Physiological Assessment
Why bother giving a diagnosis? potential benefits? potential risks?
*Benefits> * -treatment ideas -support (from schools, insurance benefits, scholarships, disability) -helps the individual understand self (normalize it) -communication -access to services -research Risks> -misdiagnoses (denied services) -upsetting for individuals to learn they have a disorder -negative stigmas against disorders -confirmation bias -lose of individuality -prejudice/discrimination
What is the difference between the DSM and the ICD? (names, where used, coverage of diseases?)
*DSM5*Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - -used in north America and Canada -med *ICD or WHO*-international classification 10th version (11 comes out in January) - used all over the world other than America and Canada. -med and psych *RDoC* research domain criteria (NIMH) -US -just for research
Distinguish between deviation and ratio IQs? (how is each calculated?)
*Deviation IQ*-calculates what age you act like, but not what other people your age act like. Deviation IQ is scored based on how an individual deviates from the average IQ of 100. It measures IQ as a normal distribution with the average IQ being a 100 with a standard deviation of +/- 15. Deviation IQ scores are intended to be more accurate and account for people who have very high scores on intelligence measures. *Ratio IQ*-the ratio of a child's mental age to chronological age.
What types of skills are suggested? (be able to list/describe Gardner's AND Sternberg's )
*Gardner*- creativity, *Sternberg's*-
List some of the ways IQ tests are used for kids..... List some uses for adults....
*Kids* To assist in determining giftedness ¨To assess intellectual disabilities (old name mental retardation) ¨To ID certain learning disorders (disabilities) ¨To guide admission to certain private schools ¨To ID intellectual strengths/weaknesses (?) (sometimes with personality testing too) *Adults* ¨To assess intellectual ability after injury, disease, etc ¨ To assess/document impairment and/or legal competence ¨ To diagnosis disability - access benefits ¨ With Personality testing as part of full assessment for diagnosis and/or therapeutic intervention ¨For guidance in vocational/career decisions/transitions
How have NCLB, ESSA, PL94-142 and IDEA increased the need for educational ability tests (what are these laws and acts? - what are they trying to accomplish?)
*PL94-142*-states that children who are identified as having a learning disability will be provided a school team that will create an individualized education plan to assist the student with his or her learning problems *IDEA*-Individuals with Disabilities Education Act No Child Left Behind (NCLB)-•) stating by 2014 all students would have to obtain proficiency in reading/lang arts and math & must show that "adequate yearly progress" is being made toward all students achieving at state-specified academic standards Every Student Succeeds Act(ESSA) - put more responsibility on the states to facilitate the improvements in low scoring/low graduation schools
What is a specific learning disorder? (Know the basic definition. What percentage of kids? More boys or girls? Know the 4 basic criteria that must be met to diagnose specific learning disorder)
*neurologically-based processing problems that interfere with learning basic academic skills.* 5-15% school aged kids (!!) -more boys than girls (2-3:1) *CRITERIA* a) learning difficulties (in at least 1 of 6 academic areas) for > 6 mos in spite of extra help/targeted instruction (not lack of effort/opportunity) b) substantially and quantifiably below peers (stand. test) with impact on academic/job functioning c) begin school age (mild may not be seen until teen) d) not due to another disorder (Intellectual Disability, vision/hearing, etc) (but often seen with ADHD and other disorders)
What are the four main types of educational ability tests? (what does each type accomplish/how used?)
*survey battery*-usually given in school settings, which measure broad content areas and often used to assess progress in school. *diagnostic*-tests that assess problem areas of learning and often used to assess learning disabilities. *readiness*-Tests that measure one's readiness for moving ahead in school and often used to assess readiness to enter first grade. *cognitive ability tests*-. These tests are usually based on what one has learned in school and are useful in making predictions about the future (e.g., whether an individual might succeed in school or in college)
What is a classification system? (in psychology)
- Provide a list of the disorders (dx or categories) - Along with descriptions of them (the sx's) - And guidelines for assigning the diagnoses example of criteria :phobia >elevated heartrate and depressed when in the presence of spiders (my phobia lol)
What is a diagnosis?
-Name (label) for a cluster of symptoms/behaviors that are often found together (a syndrome) (often thought of as a category)
There are dozens of IQ tests out there, but 6 account for 95% of testing! What are the 6? They all possess well stratified samples and have good reliability and validity evidence.
1. WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) 2. WISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) 3. Stanford-Binet 4. DTLA (Detroit Test of Learning Aptitude) 5. CAS (Cognitive Assessment System) 6. K- BIT (Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test)
Why study educational ability?
1. to determine how well a student is learning; 2.to assess how well a class, grade, school, school system, or state is learning content knowledge; 3. as one method of detecting learning problems; 4. as one method of identifying giftedness; 5. to help determine if a child is ready to move to the next grade level; 6. as one measure to assess teacher effectiveness; 7. to help determine readiness or placement in college, graduate school, or professional schools; and 8. to determine if an individual has mastered content knowledge for professional advancement (e.g., credentialing exams).
Guildford's multifactor Model
Guilford's three-dimensional model can be represented as a cube and involves three kinds of cognitive ability: operations, or the general intellectual processes we use in understanding; content, or how we apply our intellectual process; and the products, or how we apply our operations to our content.
Know the idea (structure type) behind the Cattell - Horn - Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence.....
Integrated Model of Intelligence Developed a theory of intelligence that includes 16 broad ability factors, 6 of which are tentative, and over 70 associated tasks that may or may not be related to a g factor. six factors that included fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, general visualization, general speediness, facility in the use of concept labels, and carefulness. Raymond Cattell attempted to remove cultural bias from intelligence testing. He considered the possibility that two "general factors" make up intelligence. Innate intelligence, or "fluid" intelligence & learned or "crystalized," intelligence as the other factor.
What does IQ stand for? In a general sense, what does IQ tell you?
Intelligence Quotient how you compare to others your age on that particular intelligence test
Is the DSM dimensional? Explain. What would a true dimensional system look like (ex: HiTOP)
No, it is not dimensional. People mix up dimensional with severity, which can range on a scale. A true dimensional system looks like an individual being scored based off of a number of domains. Everyone is evaluated with the same dimension.
What was Philip Vernons model of intelligence
Philip Vernon believed that subcumulative components of intelligence could be added in a hierarchical manner to obtain a cumulative (g) factor score
Describe the NAEP? (the national report card)
Sometimes called "the nation's report card," these assessment instruments allows states to compare progress in achievement to other states around the country.
Describe Spearman's Two Factor Theory of Intelligence. (know 'g' (used by many) and 's' factors (evidence of 'g'? origins of 'g'?)
Spearman believed in a two-factor approach to intelligence that included a general factor (g) and a specific factor (s), both of which he considered important in understanding intelligence. *a g factor that mediates general intelligence and s factors that speaks to a variety of specific talents.* ratios for different scenarios
What percent get IQs between 90 and 110? Between 85 and 115? Between 70 and 130?
Split-half and test-retest reliabilities for individual subtests by age averaged between 0.66 and 0.93, while full-scale IQ reliability was very high and ranged between 0.97 and 0.98 for all age groups.
What is the CTONI?
The Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI) is a nonverbal instrument designed to measure intellect from ages 6 years, 0 months to 89 years, 11 months.
Thurstone's seven primary mental abilities
The seven primary mental abilities he recognized were verbal meaning, number ability, word fluency, perception speed, spatial ability, reasoning, and memory.
The Wechsler Series: (how did Wechsler change IQ testing (5 ways listed in class))
WISC-V each Wechsler test measures a select age group. They all assess cognitive ability, intellectual disabilities, giftedness, and potential learning problems. -publishers used diverse samples ( as age, sex, race, education level, and geographic region. ) - also paid attention to including individuals from a number of special education classifications all of the Wechsler tests assure content validity, based on intellectual functioning -showed a variety of different kinds of criterion-related and construct validity, such as high correlations with other intelligence tests and with achievement tests.
Know what is meant by the WAIS, WISC and WPPSI (including rough ages)
WPPSI-IV (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Fourth Edition) assesses children between the ages of 2 years, 6 months to 7 years, 7 months; WISC-V (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Fifth Edition) is geared for children between the ages of 6 years and 16 years, 11 months; AIS-IV (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Fourth Edition) was developed to assess adults, ages 16 years through 90 years, 11 months.
Those with IQs <70(ish) are eligible for a diagnosis of intellectual disability. (old name?)
also must have low adaptive functioning and before the age of 18 old name>mental retardation
3 categories of diagnoses are given most often - what are they?
anxiety, depression, and substance abuse
What is the average lifetime risk of having a disorder in the US? How many have more than one disorder? (either at the same time or at different times)
average lifetime of having a disorder>45-50% more than one disorder is 28% 17% for three or more disorders
Why don't we use an absolute IQ cutoff of 70 anymore? (think SEM)
because they have to now must show conceptual, social + practical deficits (guidelines provided) Why guidelines vs. cutoffs? Think: importance of legal and clinical decisions being made Think: SEM (~2.5)
What benefits does a dimensional system provide over a categorical system?
better understanding of a individual (rating an person based off of a number of domains rather than just putting into a strict category
What causes intellectual disability?
biological and environmental
What is factor analysis? What does it tell you?
correlated technique that allows us to see ability or groups of abilities that constitutes intelligence Charles spearman helped develop this identify clusters of related items possibly indicating a meaningful underlying concept through stats and patterns
Which 3 survey battery tests did we review? (don't memorize, but know where they are in your notes and be familiar with your notes on them in case you have to answer questions on them)
fixed battery-Using a uniform (standard) set of instruments for all clients who require a neuropsychological evaluation. Halstead-Reitan-A widely utilized fixed battery neuropsychological assessment consisting of eight core tests. (most widely used, most rigorous) flexible battery-Tailoring the instruments and techniques specific to each client who require a neuropsychological evaluation.
Common characteristics of individuals with IQs of 130 plus?
geniuses 1 out of 1000 healthier, wealthier, social leaders,
Those with IQs 130+ are considered ______. (there are other ways to qualify for this too
globally gifted (less than 2 percent)
Prevalence
how likely or what is your risk of getting a disorder based on the percentage of the population gets that disorder
What is the DSM Cultural Formulation Interview? what does it provide?
is a systematic, semi-structured interview developed to guide clinicians on conducting a cultural assessment in routine mental health settings.
What does Rule Out mean?
meets many criteria, but not enough yet
How is IQ determined?
mental age/chronological age x 100 1. Test people on items assumed to tap intelligence ( items vary per test based on theory) 2. Raw scores (# right/points earned) converted to IQ scores based on raw score distribution for age (scores fall along normal curve)
Incidence
number of new cases
Textbooks make it sound easy to distinguish between diagnoses... sometimes it is, but often it is not... why not?
overlapping symptoms co-morbidity (having more than on disorder) different clinicians may ask for different information the disorder can look different with different people NOS symptoms being just extremes of typical behaviors stigmas biases
What are some issues with ratio IQs? What are the advantages of deviation IQs?
ratio-tells you if you above or below average, however, there is not real standard (how many years ahead or behind are you for your age? you only know averages. You also have no idea how many people in you age group or scoring deviation-you know where a person stands related to other people their age b/c of standard deviations
What is the Flynn effect? How fast? What type of skills? What contributes? Will it continue?
refers to the finding that scores on IQ tests have increased in the past century about 3pts a decade environmental impact no, the flynn effect is slowing down
How many US kids and adults qualify for a diagnosable disorder each year?
somewhere between 22- 25%
The Stanford-Binet: (SB5) (good for what ages? Doesn't that take forever? (why not?))
takes between 45 and 75 minutes to administer individually and can be given to individuals from 2 to 85+ years old he Stanford-Binet uses a vocabulary routing test, almost a pretest, to determine where an individual should begin basal and ceiling levels are determined measures verbal and nonverbal intelligence across five factors: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memor
Describe the Multi-axial system in the previous DSM - why did they get rid of it?
they are not
Describe fluid and crystallized intelligence. What skills in each? What happens over time?What are some of the other broad skills this theory postulates? (see book or slides)
two "general factors" made up intelligence: "fluid" intelligence- that culture-free portion of intelligence that is inborn and unaffected by new learning "crystallized" intelligence , which is acquired as we learn and is affected by our experiences, schooling, culture, and motivation crystallized intelligence will generally increase with age, while many research studies have found that fluid intelligence tends to decline slightly as we get older. Therefore, many theorists believe that overall intelligence is maintained evenly across the lifespan.
Can you recognize single trait, independent traits and hierarchical models?
use factory analytic analysis to help us see which type of trait is best fitting *single trait*- *Independent* *hierarchical*
What is the average IQ? What is the SD on the popular tests?
¨50% (half) IQ 90-110 (average range) ¨68% (2/3) IQ 85-115 ¨95% (almost all) IQ 70-130
Gardner and Sternberg - know how they differ from theories before?
¨Gardner: Theory of Multiple Intelligences ¨Sternberg: Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence ¨ ¨Both felt traditional IQ tests too limited ¨ Expanded from traditional IQ to include things like creativity, music, people skills, body intelligence....."
