NTD 411 Final
How many amino acids are essential/indispensable? A. 9 B. 11 C. 20 D. 22 E. 24
A. 9
What can be used in medical nutrition therapy to reduce nitrogen load and build-up of urea in the blood when are person is experiencing kidney failure? A. A mixture of alpha-ketoacids of essential amino acids B. A mixture of di- and tripeptides C. A mixture of essential and nonessential amino acids D. A mixture of free amino acids E. A mixture of just essential amino acids
A. A mixture of alpha-ketoacids of essential amino acids
Which of the following is true in a situation in which blood glucose has dropped below the normal range? A. Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon to elevate blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis in liver cells B. Beta cells of the pancreas release insulin to elevate blood glucose C. Delta cells of the pancreas release cortisol to elevate blood glucose D. Glucagon stimulates glycogenolysis in muscles cells and the resultant glucose can enter the blood to elevate the blood glucose E. Insulin is released from the adrenal cortex to elevate blood glucose
A. Alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon to elevate blood glucose by stimulating glycogenolysis in liver cells
Which of the following is true of carbohydrate digestion? A. Alpha-dextrinase on the brush border can break alpha (1-6) branching bonds in starch B. There are three forms of alpha-amylase: salivary, gastric, colonic, and pancreatic C. Sucrose does not have to be digested and can be absorbed directly into small intestinal enterocytes D. Brush border enzymes such as amylase, maltase, and lactase digest disaccharides E. Limit dextrins are digested by lactase
A. Alpha-dextrinase on the brush border can break alpha (1-6) branching bonds in starch
The portion of the amino acid left after the amino group has been removed is called a: A. Alpha-ketoacid B. Carbon bone structure C. Alpha-carbon scaffold D. Monosaccharide E. Alpha-ketobase
A. Alpha-ketoacid
Which of the following is true about gluconeogenesis? A. Amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate and oxaloacetate can be used to make glucose B. Fatty acids can be used to make glucose C. All of the enzymes that catalyze reactions in glycolysis are the same for gluconeogenesis D. High levels of glucose stimulate gluconeogeneis E. Gluconeogenesis occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
A. Amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate and oxaloacetate can be used to make glucose
Which of the following is true about diet and protein synthesis? A. Animal protein sources better promote protein synthesis than plant B. Eating all the protein for the day in a single meal promotes the best protein synthesis over 24 hours C. Soy has the best balance of fast and slow proteins D. The amino acids leucine inhibits protein synthesis E. Plant protein sources better promote protein synthesis than animal
A. Animal protein sources better promote protein synthesis than plant
Glycogen synthase is an important enzyme in the process of making glycogen. Dephosphorylation (removal of phosphate molecule by breaking the chemical bong) of glycogen synthase activates it. This is an example of: A. Covalent regulation B. Allosteric regulation C. Genetic regulation D. AMP regulation E. Phosphate regulation
A. Covalent regulation
A key enzyme in producing eicosanoids is called? A. Cyclooxygenase B. Acetyl-CoA transferase C. HMG-CoA reductase D. Carnitine Acyl transferase E. Thiolase
A. Cyclooxygenase
Which of the following is true about protein and amino acid sources? A. Eggs can supply all amino acid needs so a person would not need to eat any other protein sources to supply amino acids B. Soy is an incomplete protein C. There are no other sources of amino acids for the human body except food D. Dairy products are incomplete protein sources E. Most people in the US do not eat enough protein to supply amino acids in their diets
A. Eggs can supply all amino acid needs so a person would not need to eat any other protein sources to supply amino acids
You would expect to see all of the following in advanced liver disease except: A. Elevated blood urea B. Elevated blood ammonia C. Hepatic encephalopathy D. Elevated AST and ALT E. Low levels or absence of ketones in the blood
A. Elevated blood urea
Jackie is born with normal alcohol metabolism genes. However, from early adolescence she begins to drink heavily. This methylates the alcohol-related genes, muting their activity. Now Jackie has impaired alcohol metabolism. This is an example of: A. Epigenetics B. Nutrigentics C. Nutrigenomics D. Genome complementation E. Bioactive regulation
A. Epigenetics
Which of the following hormones is the master regulator of lipolysis? A. Epinephrine B. Insulin C. Albumin D. Carnitine E. Dopamine
A. Epinephrine
All the following are true of glycogenesis but: A. Glucagon promotes glycogenesis B. Insulin promotes glycogenesis C. Glycogen is stored in muscle and liver cells D. Hexokinase in muscle cells which catalyzes the first step in glycogenesis is inhibited by high quantities pf glucose-6-phosphate in the cell E. Glycogenin catalyzes the intial attachment of 8 glucoses so glycogen synthase can add to it
A. Glucagon promotes glycogenesis
Which of the following is true about carbon skeletons of amino acids? A. Glucogenic amino acid carbon skeletons can be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose B. Ketogenic amino acid carbon skeletons can be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose C. No type of carbon skeleton can be used to make fatty acids D. Carbon skeletons cannot be reaminated E. No type of carbon skeleton can be used to make ketones
A. Glucogenic amino acid carbon skeletons can be used in gluconeogenesis to make glucose
Bill has a genetic disorder in which he cannot make phospholipase A-2 and cholesterol esterase. What would be true about his digestive process. A. He could not digest phospholipids or cholesterol ester B. He could not digest triglycerides C. Phytosterols esters don't require digestion so their absorption would be unaffected D. He could digest phospholipids but not cholesterol esters E. Digestion of phospholipids and cholesterol esters would be unaffected
A. He could not digest phospholipids or cholesterol ester
All of the following are true of fatty acid synthesis except: A. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix B. Malonyl-CoA's are used in making of fatty acids C. Acetyl-CoA's are transferred from one compartment to the other by way of the production and migration of citrate. Oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA in one compartment are reacted to form citrate. Then citrate migrates to the compartment where fatty acid synthesis occurs and is dissociated into oxaloacetate and acetyl-CoA D. Palmitic acid is the primary product and it is modified as needed to form other fatty acids E. Desaturases and elongases are used to make a variety of fatty acids
A. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
Which medication directly inhibits the regulatory enzyme for cholesterol synthesis? A. Lipitor (a statin) B. Lexapro C. Cholestyramine D. Hydrochlorothiazide E. Micronase
A. Lipitor (a statin)
Which enzyme present in capillaries deesterifies the fatty acids from the glycerol in chylomicrons and VLDL's and is activated by insulin? A. Lipoprotein lipase B. Hormone-sensitive lipase C. Pancreatic lipase D. HMG-CoA reductase E. Cholesterol ester transferase
A. Lipoprotein lipase
What is the factor that promotes the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin? A. Low pH of the stomach caused by HCl B. Trypsin C. Intrinsic factor D. Secretin E. Lingual proteases
A. Low pH of the stomach caused by HCl
Which of the following is an important product of the pentose phosphate pathway, involved in nucleic acid synthesis? A. NADPH B. Citrate C. ATP D. Phosphate E. Oxaloacetate
A. NADPH
During exercise which hormones are important for promoting lipolysis? A. Natriuretic Peptides B. Insulin C. Prolactin D. Somatomedin E. Testerone
A. Natriuretic Peptides
Which cells release hydrochloric acid and intrinisic factor? A. Parietal B. Chief C. Neck D. Pancreatic E. Liver
A. Parietal
What is this reaction called? (look at #24 from Test 3) A. Transamination B. Deamination C. Amination D. Hydrolysis E. Meta-amination
A. Transamination
Which enzyme converts the other proteolytic zymogens to their active forms? A. Trypsin B. Chymotrypsin C. Pepsin D. Carboxypeptidase A E. Proelastase
A. Trypsin
35. The RDA for protein for an adult is: A. 0.6 g/kg body weight B. 0.8 g/kg body weight C. 0.4 g/kg body weight D. 1.0 g/kg body weight E. 1.5 g/kg body weight
B. 0.8 g/kg body weight
Which of the following substances can reduce pain, fever, blood clotting, and inflammation by its' effect on eicosanoid production? A. Omega-6 fatty acids B. Asprin C. Tylenol D. Opioids E. Cholesterol Supplements
B. Asprin
Which substance is vital for transferring long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix? A. Albumin B. Carnitine C. CoA D. Insulin E. CD36
B. Carnitine
What is the term for those amino acids that can be made from the essential ones? If enough of the essential ones are available these can be made. A. Essential B. Conditionally essential/indispensable C. Dispensable D. Conditionally dispensable E. Nonessential
B. Conditionally essential/indispensable
If a person wants to eat a low fat diet, limiting which food category would have the greatest impact based on dietary sources that contribute the most fat to the US diet? A. Butter B. Cooking Oils C. Lard D. Polutry E. Dairy Products
B. Cooking Oils
What is this reaction called? (look at #22 from Test 3) A. Transamination B. Deamination C. Amination D. Hydrolysis E. Meta-amination
B. Deamination
Viscous gel forming fibers provide all the following benefits except: A. Increase satiety B. Destroys destructive bacterial species in the colon C. Reduced micelle formation thus trapping bile and reducing its recirculation D. Decreased peristaltic movement in the colon E. Decreased absorption of nutrients
B. Destroys destructive bacterial species in the colon
Enzymes that break peptide bonds from the ends of the polypeptide toward the middle are called: A. Endopeptidases B. Exopeptidases C. Enteropeptidases D. End Peptidases E. Tripeptidases
B. Exopeptidases
What is the key substance needed for triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis? A. Cholesterol B. Glycerol-3-phosphate C. Carnitine D. Albumin E. Squalene
B. Glycerol-3-phosphate
Which of the following is true about the control of type 2 diabetes mellitus? A. He/she should eat foods with a high glycemic index B. He/she should prefer cold starch-containing foods over those that are hot C. He/she should avoid physical activity because activity promotes insulin resistance D. He/she should eat three large meals in a day each containing large quantities of high glycemic index carbohydrates E. He/she should ask a physician for cortisol-containing medication
B. He/she should prefer cold starch-containing foods over those that are hot
What is the definition of quaternary protein structure? A. It is the sequence of amino acids B. It is the association of more than one polypeptide to form a functional protein C. It is whether the amino acid sequence retains an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet structure in three dimensions D. It is how the polypeptide folds in three dimentions E. It is the component amino acids in a protein
B. It is the association of more than one polypeptide to form a functional protein
Which of the following cellular organelles in a membrane-bound vesicle which contains digestive enzyme which degrade cellular debris? A. Smooth ER B. Lysosome C. Golgi Apparatus D. Rough ER E. Mitochondrion
B. Lysosome
Which diet is best for preventing cardiovascular disease? A. Ketogenic diet B. Mediterrarnean diet with added tea, soy, and fish C. High animal product diet D. Highly refined and processed diet E. High protein, low fiber, with high amounts of beef
B. Mediterrarnean diet with added tea, soy, and fish
Which of the following is true about insulin and the transport of glucose into the cells requiring insulin? A. The GLUT involved is permanenty embedded as an integral protein in the cell membrane B. Muscle movement with exercise promotes a movement of vesicles containing the GLUT to the membrane independent of insulin C. Muscle movement with exercise promotes the movement of GLUT away from the cell membrane D. The insulin receptor reacts to insulin by inhibiting the transport of glucose to inside the cell E. The state of insulin resistance has no effect on the movement of GLUT vesicles to the cell membrane
B. Muscle movement with exercise promotes a movement of vesicles containing the GLUT to the membrane independent of insulin
All of the following are types of eicosanoids except: A. Prostaglandins B. Neuropeptides C. Leukotrienes D. Thromboxanes E. Resolvins
B. Neuropeptides
Galactosemia involves a genetic mutation on both chromosomes in a pair that leads to the lack of production of galactose kinase, a significant enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. In this case, when galactose is consumed in foods, it rises to high levels and causes physical problems. People with this condition must restrict galactose in their diet. This condition is studied in the field of: A. Epigenetics B. Nutrigenetics C. Nutrigenomics D. Genome complementation E. Bioactive regulation
B. Nutrigenetics
All of the following are true about pancreatic lipase except: A. For pancreatic lipase to be most effective fat droplets must be encased in bile salts as micelles B. Pancreatic lipase digests triglyceride but also cholesterol ester and phytosterol esters C. Colipase promotes its binding to the micelle D. It deesterifies the sn-1 and sn-3 fatty acid E. The results of its action is 2-monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids
B. Pancreatic lipase digests triglyceride but also cholesterol ester and phytosterol esters
All of the following occur exclusively in the liver except: A. Ketogenesis B. Production of chylomicrons C. Gluconeogenesis D. Glycerol conversion to glycerol-3-phosphate E. VLDL synthesis
B. Production of chylomicrons
The synthesis of protein is called: A. Protein catabolism B. Protein anabolism C. Transamination D. Deamination E. Protein illumination
B. Protein anabolism
All of the following are true of protein synthesis in the cell except: A. mRNA leaves the nucleus and enter the rough ER B. Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus C. Ribosomes attach to the mRNA D. The ribosomes slide down the mRNA to each three base codon E. tRNA's bring amino acids to the proper codon on the mRNA
B. Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus
Which digestive hormone released by specialized cells in the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering the small intestine is responsible of bicarbonate from the pancreas? A. Gastrin B. Secretin C. Cholecystokinin D. Peptide YY E. Leptin
B. Secretin
Which of the following digestive endproducts cannot be absorbed into enterocytes? A. Essential amino acids B. Short polypeptides C. Tripeptides D. Dipeptides E. Nonessential amino acids
B. Short Polypeptides
Which of the following is true about exogenous lipid transport? A. They key lipoprotein in this process is the VLDL B. They key lipoprotein in this process is the chylomicron C. They key lipoprotein carries lipid made in the liver D. Hormone-senesitive lipase removes fatty acids from the triglyceride in the key lipoprotein E. The LDL receptor is key for uptake of the lipoprotein remnant by the liver
B. They key lipoprotein in this process is the chylomicron
Which of the following is not true about probiotics? A. They consist of bacteria B. They provide food for bacteria C. Providing them can change the proportion of types of bacteria in the colon D. They can be consumed in yogurt with active bacterial cultures E. They can be provided in supplements
B. They provide food for bacteria
All of the following contribute to ammonia in the body except: A. Deamination of amino acids B. Transamination of amino acids C. Ingestion of aged foods such as cheese and processed meats D. Deamidation of glutamine and asparagine E. Conversion of urea secreted into the colon to ammonia by intestinal bacteria
B. Transamination of amino acids
What is the biochemical process called in which ammonia is disposed of and detoxified? A. Ketogenesis B. Urea cycle C. TCA cycle D. Gluconeogenesis E. Hexose monophosphate shunt
B. Urea cycle
How many amino acids are needed for human protein synthesis? A. 9 B. 11 C. 20 D. 22 E. 24
C. 20
Which of the following is true about absorbed carbohydrates? A. After entering the blood vessels associated with the digestive tract they travel to the kidneys for further processing B. After entering the blood from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic artery and enter the liver C. After they enter the blood from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic portal vein delivering the carbohydrates to the liver D. After they enter the blood from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic portal vein delivering carbohydrates to the heart E. After they enter the blood they enter the lymphatic system to be delivered to the heart
C. After they enter the blood from the digestive tract, they enter the hepatic portal vein delivering the carbohydrates to the liver
Which of the following is an essential fatty acid? A. Palmitic acid B. Gamma-linolenic acid C. Alpha-linolenic acid D. Stearic acid E. Oleic acid
C. Alpha-linolenic acid
Which of the following is not true about fiber? A. Dietary fiber, by definition, is defined as nondigestible carbohydrates and lignin found naturally in foods B. Functional Fiber is fiber added to food C. Beef contains fiber D. The bran component of grains contains the fiber E. Rye and barley contain more fiber than the other grains
C. Beef contains fiber
Which of the following is true about the absorption of lipids? A. Triglycerides and diglycerides can be absorbed into enterocytes B. CD36 primes fatty acids for esterification once they are absorbed C. CD36 transports fatty acids and monoglycerides into the enterocytes D. NPC1L1 transports fatty acids and monoglycerides into the enterocytes E. FATP4 transports lysophospholipids into enterocytes
C. CD36 transports fatty acids and monoglycerides into the enterocytes
Which digestive hormone stimulates the release of proteolytic zymogens from the pancreas into the small intestinal lumen? A. Secretin B. Gastrin C. Cholecystokinin D. Peptide GG E. Insulin-like growth factor 1
C. Cholecystokinin
Which digestive hormone released by cells in the small intestine promote the release of bile from the gall bladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas? A. Secretin B. Gastrin C. Cholescystokinin D. Peptide YY E. GLP
C. Cholescystokinin
Which of the following has the lowest glycemic index? A. Boiled, hot (temperature) red potatoes B. White Bread C. Cooked, whole chick peas (Garbanzo beans) D. Ground-up oats E. Orange Juice
C. Cooked, whole chick peas (Garbanzo beans)
Methionine, an essential amino acid, is required to make the amino acid cysteine. What is true about a situation in which methionine is present in unusually small quantities? A. Cysteine can be made into methionine so it is no problem B. Protein synthesis in cells will proceed normally C. Cysteine becomes an essential amino acid and must be supplied by another source other than methionine D. Methionine will be made by cells to replenish it. E. The urea cycle will supply cysteine
C. Cysteine becomes an essential amino acid and must be supplied by another source other than methionine
Which of the following is true about transport of protein digestive endproducts through the enterocyte membrane facing the lumen? A. There is one general transport protein for all amino acids B. Di- and tripeptides pass through the membrane without a transport protein C. Different categories of amino acids (basic, acidic, neutral, aromatic) each have their own transport proteins D. Di- and tripeptides are transported intracellularly by GLUT2 E. Amino acids are transported more effectively and efficiently than di- and tripeptides
C. Different categories of amino acids (basic, acidic, neutral, aromatic) each have their own transport proteins
All the following can be directly absorbed into enterocytes in the small intestine except A. Monoglycerides B. Lysophospholipids C. Diglycerides D. Fatty Acids E. Cholesterol
C. Diglycerides
All of the following are false about oxidative phosphorylation except: A. NADPH from the TCA cycle transfers electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP B. A series of dehydrogenases make up the electron transport chain C. FADH2 transmits electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP D. Substrate level phosphorylation is involved in oxidative phosphorylation E. Water is converted to oxygen in the process
C. FADH2 transmits electrons to the electron transport chain to generate ATP
Which transporter works with insulin to transport glucose to inside the cell? A. GLUT2 B. GLUT5 C. GLUT4 D. GLUT3 E. GLUT1
C. GLUT4
Which of the following cellular organelles is the location for adding carbohydrates to lipids and proteins and for expelling things into and out of the cell? A. Smooth ER B. Rough ER C. Golgi Apparatus D. Nucleus E. Mitochondrion
C. Golgi Apparatus
The main lipoprotein of importance in reverse cholesterol transport is: A. IDL B. VLDL C. HDL D. Chylomicron E. VDL
C. HDL
Which of the following is true about glycolysis? A. It is allosterically inhibited by the presence of AMP in the cell B. Under aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted into lactate C. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP, citrate, and acetyl CoA D. Vitamin E is an important cofactor in glycolysis E. Three pyruvates are made from one molecule of glucose
C. It is allosterically inhibited by ATP, citrate, and acetyl CoA
What is true about deamination? A. It is decreased when an excessively high amount protein is eaten in the diet B. It occurs mostly in the heart C. It occurs at a high rate when a person is in the unfed state (not having eaten in a long time) D. The free amino groups get disposed of by gluconeogenesis E. The free amino groups get disposed of by ketogenesis
C. It occurs at a high rate when a person is in the unfed state (not having eaten in a long time)
What would happen if a person took a drug which blocked the liver's production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate and in addition led to a large production of acetyl-CoA? A. Insulin would be released B. Glycolysis would be enhanced C. Ketones would be produced in large quantities D. The TCA cycle would proceed normally E. The blood would become more basic (versus acidic)
C. Ketones would be produced in large quantities
Will has Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and chooses not to take his insulin. What would happen to him? A. His muscle and adipose cells would function normally and take up glucose from the blood B. Because of lack of insulin his blood would become more basic than normal C. Ketones would be produced in large quantities leading to large outpouring of hydrogen ions and possibly ketoacidosis D. Epinephrine when released would allow his muscle and adipose cells to take up glucose from the blood E. He would have a tremendous amount of energy and vigor, and he would be more alert than usual
C. Ketones would be produced in large quantities leading to large outpouring of hydrogen ions and possibly ketoacidosis
Which of the following is true about lipid digestion? A. Pancreatic lipase is the only digestive lipase released for the digestion of fats B. Bile acids play a minimal role in the digestion of lipids C. Lingual and gastric lipases function best in an acidic environment and play a role in the digestion of short - and medium - chain triglycerides by removing the sn-3 fatty acid D. Phospholipids do not have to be digested to be absorbed E. Pancreatic lipase digests cholesterol ester
C. Lingual and gastric lipases function best in an acidic environment and play a role in the digestion of short - and medium - chain triglycerides by removing the sn-3 fatty acid
Which is the main organ within which transamination and deamination occur? A. Kidney B. Brain C. Liver D. Pancreas E. Heart
C. Liver
Which of the following is true about the structure of carbohydrates? A. Maltose is a trisaccharide consisting of three glucoses linked together B. Amylopectin is a straight chain of hundred of glucoses C. Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose and glucose D. The glucoses in amylose are bonded together with beta(1-4) linkages E. Lactose consists of two glucoses bonded together
C. Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose and glucose
To which organ system are Sphingolipids most associated? A. Genitourinary B. Hepatic and Biliary C. Nervous D. Musculoskeletal E. Cardiovascular
C. Nervous
What is the effect of the amino acid leucine on protein synthesis? A. Decreases it B. Doesn't change it C. Promotes it
C. Promotes it
Which of the following is not true regarding guidelines for lipid intake to promote health? A. Increase omega-3 fatty acid intake B. Cholesterol in the diet is not a relevant issue C. Reduce all sources of saturated fat including coconut and palm oil, and dairy D. Limit omega-6 fatty acid intake in relationship to omega-3 because it leads to the production of eicosanoids that do not promote health E. Limit sources of palmitic acid
C. Reduce all sources of saturated fat including coconut and palm oil, and dairy
You eat a small carbohydrate-containing snack such a yogurt. Which of the following is true of glucose absorption when conditions of low concentration of glucose in the lumen is present after a snack with a small amount of carbohydrate? A. GLUT2 activity is dominant in the transport of glucose from the lumen of the small intestine into the enterocyte B. SGLT1 activity is dominant which involves facilitated transport C. SGLT1 activity is dominant which involves active transport D. GLUT5 activity is dominant in the transport of glucose E. GLUT2 activity is dominant which involes active transport
C. SGLT1 activity is dominant which involves active transport
To which substance are free fatty acids bound to be transported in the blood? A. Transferrin B. Iron C. Carnitine D. Albumin E. Urea
D. Albumin
The large accumulation of ATP in the cytoplasm of the cells inhibiting the activity of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis is an example of: A. Covalent regulation B. AMP regulation C. Genetic regulation D. Allosteric regulation E. Phosphate regulation
D. Allosteric regulation
Which of the following biochemical reactions occurs in the mitochondrial matrix? A. Fatty acid syntesis B. Triglyceride synthesis C. Cholesterol synthesis D. Beta-oxidation E. Phospholipid synthesis
D. Beta-oxidation
What is true about the movement of amino acids from the enterocyte throughout the body? A. There is one general transport protein for all amino acids through the enterocyte membrane which faces the capillaries carrying blood B. Amino acids enter the lymphatic system and are transported to the subclavian vein where they enter the blood C. Amino acids are carried within chylomicrons D. Blood draining from the small intestine carries amino acids through the portal vein to the liver E. The first organ to which the blood delivers the amino acids from the diet is the heart
D. Blood draining from the small intestine carries amino acids through the portal vein to the liver
Amino acids not metabolized by the organ mentioned in #20 (answer was liver) are the ____________ ones A. Basic B. Acidic C. Aromatic D. Branched chain E. Polar
D. Branched Chain
Viscous gel-forming fibers can reduce the risk of this disease by lowering serum and total LDL cholesterol by binding bile acids and preventing their recirculation: A. kidney stones B. Cancer C. Diabetes D. Cardiovascular Disease E. Celiac Disease
D. Cardiovascular Disease
Identify the following structure (Picture Question #2 from Test 2): A. Phospholipid B. Triglyceride C. Cholesterol Ester D. Cholesterol E. Sphingolipid
D. Cholesterol
Which order of events is true about the transport of dietary lipids? A. VLDL's are made in the enterocyte>they travel through the blood to the liver>dietary lipid is metabolized there B. Chylomicrons are made in the enterocyte>they travel through the portal vein>they enter the heart>dispersion to the rest of the body C. LDL's are made in the enterocyte>enter the thoracic duct>enter the subclavian vein>enter the heart to be dispersed by the body D. Chylomicrons are made in the enterocyte > they enter the lymphatic system and the thoracic duct > they then enter the subclavian vein > then enter the heart to be dispersed to the rest of the body E. HDL are made by the enterocyte>enter the capillaries leaving the small intestine>enter the subclavian vein>enter the heart to be dispersed to the rest of the body
D. Chylomicrons are made in the enterocyte > they enter the lymphatic system and the thoracic duct > they then enter the subclavian vein > then enter the heart to be dispersed to the rest of the body
Wanda's blood sample was analyzed for cardiac rick. Which of the following lab results would increase her risk for cardiovascular disease? A. Low LDL/HDL ration B. Elevated HDL C. Low Triglycerides D. Elevated hs-C-Reactive Protein E. Increased Clotting time (takes longer fod the blood to clot)
D. Elevated hs-C-Reactive Protein
All are true about fermentation of fermentable fibers except: A. The results of fermentation lead to the production of short-chain fatty acids B. Fermentable fibers increase fecal bacterial mass C. Fiber fermentation occurs mostly in the upper colon D. Fibers are fermented by viruses in the colon E. Fermentable fibers included pectins, inulin, beta-glucan, and gums
D. Fibers are fermented by viruses in the colon
Which is correct about the lipids delivered to tissues by lipoproteins? A. VLDL's deliver phytosterols B. Chylomicrons deliver cholesterol C. HDL's deliver triglycerides D. HDL's deliver cholesterol to the liver E. LDL's deliver triglycerides
D. HDL's deliver cholesterol to the liver
The key regulatory enzyme for producing cholesterol is: A. Citrate Synthase B. Thiolase C. Lecithin-cholesterol acyl transferase D. HMG-CoA reductase E. Succinyl-CoA synthase
D. HMG-CoA reductase
Which combination of plant protein sources would provide a complete protein source in protein complementation? A. Lentil soup which contains carrots and onions B. Walnuts and wheat flour in banana nut bread C. Oatmeal with walnuts on it D. Hummus containing chick peas and sesame paste (tahini)
D. Hummus containing chick peas and sesame paste (tahini)
Which of the following is true of the urea cycle? A. It disposes of ketones B. Insulin stimulates it C. The entire cycle occurs in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes D. It disposes of ammonia from deamination E. It occurs in the kidneys
D. It disposes of ammonia from deamination
Marge drinks a soda containing a high amount of fructose from high fructose corn syrup. Which of the following is true about her fructose absorption from the lumen into the enterocyte? A. It is transported by GLUT2 by active transport B. It is transported by GLUT5 from inside the enterocyte into the blood C. It is transported by GLUT4 by facilitative transport D. It is transported by GLUT5, an integral protein, by facilitative transport E. It is absorbed at a faster rate than glucose
D. It is transported by GLUT5, an integral protein, by facilitative transport
In which organ does ureagenesis occur? A. Heart B. Brain C. Kidney D. Liver E. Gall Bladder
D. Liver
Which of the following cellular organelles consists of an inner and outer membrane that is the energy-generating organelle of the cell? A. Smooth ER B. Golgi Apparatus C. Rough ER D. Mitochondrion E. Lysosome
D. Mitochondrion
Which of the following is true about the tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle, Kreb's)? A. Substrate level phosphorylation is not involved in any of the steps B. A deficit of oxaloacetate promotes the cycle C. It is active under anaerobic conditions D. NADH and FADH2 are generated during it E. It occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
D. NADH and FADH2 are generated during it
What aspect of an amino acid's chemical structure distinguishes it from monosaccharides and fatty acids? A. Carbon B. Carboxyl groups C. Oxygen D. Nitrogen E. Double bonds
D. Nitrogen
Which of the following is true about protein synthesis? A. Transcription is the process of using the instructions on mRNA to make polypeptides B. Translation is the process of making mRNA from DNA C. Actual protein synthesis occurs in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum D. Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum E. mRNA is made in the cytoplasm of the cell
D. Protein synthesis occurs in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which nutrient plays a significant role as a coenzyme in aminotransferase reactions? A. Thiamin B. Leucine C. Riboflavin D. Pyridoxal Phosphate E. Vitamin C
D. Pyridoxal Phosphate
The eicosanoids which move the body in the direction (increased blood clotting, inflammation, increased blood pressure, pain, etc.) toward chronic diseases (heart disease, high blood pressure, etc.) we experience are: A. Series 7 and 9 B. Series 6 and 8 C. Series 3 and 5 D. Series 2 and 4 E. Series 12 and 14
D. Series 2 and 4
Fiber can be characterized by all of the following except: A. Viscosity B. Water Solubility C. Fermentability D. Stickiness E. Gel formation
D. Stickiness
The following is true of blood leaving the liver and entering general circulation: A. The blood contains a mixture of fructose, galactose, and glucose after a mixed meal of carbohydrates is eaten B. Glucose is not used by the liver so the all the glucose from a meal is present in the blood leaving the liver C. All glucose consumed in the meal is used by the liver so the blood contains only fructose and galactose D. The blood contains glucose with almost the complete absence of galactose and frucotse E. The blood will contain glucose and fructose because galactose is metabolized by the liver, but not fructose or glucose
D. The blood contains glucose with almost the complete absence of galactose and frucotse
An elevated ALT and AST indicates that: A. Liver cells are functioning normally B. Liver cells are functioning more effectively and efficiently that normal C. The brain is damaged D. The liver may be sustaining damage E. The gall bladder is damaged
D. The liver may be sustaining damage
All of the following are true about short-chain fatty acids produced as a result of fermentation of fibers except: A. They improve colonic blood flow B. They increase water and sodium absorption in the colon C. They serve as preferred fuel by the colon enterocytes D. They create a basic environment in the colon E. They stimulate the multiplication and growth of colon enterocytes
D. They create a basic environment in the colon
Which of the following is true about endogenous lipid transport? A. Chylomicrons carry the lipids from the liver to tissues around the body B. LDL's are derived from chylomicrons C. LDL's deliver triglycerides around the body D. VLDL's made by the liver transport lipid around the body E. Apo C is the key recognition marker on the LDL
D. VLDL's made by the liver transport lipid around the body
All of the following are false about this fatty acid except (Picture Question #4 from Test 2): A. Omega 6 B. All three double bonds are in the Trans configuration C. Monounsaturated D. Delta 3 E. All three double bonds are in the Cis configuration
E. All three double bonds are in the Cis configuration
The enterocyte membrane that faces the lumen (place where food and nutrients pass through) of the small intestine is called the ________________ membrane. A. Serosal B. Basolateral C. Plasma D. Mitochondrial matrix E. Brush border
E. Brush border
Which cells release pepsinogen? A. Parietal B. Argentiffin C. Beta-cells of the pancreas D. Hepatocytes E. Chief
E. Chief
Essential fatty acids are converted to bioactive substances called: A. Sphingolipids B. Vasoactive peptides C. Cytokines D. Somatostatins E. Eicosanoids
E. Eicosanoids
All of the following occur in the cytoplasm except: A. Glycolysis B. Glycogenesis C. Pentose Monophosphate Shunt D. Gluconeogenesis E. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
E. Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Which digestive hormone released by cells in the stomach stimulate specialized cells to release acid and intrinsic factor into the stomach? A. Secretin B. Neuropeptide Y C. Cholecystokinin D. Peptide YY E. Gastrin
E. Gastrin
Which digestive tract hormone stimulates the release of HCl and pepsinogen by the stomach? A. Secretin B. Cholecystokinin C. Trypsin D. Somatostatin E. Gastrin
E. Gastrin
Zymogens are; A. Minerals that block enzymatic activity B. Active digestive hormones C. Vitamins D. Cofactors that stimulate enzymatic activity E. Inactive forms of digestive enzymes
E. Inactive forms of digestive enzymes
Which of the following promotes protein anabolism and amino acid uptake by tissues? A. Glucagon B. Cortisol C. Epinephrine D. Starvation E. Insulin
E. Insulin
Which of the following dietary factors increases the risk for cardiovascular disease? A. Short and Medium-Chain saturated fatty acids found in coconut oil and dairy products B. Stearic acid in dark chocolate C. The antioxidant resveratrol D. Phtosterol-containing Take Control Spread E. Lard containing large quantities of palmitic acid
E. Lard containing large quantities of palmitic acid
Which cells require insulin to absorb glucose from the blood? A. Liver and muscle B. Brain and adipose C. Brain and liver D. Muscle and brain E. Muscle and adipose
E. Muscle and adipose
If a Bill starts taking a drug which stops the activity of Chief cells. Which substances would fail to be released during digestion? A. Hydrochloric acid B. Bicarbonate C. Salivary amylase D. Bile E. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
E. Pepsinogen and gastric lipase
Identify the following structure (Picture Question #1 from Test 2): A. Triglyceride B. Cholesterol Ester C. Cholesterol D. Sphingolipid E. Phospholipid
E. Phospholipid
Marge does not make pancreatic lipase. She is given oil containing small and medium chain triglycerides. All of the following are plausible reasons except: A. Small and medium-chain triglycerides (SMCTG) don't require bile for digestion B. A large portion of (SMCTG) can be absorbed without digestion C. They can be used for energy D. They cannot be stored as fat E. They require bile for absorption and need to be digested by pancreatic lipase
E. They require bile for absorption and need to be digested by pancreatic lipase
All of the following are true about Beta-oxidation except: A. Short and medium-chain fatty acids can enter the mitochondrial matrix without a carrier B. For even number carbon fatty acids two carbons are lost at each turn of the cycle C. The cycle yields both NADH and FADH2 that can transmit electrons to the electron transport chain to yield ATP D. The acetyl-CoA's produced can enter the TCA cycle to ultimately yield ATP's E. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
E. This process occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Chymotrypsin requires which mineral cofactor to be active in proteolytic activity? A. Sodium B. Potassium C. Calcium D. Magnesium E. Zinc
E. Zinc