different roles, but CD - regulate issues involving defense, commerce, or agriculture, GC - perform services to Americans that could be provided by the private sector,IRC - regulate certain aspects of the economy, IEA - Makes up remainder of federal government

Appropriations Committee

A committee of the United States House of Representatives. It is in charge of setting the specific expenditures of money by the government.

executive orders

A directive, rule or regulation that has the effect of law. (while the order is not an actual law, it is treated as one)

impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office.

4. What is needed for an agency to perform its regulatory role? What are the pros and cons of deregulation?

A grant of power and set of directions from Congress, A set of rules and guidelines by the regulatory agency itself, Some means of enforcing compliance with congressional goals and agency regulations. PROS of deregulation:Inexpensive, Helping America's competitive position abroad, Can work well and get things accomplished. CONS of deregulation: Environmental damage due to lax enforcement of environmental protection standards (Reagan administration),Power shortages (California, 2001)

caucus

A meeting of local party members to choose party officials or candidates for public office and to decide the platform. Gathering to vote for nominees, can be opened or closed.

Bureaucracy

A system of managing government through departments run by appointed officials. also described as an administrative group of nonelected officials charged with carrying out functions connected to a series of policies and programs.

original intent

A view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers. Many conservatives support this view.

cabinet

Advisory council for the president consisting of the heads of the executive departments, the vice president, and a few other officials selected by the president. Currently, however, there are fifteen members of the cabinet. Presidents consider ability, expertise, influence, and reputation when choosing someone for their cabinet. more recently they tried to balance political and demographic representation

22nd Amendment

Amendment that created a 2 term limit on presidents.

National Security Council

An agency in the Executive Office of the President that advises the president on national security

logrolling

An agreement by two or more lawmakers to support each other's bills

executive privilege

An implied presidential power that allows the president to refuse to disclose information regarding confidential conversations or national security to Congress or the judiciary.

House Rules Committee

An institution unique to the House of Representatives that reviews all bills (except revenue, budget, and appropriations bills) coming from a House committee before they go to the full House. This committee establishes the rules of debate, such as time limits and limits on the number and type of amendments.

Closed Rule

An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor

senatorial courtesy

An unwritten traditions whereby nominations for state-level federal judicial posts are not confirmed if they are opposed by a senator from the state in which the nominee will serve.

casework

Assistance given to constituents by congressional members, answering questions/doing favors

Rule of four

At least four justices of the Supreme Court must vote to consider a case before it can be heard

1. How does one become a bureaucrat? What myths surround the bureaucracy in the U.S.?

Bureaucrats are the civil servants or political appointees who fill nonelected positions in government and make up the bureaucracy. One can become a bureaucrat through the spoils system, by being elected because of support as well as by being appointed by the president because of merit or employed. I dont know about myths, but criticisms are too large, too much power, slow, stifled economic growth.

(quiz question)has majority and minority leaders and whips

Congress (both houses)

Leaders are elected by the two-party conferences (quiz question)

Congress (both houses)

iron triangle

Created by interest groups. An iron triangle is a more direct support for an industry's interests. It is a three-way relationship among congressional committees, interests groups, and the bureaucracy.

5. How does politics permeate bureaucracies? What factors make it difficult to control bureaucracies? What methods are available to the president and Congress to control bureaucracies?

Differing opinions and the voice of the people make it hard to control bureaucracies, along with oversight, litigation, and funding. The Senate can confirm or reject appointment of people to top bureaucratic positions, and can authorize spending or choose not to. The President can reorganize the bureaucracy with the approval of Congress and can issue executive orders. Judicial Control includes litigation threats and the influence of the court.

3. What is the process by which members of the Supreme Court are chosen? How does the appointment process for other federal courts differ?

Federal Judges and Supreme Court justices are nominated by the President. The Senate must then confirm each nomination by majority vote. For district court positions, the Senate does not confirm nominees if they are opposed by a senator of the president's party from the state in which the nominee is to serve. For courts of appeals positions.

5. How does a bill become a law? What factors influence the legislative process and how does their influence differ?

For a bill to become a law, it must be introduced, referred to a committee, referred to a subcommittee, referred to a full committee, referred to the committee on rules (House only), then debated by the full Senate or House and voted on passage. Then it goes to the conference committee, where if approved, it will be transmitted to the president to sign, veto, or pocket veto the bill. Multiple stopping points provide many opportunities for legislation to die or be revised. Holds (senator wants to be informed before a bill or nomination can be brought up), Filibuster (long speeches or unlimited debates), and cloture (60 senators votes to cut off debate) can affect the legislative process. Divided government also makes it hard for bills to be passed.

Congress's most POWERFUL oversight tool on the bureaucracy

Government Accountability Office (GAO),an agency that provides Congress, its committees, and the heads of the executive agencies with auditing, evaluation, and investigative services.

governmental corporations

Government Corporations are businesses created by congress to perform functions that could be performed by private businesses but aren't usually because they are not profitable. Ex) US postal service, Amtrack

independent executive agencies

Have narrower mandates than a cabinet dept. Headed by a director. They generally perform a service function. Ex) CIA, NASA.

precedent

Implies that a rule established by court is to be followed in all similar cases. These precedents are usually set by landmark cases, and precedents are most commonly followed and used when making decisions in court. An example of this is Brown v Board Education which set the "separate but equal" precedent.

Incumbents

Incumbent is a government official who already works in office. Being an Incumbent increases the candidate's chances of winning.

What is the effect of incumbency in congressional elections? What other factors are associated with congressional electoral success?

Incumbent is a government official who already works in office. The Incumbency advantage is that they have the name recognition, the campaign financing, and other factors on their side because they were already in office, and so they have an advantage over their challenger and have a higher chance of being reelected. The media also wants to interview them more. Being an incumbent increases the odds that groups like interest groups or political parties will donate money to their campaign because they have already been successful in winning the election. Other factors that are associated with electoral success are re-districting, coattails.

6. Is Congress representative in its membership and its policy-making role? What structures and reforms have affected its representation function?

It depends on the senator/representative. A trustee listens to his/her constituents but makes the choice on how to vote based on their own judgment. A delegate votes exactly how his district wishes him to vote. A politico is what most senators are; they will go either way (trustee or delegate) depending on the issue at stake; representation in swayed bc congress members now only do what will keep them in office so they are easily influenced by popular beliefs, PACs, interest groups. In addition, in recent years, Congress has become MORE descriptively representative, meaning there are more in the body of representatives which represent the descriptive characteristics of their constituencies, such as class, race, ethnicity, and gender.

4. What are the typical characteristics of American judges and justices? How do their backgrounds and personal characteristics affect their judicial behavior?

Judges usually lean to what side the president appointed them was at. Typical characteristics are knowledgeable and smart. Most went to law school. Most became a law clerk. A lot are white and old men.

class action suits

Lawsuits permitting a small number of people to sue on behalf of all other people similarly situated.

amicus curiae briefs

Legal briefs submitted by a "friend of the court", normal people, for the purpose of raising additional points of view and presenting information not contained in the briefs of the formal parties. These briefs attempt to influence a court's decision. usually interest groups.

7. Why is the press so important to the president? Give examples of the relationship between the press and the presidency.

Media determines which stories get public attention and do not, so which stories the public find important. Sometimes, president's go public. Going Public is a term for when the president delivers a major television address in the hope that public pressure will result in legislators supporting the president on a major piece of legislation.

4. Describe the committee system in Congress. What are the different roles of committees in the legislative process?

Members of Congress are assigned to committees to investigate the merits and problems with suggested bills, sometimes holding public hearings to learn more before sending it to the full House or Senate for debate and a vote; types of committees include:(1)conference - committee appointed by the presiding officers of each chamber to adjust differences on a particular Bill passed by each in, different form (2)joint - includes members from both house of Congress, conducts investigations or special studies on specific topics (3)select - A temporary legislative committee established for a limited time period and for a special purpose(4)standing - A permanent committee established in a legislature, usually focusing on a policy area

Omnibus Bill

One very large bill that encompasses many separate bills.

5. How do courts shape public policy in their decisions and in the opinions by judges used to justify decisions? What effect have the courts had on the policy agenda? Use historical examples in your answer.

Opinions & decisions become precedents for future cases; Important if the case turns up again and the dissenting or concurring opinions are similar to the ruling on the new case; EX: establishment of judicial review in Marbury v. Madison

3. How is the presidency organized? On whom does the president depend for advice about governmental and policy matters?

Organized with the vice president, the cabinet, the first lady, the Executive Office of the President, and the White House staff. The president has to rely on the Senate for advice, and sometimes the Cabinet, although this is degrading.

Who are the key participants in the American judicial system and what do they do?

Plaintiff & defendants (litigants) - the former brings some charge against the latter. Lawyers - indispensable actors in the judicial system. Interest groups - seek our litigants whose cases seem particularly strong (NAACP, ACLU); groups also support with amicus curiae briefs in an attempt to influence the Court's decision.

impoundment

Presidential refusal to allow an agency to spend funds that Congress authorized and appropriated.

executive agreement

Presidents also issue *executive agreements* with foreign powers. Executive agreements are formal agreements negotiated between two countries but not ratified by a legislature as a treaty must be, which makes it faster. SOME Executive agreements do require some legislative approval, like those that commit the United States to make payments and thus are restrained by the congressional power of the purse. executive agreements signed by the president require no congressional action and are considered enforceable as long as the provisions of the executive agreement do not conflict with current domestic law.

5. What roles does the president play as leader of national security policy? How do these roles conflict with the role of Congress in the area of national security?

Presidents may choose to issue executive orders or proclamations to achieve policy goals. Presidents have issued orders to protect the homeland from internal threats. Presidents also issue executive agreements with foreign powers, which are formal agreements negotiated between two countries but not ratified by a legislature as a treaty must be, which makes it faster. This conflicts with the concept of law-making and budgetary Process.

6. What is the role of the bureaucracies in the federal system? Is the federal bureaucracy too big? What are the pros and cons of a large bureaucracy?

Role is to implement and administer federal laws and programs. Fed. bureaucracy is not too big because it serves many tasks from control of drugs to protection of the environment and deals with social and economic problems. PROS: widespread representation and implementation. CONS: too much power, and no room for silly laws

4. Explain the factors that affect presidential leadership of Congress. Why are some presidents more effective leaders than others?

Some president's are more effective than others if it is not a divided government, as more laws will be passed if they have people who support them in congress. (i don't really know)

sunset laws

Sunshine laws are regulations requiring transparency and disclosure in government or business. Sunshine laws make meetings, records, votes, deliberations, and other official actions available for public observation, participation, and/or inspection

Ways and Means Committee

The House of Representatives committee that, along with the Senate Finance Committee, writes the tax codes, subject to the approval of Congress as a whole.

Council of Economic Advisers Office of Management & Budget

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) is the president's own budget department. The President also conducts oversight of the bureaucracy through the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The OMB's primary responsibility is to produce the president's annual budget for the country. -other responsibilities (LISTED):Reporting to the president on the actions of the various executive departments and agencies in the federal government, overseeing the performance levels of the bureaucracies, coordinating and reviewing federal regulations for the president, and delivering executive orders and presidential directives to the various agency heads.

remand

The Supreme Court sending the cade back to the lower court, or the court where it was originally heard for further action. Remands can sometimes be used in appellate courts so that the case is sent back to lower courts, if a procedural error occurred, or if it excluded admissible evidence in that case.

franking privilege

The ability for members of congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their signature for postage. This allows congress to be able to communicate better with their supporters.

gerrymandering

The act of manipulating legislative districts in an attempt to favor a particular candidate, party, or incumbent. Gerrymandering could be a possible reason for the increase in polarization.

appellate jurisdiction

The authority of a court to review decisions made by lower courts. A court that only hears a case after a decision has been reached in another court is said to have this.

2. What are the formal constitutional powers of the presidency and how have these powers expanded over the years?

The constitution have them the power to sign or veto legislation, command the armed forces, ask for the written opinion of their Cabinet, convene or adjourn Congress, grant reprieves and pardons, and receive ambassadors. These powers have expanded in that through the actions of presidents and because of factors including technology and increased prominence of the United States, and the assertion of the presidential power has at time created controversy regarding the constitutional balance of powers.

original jurisdiction

The jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial. These are the courts that determine the facts about a case.

deregulation

The lifting of government restrictions on business, industry, and professional activities.

quorum

The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress

committee chairs

The most important influencers of the congressional agenda. They play dominant roles in scheduling hearings, hiring staff, appointing subcommittees, and managing committee bills when they are brought before the full house. Committee chairs are very powerful. They control the committee's budget and choose when the committee will meet, when it will hold hearings, and even whether it will consider a bill. Committee chairs cannot serve more than six consecutive years. A senator may serve only six years as chair of a committee.

8. How does the contemporary presidency differ from that envisioned by the Founders? Be able to take a position on whether or not the president has become too powerful, and how this might affect democracy and the scope of government.

The president now has loop-holes that increase his power. The founders intended for Congress to declare war, but since the president is Commander in Chief of the military he can still send troops into battle which in the bigger picture is the same thing because Americans are still being sent to fight other nations on behalf of the US. The president can also enforce policies not approved by Congress or Senate because of executive decisions .It is easier to argue that the president now has much more power than the founders intended and is too powerful because of these reasons. (this was found from another quizlet)

redistricting

The redrawing of congressional and other legislative district lines following the census, to accommodate population shifts and keep districts as equal as possible in population.

constituents

The residents of a congressional district or state, the people a member of Congress represents.

2. Explain the structure of the American judicial system. What are the differences between the federal district courts, courts of appeal, and the Supreme Court?

The structure is that there are judges and juries, and it goes district courts, appellate courts, and then Supreme Court. The differences are that District courts are "trial" courts, meaning that district court judges have the authority to try cases. The Supreme Court and the circuit courts are appellate courts, meaning that they have the authority to hear appeals of decisions by trial court judges. The Supreme is the highest court.

25th Amendment

The vice president will take over if president dies or become incapable to do his job. if there is no VP, president must appoint one, and congress must approve

independent regulatory agency

These exist to regulate a specific economic activity or interest. They do not have to report to the president. Only Congress can remove them through impeachment. They protect the public by making and enforcing rules for certain industries.

How do presidents and vice presidents get into office?

They are not elected directly by the citizens. They are elected by the electoral college. A candidate must get a majority in the electoral college to win. From each state, whomever wins the most popular votes gets all of the electoral votes, not in Nebraska or Maine. They need 270 to win. Know that there are 538 electors.

writ of habeas corpus

This enables someone in custody to petition a judge to determine whether that person's detention is legal. It requires that there be sufficient evidence and cause for why one is being held in custody or detained. This protects against unlawful imprisonment.

majority opinion

This is an opinion that is agreed upon by more than half of the members in the court. This sets forth the decision made and the explanation of their decision.

pork barrel

This is federal spending intended to benefit a particular district or set of constituents. This money is seen as wasteful spending. A common and popular example is the Alaska Bridge to nowhere.

writ of certiorari

This is issued by the Supreme Court or a higher court to tell a lower court to send up records of this case so it can be reviewed. These cases must involve a federal question.

stare decisis

This is the idea of following the precedent established previously in similar cases. In literal terms, this means to "let the decision stand", or to let previously made decisions with similar issues be the inspiration for the decision in this case. This was established to help with uniformity and fairness in the application of the law.

originally appointed, not elected directly by their constituents(quiz question)

US senate

Has created Rule 22, which allowed the chamber to hold a cloture vote to end debate. (quiz question)

Us senate

injunction

Used in court. It is a court order which forbids a party from performing a certain action. Injunctions provide a way for individuals and entities to obtain a legal remedy other than money damage, and if you break an injunction, you could be subject to legal charges or contempt of court. One common example of an injunction is a restraining order.

6. What factors affect presidential popularity and approval? How is popularity related to power and to policy-making?

What often shapes a president's performance, reputation, and ultimately legacy depends on circumstances that are largely out of his or her control. divided Congress, political time also affects the amount of policies or laws that can be implemented. Popularity is related to this, because the more popular a president is, the more support they will get for policies and laws, and so they can pass more. The Rally around the Flag effect could result in more support for a specific president.

dissenting opinion

When more or one judge does not agree with the majority opinion or parts of it, they all contribute, or they each write their own dissenting opinion. This is where they supply their opinions and reasons for disagreeing in the case they heard. These are often utilized in lower courts.

presidential coattails

When voters vote for members of the President's party because they like the President. The ability of a candidate for office, on the strength of his or her own popularity, to increase the chances for victory of other candidates of the same political party as a whole. This candidate is said to carry others to victory on their "coattails".

2. What is the role of money in congressional campaigns? Assess the influence of interest groups and political action committees (PACs) on members of Congress.

With more money, the candidate has more of an opportunity to spread their campaign, and so they have a higher chance of being elected. PACs will support and give money to the candidate which has the best possible chance of winning, interest groups will donate money to the candidate which supports their ideals.

veto

a constitutional right to reject a decision or proposal made by a law-making body. President makes a veto.

joint committees

a legislative committee consisting of members from both chambers that investigates certain topics (key topics, like economy or taxation) but lacks bill referral authority, (only informational)

filibuster

a parliamentary maneuver used in the Senate to extend debate on a piece of legislation as long as possible, typically with the intended purpose of obstructing or killing it. Perfected in the 1850's when they were discussing slavery, after the civil war became even more common. This is a stalling tactic, used to keep the vote from occurring.

cloture

a parliamentary process to end a debate in the Senate, as a measure against the filibuster; invoked when three-fifths of senators vote for the motion. This is used to end a debate.

standing committees

a permanent legislative committee that meets regularly (20 in the House 16 in the Senate)

conference committees

a special type of joint committee that reconciles different bills passed in the House and Senate so a single bill results. Conference committees are sometimes skipped in the interest of expedience, in which one of the chambers relents to the other chamber, for example) House demurred to the Senate over the Affordable Care Act instead of going to battle in a conference committee.

patronage/spoils system

a system that rewards political loyalties or party support during elections with bureaucratic appointments after victory. Did this so people would vote for them.

earmarks

also called riders, things other provisions that are added to a bill to make it more attractive.

whistleblower

an employee who exposes unethical or illegal conduct within the federal government or one of its contractors

open rule

an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor.

line item veto

an unconstitutional type of veto that keeps the majority of a spending bill unaltered but nullifies specific categories of spending within it. (as defined in previous quiz)

select committees

are temporary committees set up to address specific topics. These types of committees often conduct special investigations, such as on aging or ethics.

reasons against term limits

candidates have experience, leaving issues for the next people, candidates which people like can run again, constitution didn't say anything about term limits, stops corruption.

Who is responsible for reconciling House and Senate versions of a bill, creating one that can pass through both houses without being amended further? (previous quiz question)

conference committee

appropriation

money set aside for a specific purpose

pocket veto

president's power to kill a bill, if Congress is not in session, by not signing it for 10 days. this is an indirect veto.

term limit benefits

prevents rule by few, new ideas and perspectives, diversity, more political participation, less security in the office could dissuade politicians from engaging in corrupt or unfavorable behavior, members will "do the most"

political appointments

refers to the assignment of a person by an official to perform a duty, such as a presidential appointment of a judge to a court. This may also happen for an office which is normally elected, but has an unexpected vacancy.

judicial review

review by the US Supreme Court of the constitutional validity of a legislative act.

seniority system

the accumulation of power and authority in conjunction with the length of time spent in office. Also used to describe the practice of granting special perks and privileges to members of the U.S. Senate and House of Representatives who have served the longest.

Marbury v. Madison

the defining case of the supreme court. Involves the issue of appointments that were given to officials under the Adams Administration. It was the day before he was set to leave office. "Midnight Appointments". Marbury was named the justice. Adams leaves office and Jefferson comes in, his new secretary of state madison comes in with all of these appointments that were rushed. Madison responsibility now to deal with these papers from the president. Jefferson tells Madison not to deliver the papers. Because he doesn't deliver the papers, Marbury doesn't get the job. Marbury sues. The supreme court gets involved, headed by a federalist John Marshall, who was an adams appointee. Instead of getting into the politics, he asks three questions, 1) did he have the right to the job? If so how do owe deal with that. 2)can the supreme court force him to get the job. judiciary act of 1789-law that is the basis for this case.This law violates the constitution, Marshall said this law is void. This case is about the power of the court to say a law is unconstitutional. The supreme court took the power of judicial review.

red tape

the mechanisms, procedures, and rules that must be followed to get something done. These are used to ensure the bureaucracies function as intended.

civil service

the permanent professional branches of a government's administration, excluding military and judicial branches and elected politicians.

Speaker of the House

the presiding (to be in a position of authority) officer of the House of Representatives and the leader of the majority party; the Speaker is second in the presidential line of succession, after the vice president. This is the only house member included in the Constitution. The speaker serves until their party loses, they choose to step down, or they are voted out. When the Senate joins the House in a joint session, the Speaker presides over these sessions,

reapportionment

the process of reassigning representation based on population, after every census. The redistribution of seats in the U.S. House of Representatives based on changes in population, as states change population at different rates, the number of those 435 seats each one holds can go up or down.

policy implementation

the stage of policymaking between the establishment of a policy and the consequences of the policy for the people whom it affects. also defined as Methods by which agencies execute congressional wishes is called implementation. It involves translating the goals and objectives of a policy into an operating, ongoing program.

senate has..

unlimited debate

writ of mandamus

written order from a court to enforce the performance of some public duty