HCAD 750 Exam 2
Computer technology has ushered in what has been called the
"Information Age"
Database management system (DBMS) data dictionary
Computer software that enables the user to create, modify, delete, and view the data in a database
Explicit Knowledge
Knowledge that is easily communicated and stored; Procedure manuals, research results, clinical guidelines, policies, computer programs, and training manuals
Integrity constraint
Limits placed on the data that may be entered into a database
It is imperative that healthcare professionals become
discerning yet skilled users of computer technology in order to apply the principles of health informatics to practice and to contribute to the profession's ever-growing body of knowledge
Computer Science offers:
extremely valuable tools that, if used skillfully, can facilitate the acquisition and manipulation of data and information by healthcare professionals, who can then synthesize these into an evolving knowledge and wisdom base
Wide access to vast stores of information and knowledge shared by others
facilitates the emergence of wisdom in users; this can be applied to our disciplines in meaningful and creative ways
Productivity, creativity, and communicative software tools can enable
healthcare professionals to work with computers to further foster knowledge acquisition and development
Computers store the data
in memory components
The easiest way to begin to understand computers is to realize they are
input-output systems
What is the purpose of "clinical analytics" or "business intelligence" solutions?
(contemporary terms) Applications designed to extract useful properties from data to enable analysis and use of data to support clinical and organizational performance improvement. There is a strong IM component to these functions as the data must be fit for use, available, and understandable to users.
Five stages of the information life cycle
1. Creation and receipt: dictation via speech recognition 2. Distribution: release of information and HIE 3. Use: clinical care decisions 4. Maintenance: coding and indexing health data 5. Disposition: retention Planning
Information Theory
A branch of applied mathematics and electrical engineering and involves the quantification of information
Data Quality Model
A managerial process that ensures the integrity (accuracy and completeness) of an organization's data during data collection, application, warehousing, and analysis; also called data management model
Information Age
An age when data, information, and knowledge are both accessible and able to be manipulated by more people than ever before in history
Enterprise master patient index (EMPI)
An index that provides access to multiple repositories of information from overlapping patient populations that are maintained in separate systems and databases
System Catalog
An integrated data dictionary (which is a component of a database management system) that generally contains information on data tables and relationships in addition to data definitions
Classification and metadata:
Classification is a critical component of records management. though not a unique point in the lifecycle, it does support the other phases. record classification creates categories or groups of records necessary for access, retrieval, retention, and disposition of records
Referential integrity
Concept that involves constraints placed on the primary and foreign keys within the database
Record audit and data controls:
Controls and audits support a variety of phases in the record lifecycle. Functions and processes in this component of records management may include edit checks at the data level, decision support tools, identification of classes of records that require auditing and checks for record completeness
Record Creation, Capture, or Receipt
Creating, editing, and reviewing work in process as well as capture of content or receipt of content
Attribute
Data elements within an entity that become the column of field names when the entity relationship diagram is implemented as a relational database Properties or characteristics of concepts
A computer is an
Electronic information-processing machine that serves as a tool to manipulate data and information
Enterprise Information Management (EIM)
Ensuring the value of information assets, requiring an organization wide perspective of information management functions; it calls for explicit structures, policies, processes, technology, and controls
Metadata:
Generated at various points in the records management lifecycle, providing underlying data to describe the document, specify access controls and rights, provide retention and disposition instructions, and maintain the record history and audit trail
Information Governance
Information governance is ensuring that patient and organizational data are sustained and protected to minimize risk and advance value. Information governance may be viewed as a stewardship duty.
The two primary input devices on a computer are the
Keyboard and Mouse
Input Devices Include
Keyboard or mouse Joysticks Game controllers or pads Webcameras A stylus Image scanners Other plug-and-play devices (digital camera, digital video recorder, MP3 player, electronic musical instrument, or physiologic monitor)
Foundation of Knowledge Model
Model that proposes that humans are organic information systems constantly acquiring, processing, and generating information or knowledge in both their professional and personal lives.
Record Maintenance and Use:
Once records are created, they must be maintained in such a way that they are accessible and retrievable. Components of this phase include functions, rules, and protocols for indexing, searching, retrieving, processing, routing, and distributing.
Measure applications partnership (MAP)
Performance measures that will be used in public reporting and performance-based payment programs are outlined and described
Tacit Knowledge
Personal knowledge that is not easily communicated or stored; Employee skills, judgment, experience and guiding principles
Record preservation and retention:
Preservation is synonymous with storage. Issues associated with preservation include: technology and media obsolescence, media degradation, media in an archival system, conversion over time, and conversion of standards over time.
Name three processes that you would expect to see in a place for information integrity and quality in an organization with an EIM culture.
Standards and definitions for data capture; protocols for monitoring system upgrades for end-to-end impact on data; error correction and amendment processes.
Health Data Stewardship
Stewardship is the responsible management of something entrusted to one's care. Healthcare organizations are entrusted with managing patient data, and that responsibility is best performed if the organization's stewardship values are laid out.
Information Management (IM)
The acquisition, organization, analysis, storage, retrieval, and dissemination of information to support decision-making activities
Information life cycle
The cycle of gathering, recording, processing, storing, sharing, transmitting, retrieving, and deleting information
Data
The dates, numbers, images, symbols, letters, and words that represent basic facts and observations about people, processes, measurements, and conditions
Information Integrity
The dependability or trustworthiness of information. It concerns more than data quality or data accuracy—it encompasses the entire framework in which information is recorded, processed, and used
Data Integrity
The extent to which healthcare data are complete, accurate, consistent, and timely A security principle that keeps information from being modified or otherwise corrupted either maliciously or accidentally
Database administrator (DBA) or data administrator (DA)
The individual responsible for the technical aspects of designing and managing databases
Knowledge
The information, understanding, and experience that give individuals the power to make informed decisions
Documentation
The methods and activities of collecting, coding, ordering, storing, and retrieving information to fulfill future tasks
Clinical Documentation Improvement (CDI)
The process an organization undertakes that will improve clinical specificity and documentation that will allow coders to assign more concise disease classification codes
Knowledge Management
The process by which data are acquired and transformed into information through the application of context, which in turn provides understanding A management philosophy that promotes an integrated and collaborative approach to the process of information asset creation, capture, organization, access, and use
Authorization Management
The process of protecting the security and privacy of the confidential data in a database
Data Quality
The reliability and effectiveness of data for its intended uses in operations, decision making, and planning
Stewardship
The responsible management of something entrusted to one's care
Information Science
The study of the nature and principles of information
Data Map
The term that describes the connections, or paths, between classifications and vocabularies (crosswalk)
Throughput/Processing components
Uses specific software, depending on the application and data involved
Computers accept data input via
a variety of devices
Discernment and the ability to critique and filter this information must
be present to facilitate the further development of wisdom
Scholars and researchers are just beginning to understand the effect that
computer systems, architecture, applications, and processes have on the potential for knowledge acquisition and development
The computer monitor
is a unique example of a visible throughput component because it is the part of the computer focused on the most when users are working on a computer
Computers process data through
logical and arithmetic rendering
Inputted data can be visualized and accessed by
manipulating the mouse and keyboard, but the monitor receives the users attention
For knowledge to emerge, the deluge of information available via computers must be
mastered and organized by the user
The field of computer science is
one of the fastest growing disciplines
Patient-centered medical home (PCMH)
program to provide comprehensive primary care that partners physicians with the patient and their family to allow better access to healthcare and improved outcomes
Users are able to disseminate knowledge on a grand scale with others via
the World Wide Web interface
The monitor is critical for
the efficient rendering during this part of the cycle, because it facilitates user access and control of the data and information
Input Components
the origin or medium used to input text, visual, audio, or multimedia data into the computer system for viewing, listening, manipulating, creating, or editing
Users are able to contribute to the development of knowledge through
the use of productivity, creativity, and communication software
Computers output data and information
to the user
