HAZMAT - Chapter 24

Vapor Pressure

the pressure exerted by a vapor over a liquid in a closed container.

Atmospheric pressure at sea level

14.7 psi

Isolation Distance: Liquids

150 Feet

SDSs (Safety Data Sheets)

Detailed information bulletin prepared by a chemical's manufacturer or importer that provides specific information about the product. SDSs are formatted according to GHS specifications Best source of detailed information about a particular material.

Placard Parts

Background color, Hazard symbol, Diamond Shape, 4-digit ID number; Hazard Class Number Placard is 10.8" on each side.

Cloud

Ball-shaped pattern of the airborne hazmat that collectively rises above the ground or water.

Placard Color - Blue

Blue - Water Reactive

Class 4 Materials

Difficult to extinguish these fires. Often solid metals that react violently: - With friction - Contact with air

Engulfment

Dispersion of material.

Incendiary thermal effect

During explosion, thermal heat energy in form of fireball is result of burning combustible gases or flammable vapors in ambient air at very high temps. Fireball present for limited time after explosive event

ERG

Emergency Response Guidebook

National Pipeline Mapping System

Emergency responders can view the transmission pipelines in their area via the National Pipeline Mapping System, available online. This system does not provide data on gathering and distribution lines.

Hazard ID - Class 2

Emission of a gas due to pressure or chemical reaction

What presents the greatest threats at hazmat incidents?

Energy Release. Many hazardous materials will release energy due to their chemical or physical properties and the way they are shipped/stored.

Radiation

Energy that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles.

Underground Storage Tanks

Constructed of steel, fiberglass or steel with fiberglass coating. Usually contain liquids, typically gasoline.

unit loading device (ULD)

Containers and aircraft pallets used to consolidate air cargo into a single, trans-portable unit. ULDs are designed and shaped to fit into airplane decks and compartments (particularly, commercial cargo planes), and in some cases they may be stacked.

UN System: Class 8

Corrosive substances

Hazard ID - Class 8

Corrosivity

Three Mechanisms of Harm

Corrosivity • Toxicity • Energy Release

Runaway cracking

Crack develops in a container as a result of some type of damage, which continues to grow rapidly, breaking the container into two or more relatively large pieces. This type of bridge is associated with closed containers such as drums, tank cars, or cylinders. Runaway linear cracking is commonly associated with BLEVE

ISO (International Organization for Standardization)

Defines the design critera for international safety signs in their standard, ISO-3864

GEBMO - Harm

Depending on the container, hazardous material, and energy involved, exposures may result in harm or damage.

Dispersion Pattern: Plume

Depending on vapor density, terrain and wind speed

Transportation Placards

Designed for bulk packages

Transportation Labels

Designed for nonbulk packages

Vapor Density

The weight of a given volume of pure vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.

GEBMO - Stress

he container undergoes physical, thermal, or other types of damage that reduces its ability to func-tion and leads to breach or failure.

UN System: Class 4

- Flammable solids - Substances liable to spontaneous combustion - Substances that emit flammable gases on contact with water

MC-306 or DOT/TC-406 cargo tanks features (Non Pressure Chemical Tank Truck)

- Oval shaped - Multiple compartments When involved in fire, steel tanks can rupture violently; aluminum tanks will melt. More commonly, these cargo tanks are involved in liquid spills or leaks.

MC-307 or DOT/TC-407 cargo tanks features (Low Pressure Chemical Tank Truck)

- Rounded or horseshoe-shaped ends - Single or multiple compartments - Rear or middle unloading - Low pressure tanks leak and spill not violently rupture.

Evacuation Distance for High Pressure Tank Truck involved in a Fire

1 mile (1600 m) They may BLEVE

7 clues to presence of hazmat

1) Occupancy types, locations & pre incident surveys 2) Container shapes 3) Transport placards, labels, & markings 4) Other marks & colors (non transport) 5)Written resources 6)Senses 7) Monitor & detect device

Isolation Distance: Gases

330 Feet - Have greatest mobility

Isolation Distance: Solids

75 Feet - Least mobile

Polymerization

A chemical process that combines several monomers to form a polymer or polymeric compound

Dispersion Pattern: Cloud

A cloud above the container if there is little wind

Drums

A drum is a nonbulk, flat-ended or convex-ended cylindrical packaging made of the following materials: • Metal • Plywood • Fiberboard • Other suitable materials • Plastic Drum capacities range up to 119 gallons (450 L), but 55-gallon (208 L) drums are the most common. Drums may contain a wide variety of hazardous and nonhazardous materials in both liquid and solid form. Typically, metal drums carry flammables and solvents, and plastic/poly drums carry corrosives.

Markings

A marking is a descriptive name, an identification number, a weight, or a specification and includes instructions, cautions, or UN marks (or combinations thereof) required on the outer packaging of hazardous materials.

Explosive (Reactive Hazard)

A material synthesized or mixed deliberately to allow the very rapid release of chemical energy. Also, a chemical substance that is intrinsically unstable and liable to detonate under conditions that might reasonably be encountered. Dynamite, Nitroglycerin, Perchloric Acid, Picric Acid, Fulminates, Azide

Jerrican

A nonbulk, rectangular plastic carboy and is the term used in UN regulations. Some organizations differentiate between carboys and jerricans, defining jerricans as rectangular metal contain-ers typically transporting flammable and combustible liquids and carboys as transporting corrosives.

Dispersion Pattern: Cone

A steady release of product from a pressure container as it expands from the point of release outward. The cone will be directed downwind in accordance with the prevailing wind direction.

GEBMO - Exposure/Contact

Anything (such as persons, the environment, or property) that is in the area of the release is exposed to the hazardous material

Peroxidizable Compound

Apt to undergo spontaneous reaction with oxygen at room temperature, to form peroxides and other products. Most such auto-oxidations are accelerated by light or trace impurities. Many peroxides are explosive, which makes peroxidizable compounds a particular hazard. Isopropyl Ether, Furan, Acrylic Acid, Styrene, Vinyl Chloride, Methyl Isobutyl Ketone, Ethers

ALARA

As Low As Reasonably Achievable Using time, distance, and shielding to limit exposure to radiation

Dispersion Pattern: Hemispheric

BLEVE

Liquid-Holding Containers

Bottles, gasoline containers, paint pails, and drums. Contain some pressure but lower than a pressurized container's pressure

HMIS (Hazardous Materials Information System)

Commonly used proprietary system developed by the American Coatings Association in order to comply with HCS standards. It utilizes a numerical rating and color code system similar to NFPA 704 to convey the relative hazards of the product to employees.

WHMIS

Canadian: Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System Must have a supplier and workplace label.

Ionizing Radiation: Beta

Capable of penetrating the skin and causing radiation damage. More hazardous when inhaled or ingested. Can be stopped by a layer of clothing, plexiglass, thin sheet of metal.

Polymerizable (Reactive Hazard)

Capable of undergoing self-reactions that release energy; some polymerization reactions generate a great deal of heat. Acrylic Acid, Butadiene, Ethylene, Styrene, Vinyl Chloride, Epoxies

What do hazardous materials release when they undergo chemical reactions?

Chemical Energy

Toxicity

Chemicals or biological substances that cause sickness, illness, or injury by doing damage on the molecular scale when in contact with the body

Corrosives

Chemicals that destroy or burn living tissues and have destructive effects by virtue of their corrosivity (ability to cause corrosion, particularly to metals). Corrosives comprise the largest usage class (by volume) in industry.

Reporting Marks

Combination of letters and numbers stenciled on rail tank cars that may be used to get information about the car's contents from the railroad or the shipper. Also known as Railcar Initials and Numbers

Hazard Symbols

Explosive (solid circle with spikes) Oxidizer (open circle with mohawk flame) Radioactive (Fan) Flammable (flame) Poison (skull/crossbones) Corrosive (hand, test tube) Nonflammable Gas (cylinder)

UN System: Class 1

Explosives

Hazard ID - Class 1

Explosives. Reactive. Any substance with a great deal of potential energy that may rapidly release energy in the form of light, gas and/or heat. Must have a division number to indicate level of explosion hazard to the product. Must have a Compatibility group letter to categorize different types of explosive substances

Flexible Intermediate Bulk Containers (FIBC)

FIBCs are sometimes called bulk bags, bulk sacks, supersacks, big bags, or tote bags. They are flexible, collapsible bags or sacks that are used to carry both solid materials and fluids

Split or tear

Failure of a welded seam on a tank or drum or a ripped seam on a bag.

Particle whose length is several times greater than its diameter. Formed by a disruption of the natural state. Usually visually identifiable in the air

Fiber Particles (eg. Asbestos)

Hazard ID - Class 3

Flammability of liquids (vapors) and gases or self-heating liquid

Hazard ID - Class 4

Flammability of solids or self-heating solids

Class 2 - Division 2.1

Flammable Gas (red)

UN System: Class 3

Flammable Liquids

What do pressure tank cars transport?

Flammable, nonflammable and poisonous gases at pressures greater than 25 psi

Flash Point

Flash point is the minimum temperature at which a liquid or volatile solid gives off sufficient vapors at its lower explosive limit (LEL) to form an ignitable mixture with air near its surface. A material will flash, but not continue to burn. Flammable gases have extremely low flash points so they are flammable all the time.

Class 2 - Division 2.3

Gas Poisonous by Inhalation (white)

Cryogen

Gas that turns into liquid at or below -130f Can displace oxygen and cause asphyxiation.

UN System: Class 2

Gases

Class 2: Gases

Gases are materials that are in a gaseous state at normal temperatures and pressures

Class 2 Materials

Gases at normal temperatures and pressures

Bulk packaging criteria

Greater than 119 gallons Net Max is greater than 882 pounds Water capacity is 1001 pounds

Placard Color - Green

Green - Nonflammable Gas

NFPA Rating System Categories

Health (blue background) Flammability (red) Instability (yellow) Each category is rated per severity. Example: Flammability 0 = will not burn 1 = preheat to burn 2= ignites when moderately heated 3= Ignites at ambient temperatures 4 = flammable gases, volatile liquids, pyrophoric materials

Gas Hazards

Heat Hazards Asphyxiation Cold Hazards Mechanical Hazards (BLEVE) Chemical - toxic gases

Atmospheric/Nonpressure Storage Tanks

Horizontal Tank - flammable and combustible liquids. Cone Roof Tank - when partially full, the remaining portion of the tank contains a potentially dangerous vapor space. Open Top Floating Roof Tank - The roof floats on the surface of the liquid and moves up/down based on fill level. Flammable and combustible liquids Covered Top Floating Roof Tank - Roof rides directly on the product surface. Flammable and combustible liquids.

Characteristics of Liquid Containers

Horseshoe Shape, Flat Ends, Stacked

Shipping Papers Description (ISHP)

I = ID Number S = Shipping Name H = Hazard Class/Division P = Packing Group

UN's Four Digit Identification Numbers

In addition to hazard classes, the UN has assigned each hazardous material a unique 4-digit number. It's displayed on placards, orange panels and certain markings in association with materials being transported in cargo tanks, portable, tank cars or other containers and packages. Must be displayed on bulk containers in one of 3 ways and displayed on the following containers/packages: • Rail tank cars • Cargo tank trucks • Portable tanks • Bulk packages • Table 1 materials, regardless of quantity • Certain nonbulk packages (for example, poisonous gases in specified amount)

Pipeline markers

In the U.S. and Canada include the signal words Caution, Warning, or Danger, representing an increasing level of hazard. They also contain information describing the transported commodity, the carrier's (operator's) name, and an emergency telephone number.

"P" Designated Materials in the ERG

Indicate the material may undergo violent polymerization

What do Compressed-Gas Tube Trailers carry?

Individual steel cylinders stacked and mounted together. Typical pressure in the tubes range from 2400 to 5000 psi Compressed-gas/tube trailers carry helium, hydrogen, methane, oxygen, and other gases.

ERG: Yellow Section

Key to the 4-digit UN number

Specification Marking Explanation

Know the DOT/TC Class Number

Labels

Labels provide similar information as vehicle placards. Labels are 3.9-inch (100 mm), square-on-point diamonds, which may or may not have written text that identifies the hazardous material within the packaging. Class 7 Radioactive labels must always contain text. Most labels for the nine hazard classes and subdivisions are essentially the same as their placarding counterparts.

Carboy

Large, nonbulk, glass or plastic bottle encased in a basket or box, primarily used to store and trans-port corrosive liquids, although its use has expanded to nonhazardous materials (such as water) as well. The outer packaging may be made of such materials as polystyrene or wood, and carboys may be round or rectangular. Their capacities may exceed 20 gallons (76 L), but 5-gallon (19 L) containers are more common.

Air-Reactive

Likely to react rapidly or violently with dry air or moist air; may generate toxic and corrosive fumes upon exposure to air or catch fire. Finely divided metal dusts (Nickel, Zinc, Titanium), Alkali metals (Sodium, Magnesium, Lithium, Potassium), Hydrides (Diborane, Barium Hydrides, Diisobutyl Aluminum Hydride)

What do cryogenic containers store?

Liquefied gases like carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen and aragon. "Tank within a tank" category with a stainless steel inner tank supported within a strong outer tank and kept under a vacuum.

Binary Explosives

Liquid explosives

Rail/Tank Car Categories

Low Pressure Tank Cars Pressure Tank Cars Cryogenic Liquid Tank Cars

Bulk Facility Low Pressure Storage Tanks

Low pressure storage tanks have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi (3.5 to 103 kPa). The priority is eliminating ignition sources at incidents involving these containers. - Dome Roof Tank - Spheroid Tank - Noded Spheroid Tank

Cargo Tank Specifications

MC - Motor Carrier DOT/TC Standards Cargo tank trucks built to a given specification are designated using the MC or DOT/TC initials followed by a three-digit number identifying the specification.

Elevated temperature materials

Marked "Hot," Elevated temperature materials can present a thermal hazard in the form of heat. Molten aluminum is generally shipped at temps above 1300F.

Specific Gravity - Less than 1

Material will float

specific gravity - Greater than one

Materials will sink

Ton containers (pressure drums)

May contain chlorine, sulfur dioxide, anhydrous ammonia, or Freon. Always evacuate responders and civilians to a safe distance to avoid the vapor cloud that escapes from these containers. Check PPE for effectiveness.

Attachment (closures) open break

May fail, open or break when subjected to stress, leading to total failure of the container. When evaluating an attachment (such as a pressure-relief device, discharge valve, or other related equipment) that failed, first responders should consider the entire system and the effect of failure at a given point.

NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response

Method for indicating the presence of hazardous materials at commercial, manufacturing, institutional, and other fixed-storage facilities. It is designed to alert emergency responders to health, flammability, instability, and related hazards (specifically, oxidizers and water-reactive materials) that may present as short-term, acute exposures resulting from a fire, spill, or similar emergency.

Hazard ID - Class 9

Misc Dangerous Substance

UN System: Class 9

Miscellaneous dangerous substances and articles

General Emergency Behavior Model (GEBMO)

Model used to describe how hazardous materials are accidentally released from their containers and how they behave after the release.

Low Pressure Intermodal Tank

Most common used in transportation. Even though they are often called non-pressure intermodal tanks, these tanks may have pressure is as high as 100 psi. Also called intermodal portable tanks or IM portable tanks

Class 2 - Division 2.2

Nonflammable, nonpoisonous gas (green)

Bulk Facility Nonpressure/ Atmospheric Storage Tanks

Nonpressure/atmospheric storage tanks are designed to hold contents under little or no pressure. Nonpressure/atmospheric storage tanks typically hold liquids, most often hydrocarbons. This liquid may be flammable/combustible such as fuel oil or other petroleum products, or corrosive and/or toxic, such as sulfuric acid and aniline.

Dewar Flask

Nonpressurized container that has a vacuum space between the outer shell and inner vessel. Designed for the storage and dispensing of cryogenic materials such as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen and helium.

Railroad Tank Cars

Normally dedicated to transporting a single material. Dedicated tank cars may have the name of the material painted on the car.

NFPA 704 Rating System

Numbers 0-4 0 = minimal hazard 4 = severe hazard

Placard Color - Orange

Orange - Explosive

Hazard ID - Class 5

Oxidizing (fire intensifying) effect

Reactivity Triangle

Oxidizing Agent - O2, Organic Pesticides, Alkyl Nitrates Activation Energy - Heat, Shock, Radiation, Light Reducing Agent - Fuel

Strong Oxidizing Agents

Oxidizing agents gain electrons from other substances and are themselves thereby chemically reduced, but strong oxidizing agents accept electrons particularly well from a large range of other substances. The ensuing oxidation-reduction reactions may be vigorous or violent and may release new substances that may take part in further additional reactions. Hydrogen Peroxide, Fluorine, Bromine, Calcium Chlorate, Chromic Acid, Ammonium Perchlorate

UN System: Class 5

Oxidizing substances and organic peroxides

Oxygen 2 Placard

Oxygen isn't a separate division under Class 3, but first responders may see this oxygen placard on containers with 1,001 lbs or more gross weight of either compressed gas or refrigerated liquid

Radioactive Materials Containers

Packaged and transported according to strict regulations.

Ionizing Radiation: Neutron

Particles that have a physical mass but no electric charge. Highly penetrating. Fission reactions produce neutrons along with gamma radiation. Neutron radiation can be measured in the field using specialized equipment. Stopped by concrete. (Goes through aluminum and lead.)

Ionizing Radiation: Gamma

Penetrating - but don't have a charge or a mass. Can easily pass completely through the human body or be absorbed by tissue. Radiation hazard for entire body. FF PPE provides NO protection against Gamma radiation. Stopped by lead. Xrays and Gamma rays are high energy electromagnet radiation called photons

Intermediate Bulk Containers

Per the U.S. DOT, an intermediate bulk container (IBC) is either rigid or flexible portable packaging (other than a cylinder or portable tank) designed for mechanical handling. The maximum capacity of an IBC is not more than 3 m3 (3,000 L, 793 gal, or 106 ft3). The minimum ca-pacity is not less than 0.45 m3 (450 L, 119 gal, or 15.9 ft3) or a maximum net mass of not less than 400 kilograms (882 lbs). NOTE: These metric measurements were established by the UN. There is no weight limit on solid products. Aviation fuel (turbine engine) • Gasoline • Hydrochloric acid • Methanol • Toluene • Corrosive liquids • Solid materials in powder, flake, or granular form

ASME's A13.1-2007, Scheme for Identification of Piping Systems,

Pipes carrying hazardous materials are marked and labeled according to this ID system Markers must be in sufficient numbers along the pipeline to identify the pipe's location. However, pipeline markers do not always mark the pipeline's exact location, and you should not assume that the pipeline runs in a perfectly straight line between markers.

Placards are not required for ...

Placards aren't required for shipments of: - Infectious substances - Small quantity packages - Radioactive materials (while label 1 or yellow label II) - Combustible liquids in nonbulk packaging

Biological Toxins

Poisons produced by pathogens, plants, or animals. They can also occur in animals as a result of their diet.

Ionizing Radiation: Alpha

Positively charged alpha particles that rapidly lose energy when passing through matter. Can be stopped by skin or a sheet of paper. Emitted in radioactive decay of manmade elements and the heaviest radioactive elements - uranium and radium

Intermodal Tank Container Types

Pressure intermodal tanks Specialized Intermodal Tanks (Cryogenic) Low Pressure Intermodal Tanks Can contain almost anything. Typically don't exceed 6,340 gals Placed in frames to protect it and allow stacking, lifting and securing.

Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)

Promote common, consistent criteria for classifying chemicals according to their health, physical, and environmental hazards.

UN System: Class 7

Radioactive Materials

RAM: Type A

Radioactive materials with relatively high specific activity levels are shipped in Type A packages. These packages must demonstrate their ability to withstand a series of tests without releasing their contents. The package and shipping papers will have the words Type A on them. Examples of these materials include: — Radiopharmaceuticals (radioactive materials for medical use) — Certain regulatory qualified industrial products

Hazard ID - Class 7

Radioactivity

Explosive Type: Blast-pressure wave (shock wave)

Rapidly released gases can create a shock wave that travels outward from the center. As the wave increases in distance, the strength decreases. This blast-pressure wave is the primary reason for injuries and damage. The blast-pressure wave has a positive and negative phase, both of which can cause damage

ANSI Color Codes

Red - Danger/Stop Orange - Warning. Used on energized equipment Yellow- Caution. With black stripes can indicate physical hazards like tripping

Placard Color - Red

Red - Flammable

Strong Reducing Agent

Reducing agents give up electrons to other substances and are thereby oxidized, but strong reducing agents donate electrons particularly well to a large range of other substances. The ensuing oxidation-reduction reactions may be vigorous or violent and may generate new substances that take part in further additional reactions. Alkali metals (Sodium, Magnesium, Lithium, Potassium), Beryllium, Calcium, Barium, Phosphorus, Radium, Lithium Aluminum Hydride

Hemispheric Release

Results from rapid release of energy detonation, deflagration, violent rupture, etc. Common elements: - Energy - Dispersion of Energy - Energy Release

Pressure Container Features

Rounded, almost spherical ends Bolted Manways Bolted Protective Housings Pressure Relief Devices Pressure Gauges

Inverse Square Law

Safe distance from radioactive material. Doubling the distance from a point source divides the dose by a factor of 4.

Acute health effects

Short-term effects that appear within hours or days, such as vomiting or diarrhea.

Capacity Stencil

Shows the volume of the tank car in gallons (and sometimes in liters). Stenciled on both ends of the car under the car's reporting marks.

Radioactive Material

Spontaneously and continuously emitting ions or ionizing radiation. Radioactivity is not a chemical property, but an additional hazard that exists in addition to the chemical properties of a material. Radon, Uranium

Specification Marking

Stencil on the exterior of tank cars indicating the standards to which the tank car was built.

Highly Flammable (Reactive Hazard)

Substances having flash points less than 100°F (38°C) and mixtures that include substances with flash points less than 100°F (38°C)

Water-Reactive

Substances that may react rapidly or violently with liquid water and steam, producing heat (or fire) and often toxic reaction products. Alkali metals (Sodium, Magnesium, Lithium, Potassium), Sodium Peroxide, Anhydrides, Carbides

Vessel Cargo Carriers

Tankers - Transport liquid products and in segregated tanks Petroleum carriers Chemical Carriers Liquefied Flammable Gas carriers Cargo Vessels - containers Barges - Box shaped transporting cargo (need pushing). Barges can travel waterways that large vessels can't.

Nonspec Tanks

Tanks not built to MC, DOT/TC specs, the tanks are called nonspec tanks. Examples of nonregulated hazards include molten sulphur, asphalt, and milk. Nonhazardous materials may be hauled in either nonspec cargo tank trucks or cargo tank trucks that meet a designated specification.

Pesticide Labels

The EPA regulates pesticides. Labels must include EPA or Canadian PCP number, Hazard Statement, and Pictogram

NFPA Pressure Tank Definitions

The NFPA uses the term pressure tank to cover both low pressure storage tanks and pressure vessels (with higher pressures). Per NFPA definitions, low pressure storage tanks have operating pressures from 0.5 to 15 psi (3.45 to 103 kPa). Pressure vessels (including many large cryogenic liquid storage tanks) have pressures of 15 psi (103 kPa) or greater.

Miscibility

The ability of two or more gases or liquids to mix with or to dissolve into each other.

GEBMO - Breach

The container becomes open to the environment. This opening depends on its construction material, type of stress that it undergoes, and pressure inside the container at the time that it fails. A breach or failure of the container may be partial (as in a puncture) or total (as in disintegration).

Viscocity

The measure of the thickness or flowability of a liquid at a given temperature. Determines the ease at which a product will flow. The cooler a liquid, the thicker or less fluid it becomes. Water - low viscosity; Molasses - high viscosity

pH

The measurement of corrosivity of acids and bases. Acid - pH values of 0 - 6.9 Base - pH values of 7.1- 14

ionizing radiation

The most energetic and hazardous form of radiation. Gamma Rays, X- Rays, UV light

Hazard ID

The number on top of the UN 4-digit number. If it's doubled, then the contents are more hazardous. If it's a single digit, it's usually followed by a 0 If the digit is preceded by an X, then the material will react dangerously with water. If a 9 appears as a second or third digit, there is a risk of spontaneous violent reaction

Solubility

The percentage of material (by weight) that will dissolve in water at ambient temperature. Solubility info is useful in determining spill cleanup methods and extinguishing agents.

The United Nations Model Regulations, also known as, The Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN Recommendations).

The placarding, labeling, and marking system used by the US, Canada and Mexico

Boiling Point

The temperature at which a liquid changes to a gas

Fire Point

The temperature at which a liquid or volatile substance gives off enough vapors to support continuous burning. A material's fire point is usually only a few degrees higher than its flash point

Pressure Container Stressors

Thermal - Heat/flame can cause container to BLEVE Chemical - Released corrosive gases can damage container Mechanical - Accidents may cause mechanical stress esp to the container fittings

Primary Hazards of Explosives

Thermal and Mechanical

RAM: Type B

These packages must not only demonstrate their ability to withstand tests simulating normal shipping conditions, but they must also withstand severe accident conditions without releasing their contents. The size of these packages range from small containers to those weighing over 100 tons. These large, heavy packages provide shielding against radiation. Radioactive materials that exceed the limits of Type A package requirements must be shipped in Type B packages. Examples: — Materials that would present a radiation hazard to the public or the environment if there were a major release. - Materials with high levels of radioactivity such as spent fuel from nuclear power plants

MC-312 or DOT/TC-412 (Corrosive Liquid Tank Trucks)

These tank trucks typically have a pressure range of 35 to 55 psi (241 to 379 kPa) and may have a much higher maximum allowable working pressure (MAWP). Typical tank capacities are from 3,300 to 6,300 gallons (12 492 to 23 848 liters). Aluminum, mild steel, stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastics (FRP) tanks can be rubber or polymer lined. The outer jacket may be aluminum or stainless steel and often covers a layer of insulation. Usually, these tank trucks only have one compartment and they do not have a shut-off valve.

RAM: Industrial Container

This container design retains and protects its contents during normal transportation activities. Industrial packages are not identified as such on the packages or shipping papers. Industrial packages contain materials that present a limited hazard to the public and the environment. Examples of these materials include: — Slightly contaminated clothing — Laboratory samples — Smoke detectors

GEBMO - Dispersion/Engulf

This occurs as the hazardous material inside the container and any stored energy release and move away from the container. Patterns of dispersion are influenced by chemistry, physics, environmental factors, and the chemical and physical characteristics of the product.

UN System: Class 6

Toxic and Infectious substances

Hazard ID - Class 6

Toxicity or risk of infection

High-Hazard Flammable Trains (HHFT)

Trains transporting multiple low pressure tank cars containing ethanol, crude oil, and other Class 3 products. Accidents are usually from human error and result in violent ruptures.

Low Pressure Tank Cars

Transport hazardous and nonhazardous solids and liquids with vapor pressures below 25 psi (172 kPa) at 105°F to 115°F. Capacities range from 4,000 to 34,000 gallons Transport hazardous (poisons, flammable liquids, etc.) and also non-hazardous materials (fruit, wine, agricultural products)

High Pressure Tank Trucks (MC-331)

Transport liquefied gases - propane, anhydrous ammonia, butane, high vapor pressure liquids and highly hazardous materials such as parathion.

Dry-Bulk Cargo Trailers

Transport solids, including hazardous solids - oxidizers, corrosive solids, etc. - Typically not under pressure - Carry fertilizer, cement and plastic pellets

RAM: Excepted Container

Transports materials that have limited radioactivity, such as articles manufactured from natural or depleted uranium or natural thorium. Excepted packagings are only used to transport materials with low levels of radioactivity that present no risk to the public or environment. Empty packaging is excepted. Excepted packaging is not marked or labeled as such. Because of its low risk, excepted packaging is exempt from several labeling and documentation requirements.

Intermodal: Freight Containers

Transports wide range of products, from food stuffs to dry goods. They come in a variety of types & sizes, most commonly in 20, 40, 45, 48, & 53 feet length

IM 101 portable tanks

Type 1. Built to withstand a working pressure of 25.4 to 100 psi

IM 102 portable tanks

Type 2. Built to handle maximum working pressures of 14.5 to 25.4 psi. Gradually being removed from service. Transport nonregulated materials such as food commodities

CAS (Chemical Abstract Service) numbers

Unique numerical identifiers assigned to individual chemicals and chemical compounds, polymers, mixtures, and alloys. May also be assigned to biological sequences. Over 100 million are registerd wtih

Pressure at Gauge

Unit of pressure relative to the surrounding atmosphere.

Solids-Holding Containers

Used for liquids and solids. Hazardous materials, dusts, powders and small particles, which can engulf and kill you. Solids-Holding Container features: - Transportation containers - Open tops on hoppers, bins, - V-sloping sides with bottom outlets

Dangerous Placard

Used for mixed loads only and non-bulk packages with two or more categories of hazardous materials that require different placards

Pipelines

Used for transporting oil, gas, and other chemical products (Jet Fuel) Over 2.5 million miles of pipelines in North America. Products may be pushed through at same time or separated by a pipeline pig. (Hydrocarbons are often commingled.) Large natural gas pipelines operate under extreme pressure. Smaller distribution lines typically operate under much lower pressures.

Inhibitors

Used to slow down a chemical reaction. Inhibitors increase the needed activation energy.

CBRNE materials used as weapons

WMD - weapons of mass destruction

GEBMO - Release

When a container breaches or fails, contents, stored energy, and pieces of the container may be expelled into the environment (release).

Puncture

When foreign objects penetrate a container - e.g., forklift piercing a drum

Placard Color - White

White - Health Hazard (Poison, Corrosive)

vapor density less than 1

Will rise. Lighter than air. Most gases have a vapor density greater than one.

vapor density greater than 1

Will sink. Likely to concentrate in low places along or under floors, in sewers , sumps, and manholes and trentches/ditches. Examples: Propane • Butane • Hydrogen sulfide • Ethane • Chlorine • Sulfur dioxide

Placard Color - Yellow

Yellow - Reactive

CBRNE

chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear, or explosive materials

RAM: Type C

hese are rare packages used for high-activity materials (including plutonium) transported by air-craft. They are designed to withstand severe accident conditions associated with air transport without loss of containment or significant increase in external radiation levels. The Type C package performance requirements are significantly more stringent than those for Type B packages.

Gases

indefinite shape and indefinite volume. Expand rapidly May displace oxygen Travel quickly and easily May rise/sink in air

routes of entry

inhalation, absorption, ingestion, injection Inhalation is most common route

Chronic health effects

long-term effects that may take years to appear, such as cancer.