HCM 401 Quizes
According to Latham and Locke's Goal-Setting Theory, managers who are given specific, challenging goals outperform those who are given vague goals such as "do your best." True False
True
Cognitive dissonance occurs when individuals recognize inconsistencies in their thoughts and behavior. True False
True
Due to stress being a complex and highly personalized process, some individuals see a specific situation as a threat, whereas other individuals see the same situation as a challenge or opportunity. True False
True
Employee motivation has a direct impact on a health services organization's performance True False
True
Fiedler's research was based upon a questionnaire known as the Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) scale. True False
True
Group dynamics is a term, created by Kurt Lewin, used to describe the subfield of organizational behavior that attempts to understand the nature of groups, how they develop and how they interact with the members, other groups and their environments. True False
True
Groups can be categorized into three broad groups: primary, secondary, and reference. True False
True
Hygiene factors relate to job content and motivators/satisfiers relate to job context. True False
True
The expression "bounded rationality" is used to denote the type of rationality that managers resort to when the environment in which they operate is too complex relative to their cognitive limitations. True False
True
Transactional behaviors are largely oriented toward accomplishing the task at hand and maintaining good relations with those working with the leader by exchanging promises of rewards for performance. True False
True
Transformational leaders, often referred to as change agents, influence members through a variety of mechanisms, including but not limited to intellectual, emotional, and behavioral processes of the followers. True False
True
Under Theory Y, managers create opportunities, remove obstacles, and encourage growth and learning for their employees True False
True
Whether planned or unplanned, changes within an organization will meet with resistance. True False
True
Of the five conflict-handling modes, which one reflects a win-lose approach to conflict? A) Avoidance B) Accommodation C) Competition D) Compromise E) Collaboration
C) Competition
The design and implementation of planned change has three basic requirements. Which of the following is not one of the basic requirements? A) Employees involved have the necessary skills and knowledge to design and implement the changes B) Sufficient time exists for planning and implementing change C) Adequate resources are available D) A new mission statement must be approved by the Board of Directors before change can be initiated
D) A new mission statement must be approved by the Board of Directors before change can be initiated *
The three types of motivational needs identified by McClelland are: A) Advancement, power, and affiliation B) Power, affiliation, and growth C) Affiliation, growth, and advancement D) Achievement, power, and affiliation
D) Achievement, Power, and Affiliation
Cohesiveness of a group will increase if, A) The group has experienced prior sucesses B) When admission into the group is more difficult to obtain due to various barriers or high criteria C) If members perceive that an external force may prohibit the group from obtaining its goals D) All of the above E) None of the above
D) All of the above
Despite the difficulties in linking traits to successful leaders, evidence does reveal that many successful leaders share which of the following basic traits: A) Intelligence B) Achievement drive C) Employee centeredness D) All of the above
D) All of the above
_______________ are guidelines or "rules of thumb" that help make our world manageable by simplifying complex tasks A) Bounded Rationality B) Intuition C) Heuristics D) Biases
D) Biases
Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid includes each of the following specific leadership positions except: A) Impoverished manager B) Ideal manager C) Middle of the road manager D) Consistent manager E) Task manager
D) Consistent Manager
____________ is defined as the removal of an established reinforcement that was previously used to reinforce an employee's behavior. A) Positive B) Negative C) Punishment D) Extinction
D) Extinction
Personal power is created by a sense of dependency by controlling access to: A) Information, people, and financial resources B) People, financial resources, and instrumentalities C) Financial resources, instrumentalities, and information D) Instrumentalities, information, and people
D) Instrumentalities, information, and people
Sharing information without using words is known as: A) Computer aided communication B) Communication C) Verbal communication D) Nonverbal communication
D) Nonverbal Communication
___________ are implied codes of conduct about what is acceptable and unacceptable member behavior within a group. A) Interactions B) Tasks C) Performance Levels D) Norms E) None of the above
D) Norms
_________________ is designed to enhance an employee's health and performance at work by eliminating the stressors that lead to distress. A) Secondary prevention B) Tertiary prevention C) Preventive coping D) Organizational Prevention
D) Organizational Prevention
What are the areas that comprise the Johari Window? A) Hidden area B) Blind area C) Unknown area D) Open area E) All of the above
E) All of the Above
Which is a category of the communication process? A) Message B) Sender C) Receiver D) Feedback E) All of the above
E) All of the Above
Characteristics of transformational leadership include: A) Charisma B) Inspiration C) Intellectual D) Individualized Consideration E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Organizational barriers to accepting change initiatives may include: A) Lack of change agent B) Poor leadership C) Inadequate resources D) Time restraints E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Symptoms of burnout may include: A) Lower job performance B) Lower job satisfacton C) Higher job tension and turnover D) Increased absenteeism E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Which of the following assists managers to develop a power base? A) Creating a sense of obligation B) Building a reputation as an expert in a certain area C)Identification D) None of the above E) All of the above
E) All of the above ?
Which of the following is not a characteristics of successful teams? A) Clear goals B) Open communication C) Valued diversity D) Cooperative relationships E) Autocratic leadership
E) Autocratic Leadership
Of the five conflict-handling modes, which one reflects a win-win approach to conflict? A) Avoidance B) Accommodation C) Competition D) Compromise E) Collaboration
E) Collaboration
Characteristics of transactional leadership include all the following, except: A) Contingent Reward B) Management by Expectation (Active) C) Laissez-Faire D) Management by Expectation (Passive) E) Inspirational
E) Inspirational
Which is not one of the fundamental principles described by Edley and Robinson for dialogue to be successful A) Engage motivated people B) Let the process move at its own pace C) Have the group develop procedures and live by them D) Use a facilitator and recorder to manage the process E) None of the above
E) None of the above
According to Lewin's Change Model, change may be enacted in one or two ways: by decreasing the force for change in the desired direction, or by increasing the strength of any opposing forces. True False
False
An organization should identify a leader who fits a particular situation instead of attempting to change the situation to agree with the style of its leader True False
False
Because all conflict leads to ineffectiveness, managers must create an organizational culture of cooperation. True False
False
In general terms, transformational leadership is directed toward task accomplishment and the maintenance of good relations between the leader and subordinates through consideration of performance and reward and transactional leadership is directed toward the influence and management of institutional change and innovation through revitalization and vision True False
False
Managers are not dependent on others due to two organizational factors: division of labor and limited resources. True False
False
Of the five conflict-handling modes, which one involves unassertive and uncooperative behaviors? A) Avoidance B) Accommodation C) Competition D) Compromise E) Collaboration
A) Avoidance
In one-way communication, how is a message sent? A) A person sends a one-directional message without interaction B) A person sends a two-directional message without interaction C) A person sends a one directional message with interaction D) A person sends a two directional message with interaction E) None of the above
A) A person sends a one directional message without interaction
At my workplace, I never have an opportunity to speak with the Vice President of my division, since I always have to speak with my direct supervisor, who than speaks with the division manager, who then relays my message to the Vice President. This is an example of which communication network: A) Chain B) Wheel C) Circle D) All-channel
A) Chain
At my workplace, I never get to talk to my supervisor. I only hear information through the grapevine. Which barrier to communication does this address? A) Environmental barrier to communication B) Personal barrier C) A & B D) None of the above
A) Environmental barrier to communication
According to Vroom's VIE theory, an individual's perception that his or her efforts will positively influence his or her performance, is referred to as: A) Expectancy B) Instrumentality C) Valence
A) Expectancy
Conflict occurs when two or more desired or expected outcomes are incompatible. This is an example of what type of conflict? A) Goal B) Cognitive C) Affective D) Procedural
A) Goal
The three components of the process of motivation are: A) Goals, incentives, and behavior B) Behavior, wants, and direction C) Incentives, behavior, and goals D) Unsatisfied need, drive, and satisfied need
A) Goals, incentives, and behavior?
"Principled negotiation" is a form of ____________ negotiation because it encourages equitable solutions to problems. A) Integrative B) Interactive C) Distributive
A) Integrative
According to Herzberg's Two-Factor theory, motivators do not include: A) Salary B)Recognition C)Responsibility D) Work itself E)Advancement
A) Salary
With a greater understanding of OB, managers are better able to _____ and, thus, _____ the behavior of employees to achieve organizational goals A) Understand, control B) Understand, Influence C) Predict, Control D) Predict, influence
B
Based on research, what is the optimum size for developing group cohesiveness? A) 3 B) 5 C) 7 D) 9 E) 10 or more
B) 5
The following is a symptom of ____________: Direct pressure on any member who expresses strong arguments against any of the group's stereotypes, illusions, or commitments, making clear that this type of dissent is contrary to what is expected of all loyal members. A) Conformity B) Groupthink C) Social Loafing D) Cohesiveness E) Group interaction
B) Groupthink
In 2002, the _____ population became the largest minority in the United States A) Black, non-Hispanic B) Hispanic C) Asian D) American Indians
B) Hispanic?
According to Vroom's VIE theory, an individual's perception that his or her performance is related to other outcomes, either positively or negatively, is referred to as: A) Expectancy B) Instrumentality C) Valence
B) Instrumentality
_______________ decision-making involves using one's professional judgment based on past experiences rather than sequential logic or explicit reasoning A) Bounded Rationality B) Intuition C) Heuristics D) Biases
B) Intuition
Which is not a way to improve cross-cultural communication? A) Repeat a message when there is doubt B) Maintain eye contact with the individual C) Watch for nonverbal signs of a lack of understanding D) Listen carefully to the entire message
B) Maintain eye contact with the individual
______________ exists when an individual has the ability to influence. A) Kinetic Power B) Potential Power C) Coercive Power D) Reward Power E) Referent Power
B) Potential Power
Groups go through sequential stages of development. The following is as example of what development stage: High levels of emotion because members are trying to find their group identity and exert their individuality. A) Forming B) Storming C) Norming D) Performing E) Adjourning
B) Storming
__________is an intentional process of presenting ideas in a clear, concise, and persuasive way A) Communication effectiveness B) Strategic communication C) Effective communication D) Intra-organizational communication
B) Strategic Communication
A ___________ schedule allows reinforcements to be administered at irregular intervals. A) Continuous B) Variable Interval C) Variable Ratio D) Fixed Interval E) Fixed Ratio
B) Variable Interval
The three categories of Alderfer's ERG theory are: A) Existence, relatedness, and gain B) Existence, relatedness, and growth C) Extrinsic, recognition, and growth D) Environment, recognition, and gain
B) Existence, Relatedness, and Growth
The _______________ manager balances the concern for task and the concern for people in an effort to boost morale and satisfaction. A) Impoverished B)Ideal C)Middle of the road D) Country Club E) Task
C) Middle of The Road
What type of computer-aided technology has revoluntionized the way we communicate? A) Cell phones B) Electronic mail C) Instant messaging D) A & B
D) A & B
According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt, managers should determine where on the continuum of leadership behavior they should position themselves depend on: A) Position in the hierarchy B) Environmental uncertainty C) Administrative support D) Situational Factors
D) Situational Factors
Managers must ensure that employees have adequate resources to reach their goals. Which of the following is not a support element? A) Company policies B) Training C) Action plan D) Feedback E) None of the above
E) None of the Above
Although EI is important, an individual's IQ is a better predictor of success in both personal and professional endeavors. True False
False
A certain degree of stress is necessary for good mental and physical health True False
True
Conflict occurs when an individual or group feels negatively affected by another individual or group. True False
True
Power may be defined as the influence over the beliefs, emotions, and behaviors of people. True False
True
Stressors can be categorized as internal/external and acute/chronic. True False
True
The group decision making process usually takes longer than an individual decision making process. True False
True
_______________ involves two or more individuals who believe that their attitudes, behaviors, or preferred goals are in opposition. A) Intrapersonal conflict B) Interpersonal conflict C) Intragroup conflict D) Intergroup conflict E) Interorganizational conflict
B) Interpersonal Conflict
According to the US Census, people aged ___ showed the highest percentage increases of the country's population A) 25 and over B) 40 and over C) 65 and over D) 85 and over
C) 65 and over
Which is not one of the key elements to effective communication for physicians and hospital administrators? A) Must have a desire to communicate B) Must have an understanding of how others learn C) Must be able to write clearly D) The receiver of the message should be cued to the purpose of the message E) None of the above
C) Must be able to write clearly
Workplace stress can be related to: A) Task Demands B) Role Demands C) Lack of financial resources D) A & B E) B & C
D) A & B
There are several barriers that can impede the communication process. What are the two categories described by Longest, Rakich, and Darr? A) Social and environmental B)Environmental and cultural C) Cultural and personal D) Personal and environmental
D) Personal and Environmental
According to French and Raven, an individual can only hold one source of power at a time. True False
False
______________ is the process by which members of a group exchange verbal and nonverbal messages in an attempt to influence one another. A) Group Dynamics B) Group Interaction C) Group Formation D) None of the above
Group Interaction
__________ groups are organized based on members' common interests or goals. A) Primary B) Secondary C) Reference D) Formal E) Informal
Informal
"Normative social influence" is the termed used to describe when we conform to what we believe to be the norms of the group in order to be accepted by its members. True False
True
A weakness noted in the Ohio State studies was that situational factors were absent from the research. True False
True
If the leader is generally accepted and trusted by subordinates (good leader-member relations), if the tasks for which individuals are responsible are clear and fully understood through formalization and direction (high task structure), and the leader's power is recognized by senior management (strong position of power), then the situation is very favorable. True False
True
In most instances group norms are unwritten and learned by members through their interactions with others, in addition, they are usually not easily identified until violated. True False
True
Individuals join groups to satisfy their need for safety and social needs True False
True
Organizations function within three identifiable environments: external, industry, and internal. True False
True
The University of Michigan studies attempted to determine the most effective style of leadership: an employee-centered focus or a production-centered focus. True False
True
The scheduling of reinforcement is important because the frequency will determine the time it takes to learn a new behavior. True False
True
Leadership is about stepping back in times of uncertainty and moving forward to minimize potential threats and exploit opportunities. True False
True *
Emotional intelligence (EI) has five distinct characteristics, which include all the following, except: A) Self-awareness B) Self-management or regulation C) Acceptance of change D) Self-motivation E) Empathy or social awareness
C) Acceptance of Change
Of the four basic decision styles, which one is associated with high tolerance for ambiguity and a high cognitive complexity? A) Directive B) Analytic C) Conceptual D) Behavioral
C) Conceptual
__________________ may be described as the intentional acts of influence to enhance or protect the self interest of individuals or groups. A) Ingratiation B) Power Base C)Organizational Politics D) Upward Influence E) Coalition Formation
C) Organizational Politics
______________ refers to an effort to "build-up" resistance resources whereby reducing the level of stress felt by an individual (e.g., minimizing severity of impact) if a critical event should occur in the future. A) Reactive coping B) Anticipatory coping C) Preventive coping D) Proactive coping
C) Preventive coping
The level of maturity of a follower in Hersey and Blachard's Situational Leadership Model is comprised of all the following components, except: A) The level of motivation exhibited by the subordinate B) The willingness of the subordinate to assume responsibility C) The leader-member relationship D) The experience and educational level of the subordinate
C) The leader-member relationship
The following relies on spoken or written words to share information with others. A) Face-to-face meeting B) Video conference C) Verbal communication D) Electronic mail E) None of the above
C) Verbal Communication
Managers need to be aware that ____________ groups can be a powerful force within their organization. A) Primary B) Secondary C) Reference D) Formal E) Informal
E) Informal
According to Vroom, the forces that drives a person to perform is dependent upon four forces: motivation, valence, instrumentality, and expectancy. True False
False
According to the IOM, research demonstrates that are no variations in the rates of medical procedures by race and that all patients receive equal treatment. True False
False
Alder's ERG theory like Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs requires an individual to satisfy a lower level need for a higher-level need to become the driver of a person's behavior. True False
False
Although valid 20 years ago, Hofstede's Cultural dimensions are no longer applicable to understanding the influence national culture has on organizational and managerial behaviors. True False
False
Members may only assume one role within a group. True False
False
The contradictory view of transformational leadership provided by Kotter (1995) should be ignored in that contrasting views do little to promote organizational leadership. True False
False
The core of the House's path-goal leadership theory is based on the belief that organizational goals are rarely attained by managerial influence. True False
False
The healthcare industry has been a leader for embracing diversity management. True False
False
Theory Y states that employees are unintelligent and lazy True False
False
Industry forces influence change within health services organizations, which are related to an organization's structure, processes and resources. True False
False *
Process theories of motivation assist managers in predicting employees' behavior so the behavior may be influenced, if necessary. True False
False *
A lack of communication skills combined with our personal and cultural differences, creates powerful deficits in our ability to relate to each other. Because of this broad-based inadequacy, interpersonal conflicts regularly emerge. True False
True
An employee's degree of satisfaction is proportionate to the actual amount of rewards he or she is receiving. True False
True
Competence may be referred to as "having the capacity to function effectively as an individual and an organization within the context of the cultural beliefs, behaviors and needs presented by consumers and their communities." True False
True
Conflict is inevitable and unavoidable True False
True
Management and leadership are both necessary for an organization to achieve its goals. True False
True
Stress is a common phenomenon in today's workplace. True False
True
The macro perspective of leadership provides a more detailed examination of the leader, the external enviornment, and the situation True False
True
There are two conditions for power to exist: (1) there is an unequal relationship between two people, and (2) where one of the two is dependent upon the other. True False
True
With training, managers can use all four decision styles effectively as different situations are presented, however, individuals have a tendency to resort to a single, dominant style (i.e., default mode of decision making). True False
True
Although there are numerous definitions of conflict, there are two common components to most definitions: (1) perceived incompatibility of interests, and (2) some interdependence of the parties. True False
True *
The distinctive characteristic contrasting and differentiating transactional from transformational leadership is that there is no lasting purpose that holds leaders and followers together. True False
True *
________is an unstructured and informal network founded on social relationships rather than organizational charts or job descriptions. A) Grapevine B) Wheel C) Circle D) Chain
A) Grapevine
The ________________ manager exercises minimal effort on getting the task accomplished, doing only that amount of work that is required to sustain his or per position within the organization. A) Impoverishd B) Ideal C) Middle of the road D) Country Club E) Task
A) Impoverished
___________________ is the degree of control and influence the leader legitimately possesses in dealing with organizational activities; highly dependent upon the support the leader receives from senior management. A) Task structure B) Position of power C) Leader-Member Relations
B) Position of Power
____________ negotiation is often referred to as "hard-bargaining" or a win-lose, zero-sum approach. A) Integrative B) Interactive C) Distributive
C) Distributive
Good or positive stress is referred to as _____________ A) Distress B) Constructive C) Eustress D) Social
C) Eustress
_______________ tasks are non-repetitive in nature and involve considerable application of knowledge, judgment, and expertise. As such, the teams draw their members from different disciplines and functional units, so that specialized expertise can be applied to the task(s) at hand. A) Work teams B) Parallel teams C) Project teams D) Management teams E) None of the above
C) Project Teams
The nominal group technique is a brainstorming technique that assists to overcome the challenge faced by group members who may lack the experience to understand that the information they hold is needed to generate and evaluate options or alternatives. True False
False *
According to B.F. Skinner, an individual's behavior can be redirected through the use of reinforcement. True False
True
Employees will be motivated to do work that they perceive to be significant. True False
True
Lewin's Change Model is a three-step process: unfreeze, change and refreeze. True False
True
OB is the study of individuals, groups and organizations True False
True
One of the major criticisms of the Expectancy Theory is that it does not take into account the relationship between employee performance and job satisfaction. True False
True
In assessing the three contingency dimensions, two levels of situational favorableness can be determined. True False
True *
Individual role demands include: job ambiguity; role conflict; and difficulty balancing work and family life. True False
True *
_____________ occurs when the expectations associated with a work role are incompatible with the individual's needs, values, or ethics. A) Person-Role Conflict B) Intrarole conflict C) Interrole conflict D) Interpersonal Conflict
A) Person-Role Conflict
______________ is the extent to which job assignments are clear through the implementation of formalization and policy. A) Task Structure B) Position of power C) Leader-Member Relations
A) Task Structure
All charismatic leaders exhibit the following characteristics, except: A) High levels of self confidence B) Trust in subordinates C) High expectations of subordinates D) A focus on ethical concerns E) Ideological Visions
D) A focus on ethical concerns
A sociogram is a powerful tool because it can be used to document the direction and intensity of communication, as well as the content of what was communicated by the members in their attempt to influence one another. True False
False
According to Bennis and Nanus (1985), leaders are people who do things right and managers are people who do the right things. True False
False
Stress is inevitable, but the degree of experienced stress can be modified in two ways: by changing organizational policies and/or by changing the individual's job position. True False
False *
Visionary leaders seek out similar perspectives and values to reinforce their vision to better align the viewpoints of those affected by impending change. True False
False *
Reinforcement Theory suggests that an employee's behavior will be repeated if it is associated with positive rewards. True False
True
Scientific management was significant to the development of organizational behavior because it demonstrated the important influence of human factors on worker productivity True False
True
Conflict occurs when the ideas and thoughts within an individual or between individuals are incompatible. This is an example of what type of conflict? A) Goal B) Cognitive C) Affective D) Procedural
B) Cognitive
What type of reinforcement occurs when an unpleasant effect is eliminated or avoided? A) Positive B) Negative C)Punishment D) Extinction
B) Negative
____________ bias is an intuitive technique where the perceived probability of an event is influenced by the ease of recollection. A) Adjustment B) Anchoring C) Representativness D) Availability
D) Availability
Cultural differences have no affect on provider-patient relationships. True False
False
Surprisingly, in-group members report more problematic issues with leader-member interaction and lower levels of responsiveness with the leader than do members of the out-group. True False
False
A leader is a person who directs the work of employees and is responsible for results. True False
True *
Understanding the development and application of leadership theory prepares the healthcare manager to fulfill three explicit administrative responsibilities except: A) Predict B) Control C) Create D) Explain
C) Create
The three areas that are key organization-specific factors for shaping career outcomes for women and racially/ethnically diverse individuals are" A) Higher salaries, time, and leadership B) Leadership, higher salaries and better job descriptions C) Leadership, culture, and human resources practices D) Culture, human resources practices, and time E) Culture, higher salaries, and leadership
C) Leadership, culture, and human resources practices
Resistance to change may arise from two sources: A) Organizational and external barriers B) External and Individual barriers C) External and internal barriers D) Organizational and individual barriers E) None of the above
D) Organizational and individual barriers
Context, as it relates to leadership, involves all the following, except: A) Support B) Communication C) Professional Satisfaction D) Planning
D) Planning
__________ refers to the decreased effort of individual members in a group when the size of the group increases. A) Conformity pressures B) In-group status C) Out-group status D) Social loafing E) None of the above
D) Social Loafing
The functional roles individual group members assume in small-group interactions are: A) Task, communicator, and decision-maker B) Communicator, decision maker, and maintenance C) Task, individual, and communicator D) Task, maintenance, and individual E) None of the above
D) Task, maintenance, and individual
There are six areas of responsibility for healthcare organizations. Which is not one of those areas of responsibility? A) Providing economic benefits to the community B) Being in full compliance with legal requirements C) Meeting ethical and fiduciary obligations D) Offering unique benefits to the community E) All are examples of responsibility
E) All are examples of responsibility
An individual's assessment of the situation includes demand appraisals or resource appraisals. Demand appraisals relate to the person's perception as to: A) Physical demands B) Task Demands C) Role demands D) Interpersonal demands E) All of the above
E) All of the Above
Structure, as it relates to leadership, involves A) Planning B)Resource Allocation C) Controlling D) Influencing E) All of the above
E) All of the Above
Which of the following is a method of inequity resolution? A) Altering inputs or outputs B) Changing the other comparison C) Cognitively distorting inputs or outputs D) Resign from the organization E) All of the above
E) All of the Above
Due to the extensive training physicians receive in the care and management of geriatric patients, ageism is not an issue in the healthcare industry. True False
False
Due to the simplicity of the concept of leadership, no discontent exists between researchers and academics. True False
False
Each content theory of motivation is separate, distinct, and unrelated. True False
False
High quality decision-making is attributable to escalation of commitment by a manager. True False
False
Due to changing demographics of the nation's population, healthcare organizations must develop policies and practices aimed at recruiting, retaining, and managing a diverse workforce in order to provide both culturally appropriate care and improved access to care for racial/ethnic minorities. True False
True
Fiedler's position on leadership can be presumed accurate in that, characteristically, managers predominantly exhibit either task orientation or human relations orientation behaviors. True False
True
Group members will continue with their association as long as the rewards (satisfaction of needs) outweigh or are equal to the costs of being a member, such as required time to participate, financial commitment, etc. True False
True
Having value is an important component of both reward power and coercive power for either power to be effective. True False
True
Organizational behavior is an applied behavioral science that emerged from the disciplines of psychology, sociology, anthropology, political science, and economics. True False
True
The Porter-Lawler Satisfaction-Performance Model can be viewed as an extension of both Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory because it takes into consideration employee satisfaction and job performance. True False
True
The content theories of motivation focus on the assumption that individuals are motivated by the desire to satisfy their inner needs. True False
True
The healthcare industry, especially as it applies to nursing, provides little recognition or tangible reward for exceptional performance. True False
True
The two major components in Equity Theory are inputs and outcomes. True False
True
Of the four basic decision styles, which one is associated with low tolerance for ambiguity and low cognitive complexity with a focus on technical decisions? A) Directive B) Analytic C) Conceptual D) Behavioral
A) Directive
At my workplace, I never get to talk to my supervisor. I always have to hear the news from one of the staff who happens to be the supervisor's favorite employee. Which barrier to communication does this address? A) Environmental barrier to communication B) Personal barrier C) A & B D) None of the above
A) Environmental barrier to communication ?
___________ negotiation is a cooperative, interest-based, agreement-oriented approach to dealing with conflict that is viewed as a "win/win" or mutual gain dispute. A) Integrative B) Interactive C) Distributive
A) Integrative
This is an example of a verbal communication. A) Letters B) Procedure Manual C) Eye contact D) A & B E) All of the above
A) Letters
At my workplace, my boss always shares information that he learns from the VP with us because he believes that when we have access to information, it makes us more informed and productive. Which barrier to communication does this address? A) Managerial Philosophy B) Competing for attention C) Status quo D) Withholding, inhibiting, or distorting
A) Managerial Philosophy
What type of intergroup conflict may occur when supervisors attempt to control subordinates? A) Vertical conflict B) Horizontal conflict C) Line staff D) Diversity based conflict
A) Vertical Conflict
Understanding the development and application of leadership theory prepares the healthcare manager to fulfill three explicit administrative responsibilities except: A) Predict B) Control C) Create D) Explain
B) Control *
According to Lewin's behavioral research, which type of leadership style is demonstrated when the leader offers guidance and encourages participation to group members? A)Authoritarian B)Democratic C) Laissez-Faire
B) Democratic
Which is not one of the four levels of feedback described by Keyton: A) Group feedback B) Descriptive feedback C) Task or procedural feedback D) Individual feedback E) Relational feedback
B) Descriptive Feedback
What is the information that individuals receive about their behavior? A) Message B) Feedback C) Response D)Communication
B) Feedback
Which one is not a guideline provided by Longest, Rakich, and Darr for overcoming barriers? A) Using multiple channels to reinforce complex messages B) Increasing the number of links reduces opportunities for distortion C) Tailor words and symbols so that message are understandable D) A management philosophy that encourages the free flow of communication E) None of the above
B) Increasing the number of links reduces opportunities for distortion
___________ negotiations is less focused on directly helping parties reach binding agreements (excluding arbitration) and is more devoted to improving the process of communication, increasing perspectives and understanding, enabling the parties to reframe their substantive goals and priorities, and engaging in more creative problem solving. A) Integrative B) Interactive C) Distributive
B) Interactive
Which of the following is not an approach for building team performance? A) Establish urgency and direction B) Select members based on personality, not skills C) Set clear rules of behavior D) Challenge the group regularly with new information E) Use positive feedback, recognition and rewards
B) Select members based on personality, not skills
Situational favorableness is based upon three contingency dimensions that were related to leadership effectiveness. Which of following contingency dimensions is not identified as part of Fiedler's theory? A) Leader-Member relations B) Task Structure C) Administrative Interdependence D) Position of Power
C) Administrative Interdependence
The three phases of General Adaptation Syndrome are: A) Low, optimum, and high B) Alarm, low, and resistance C) Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion D) Resistance, exhaustion, and optimum E) Exhaustion, optimum, and low
C) Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
The following is an example of what type of intrapersonal conflict, When an individual must choose an alternative that is expected to have both positive and negative outcomes. A) Avoidance/Avoidance B) Approach/Approach C) Approach/Avoidance
C) Approach Avoidance
________________ focuses on traits that people consider when they characterize a person as a leader. A) Servant Leadership B) Charismatic Leadership C) Attribution Leadership D) Symbolic Leadership E) Transformational Leadership
C) Attribution Leadership
An extreme case of job-related stress is known as _____________. A) Emotional exhaustion B) Depersonalization C) Burnout D) Diminished personal accomplishment
C) Burnout
___________is the creation or exchange of thoughts, ideas, emotions, and understanding between sender (s) and receiver (s). A) Feedback B) Message C) Communication D) Strategy
C) Communication
The Ohio State study identified which two dimensions of leaders A) Intelligence and capacity B) Intrinsic value and cooperation C) Consideration and initiating structure D) Emotional attachment and resource allocation
C) Consideration and initiating structure
This is an example of a nonverbal communication. A) Letters B) Procedure manual C) Eye contact D) A & B E) All of the above
C) Eye contact
The sharing of information among peers at similar levels to keep organizational staff informed of all current practices, policies, and procedures is an example of: A) Upward Flow B) Downward Flow C) Horizontal Flow D) Diagonal Flow
C) Horizontal Flow
_________________ happens when several alternative courses of action are available and when the outcome is important to the individual whether positive or negative. A) Intrapersonal cognitive conflict B) Intrapersonal affective conflict C) Intrapersonal goal conflict
C) Intrapersonal Goal Conflict
_________________ is the degree of certainty, trust, and deference between the subordinate and the leader. A) Task structure B) Position of power C) Leader-Member Relations
C) Leader-Member Relations
_____________ is authority given to an individual based on a given role or position. A) Expert Power B) Referent Power C) Legitimate Power D) Coercive Power E) Reward Power
C) Legitimate Power
Of the four categories of intergroup conflict, which one relates authority relationships? A) Vertical conflict B) Horizontal conflict C) Line-staff conflict D) Diversity Based conflict
C) Line-Staff Conflict
The most frequently identified characteristics of transformational leadership (Chaffee, 2001) include all the following, except: A) Management of Attention: the ability to get the attention of a group through a compelling vision that brings others to a place they have not been before B) Management by Meaning: the ability to make a vision clear to others and the ability to communicate ideas and create meaning C) Management by Exception (a passive approach): Intervenes only if standards are not met D) Management of Trust: the ability to inspire trust through reliability and constancy E) Management of Self: knowing one's skills and deploying them effectively
C) Management by Exception
Groups go through sequential stages of development. The following is as example of what development stage: In this stage the rules for behavior are explicitly and implicitly defined. There is a greater degree of order and a strong sense of group membership. A) Forming B) Storming C) Norming D) Performing E) Adjourning
C) Norming
____________ groups are those that we compare ourselves to for developing our personal behavior and social attitudes. A) Primary B) Secondary C) Reference D) Formal E) Informal
C) Reference
In Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, a manager follows an ordered progression of style based upon the subordinates level of maturity. The appropriate order, from lowest to highest level of maturity, is: A) Selling, Telling, Delegating, Participating B) Participating, Delegating, Tellings, Selling C) Telling, Selling, Participating, Delegating D) Delegating, Selling, Telling, Participating
C) Telling, selling, participating, and delegating
Porter (1985) provides guidelines for achieving effective linkages among business units. Which one is a linkage discussed? A) Diagonal communication that flow through task forces or committees B) Use cross-organizational management processes C) Use human resources policies and procedures D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Keyton (2002) describes various forms of feedback, which one is an example of a form of feedback: A) Prospective Feedback B) Descriptive Feedback C) Evaluative Feedback D) B & C E) All of the above
D) B & C
__________ groups are created by the organization, therefore, they are part of the organization's formal structure. A) Primary B) Secondary C) Reference D) Formal E) Informal
D) Formal
Organization development incorporates which of the following characteristics: A) Use of a behavioral scientist B) Rapid response to change C) Systematic Approach D) A & B only E) A & C only
E) A & C Only *
Which of the following is not one of the five core motivational job characteristics identified by Hackman and Oldham? A) Skill variety B) Task Significance C) Autonomy D) Feedback E)Advancement
E) Advancement
According to Kotter, managers need to follow eight steps for successful organizational change. Which one of the following is one of the eight steps? A) Establish a sense of urgency B) Communicate the vision C) Empower others D) Institutionalize new approaches E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Individual barriers to accepting change initiatives may include: A) Feelings of uncertainty based on the unkown B) Real or perceived stress C) Loss of status D) Loss of personal power E) All of the above
E) All of the above
Behavioral science is important in OD because: A) Organizations should have an Employee Assistance Program (EAP) to help employees through any change process B) Understanding relationships is critical to the change process C) Organizations should have an understanding of how members react to change D) All of the above E) B & C
E) B & C
Which one is not a form of nonverbal communication A) Proxemics B) Kinesies C)Paralanguage D) Facial and Eye behavior E) None of the above
E) None of the above
___________ involve employees, not managers, deciding how to carry out tasks, allocating the work within the team, and making decisions. Typically, the members of self-managing work teams are cross-trained in a variety of skills relevant to the tasks they perform. A) Management work teams B) Self-managing work teams C) Parallel work teams D) Functional work teams E) None of the above
E) None of the above
Sperry and Whiteman identify five components of a strategic communication plan. Which of the following is not one of them? A) Context B) Messages C) Tactical Reinforcement D) Feedback E) Purpose
E) Purpose
The levels in Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are: A) Growth, relatedness, and existence B) Satisfiers, physiological, relatedness, self-esteem, and safety C) Physiological, affiliation, safety, self-actualization, and self-esteem D) Hygiene, affiliation, safety, satisfies, and self-actualization E) Self-actualization, self-esteem, affiliation, saftey, and physiological
E) Self-actualization, self-esteem, affiliation, saftey, and physiological
According to Herzberg, the opposite of job satisfaction is job dissatisfaction. True False
False
According to Latham and Locke, goal-setting can motivate employees in spite of poor management or the low/under-compensation of employees. True False
False
Although an employee may have multiple needs to satisfy, managers must focus exclusively on one need at a time will to be effective in motivating an employee. True False
False
Conformity refers to conditions under which efforts to maintain group harmony undermine critical thought and lead to poor decisions True False
False
Demographics of the US population have remained stable over the last three decades True False
False
Groups produce less and lower quality solutions to problems than do individuals working alone, because there are too many people involved in group decision making. True False
False
In the healthcare industry, OB has become less important because we work with homogenous populations True False
False
Individuals use the bounded rationality model to decision-making when there is sufficient time for an orderly, thoughtful process. True False
False
Managers provide two important ingredients that provide an environment for groups to function and succeed: structure and content. True False
False
Norms are powerful forces not only over the behavior of group members, but also in determining the size of the group. True False
False
One noted weakness of Blake and Mouton's Managerial Grid is that it fails to provide a manager with a conceptual assessment as to what his or her current leadership style is. True False
False
Research has determined the external "standards" to determine who will or will not experience high levels of stress. For example, if you are a Hispanic female with a Type A personality, you will experience high levels of stress. True False
False
The Porter-Lawler Satisfaction-Performance Model can be used to predict which employee will experience job satisfaction. True False
False
The classical approach to management focused on the human relationships aspect in the workplace True False
False
To effectively address the variety of situations a manager faces in today's emergent environment, it is not important that a manager function effectively at each placement on the Tannenbaum and Schmidt's leadership continuum, but only at a few placements. True False
False
Transactional and transformational leader approaches are clearly oppositional. True False
False
Transactional leadership is all about change, innovation, improvement, and entrepreneurship through vision and inspiration True False
False
Conformity may improve a group's performance by increasing innovation and critical-thinking by the group's members. True False
False *
A recent study of successful business leaders found that they shared the following traits: drive, honesty and integrity, leadership motivation, self-confidence, cognitive ability, knowledge of the business, creativity and flexibility. True False
True
A servant leader values others' strengths and talents and encourages the use of these strengths and talents for the betterment of the organization. True False
True
A team can be defined as small group of people committed to a common purpose, who possess complimentary skills and who have agreed on specific performance goals for which the team members hold themselves mutually accountable. True False
True
According to Adam's Equity Theory, an individual's perceptions of input and outputs determines whether inequity exists. True False
True
According to Alderfer, individuals must satisfy their lower level needs, at least to an acceptable state, before the person can be motivated to achieve higher level needs. True False
True
According to Hersey and Blanchard's Situational Leadership Model, as the employee cultivates knowledge, skills, and abilities to perform at increasing levels of expectations, the manager modifies his or her leadership style. True False
True
According to VLD, the in-group is more often led (with less emphasis on formal authority to control and influence), while the out-group is more often supervised (with a much stronger emphasis on formal authority to control and influence). True False
True
According to Vertical Linkage Dyad (VLD), individuals are cognitively assigned to an in-group and an out-group by the manager. True False
True
According to the path-goal theory, a manager's leadership style is dependent upon two contingency factors—environmental and subordinate. True False
True
According to the path-goal theory, a manager's role is to influence subordinates' perceptions and motivate them toward achieving the desired outcomes: performance and satisfaction. True False
True
According to the path-goal theory, environmental contingency factors include those generally outside the control and influence of the worker and the manager, such as: (1) clarity of the task to be performed, (2) hierarchical authority systems, and (3) group dynamics (i.e., work group members' relationships). True False
True
Although one would not want to diminish the importance of the early leadership research efforts, the questionable reliability and disputed validity of these efforts may be attributed to the absence of a single important dimension known as the contingency factor True False
True
Barriers to effective teamwork fall within four categories: (1) lack of management support, (2) lack of resources, (3) lack of leadership, and (4) lack of training. True False
True
Because of our increasingly diverse population, healthcare professionals need to be concerned about their cultural competency, which is the same as cultural awareness or sensitivity. True False
True
By using virtual teams, organizations can assign the right person to the job, regardless of where they live. True False
True
Contingency, by definition, means an event that may occur but that is not likely or intended; a possibility that must be prepared for; the condition of being dependent on chance or uncertainty. As such, contingency is about possessing the knowledge, skills, and abilities to respond to a changing situation. True False
True
Coping with stress is considered one of the top skills attributed to effective managers True False
True
Deciding whether to join or not join a group or to continue or not continue membership with a group posses an approach/avoidance conflict for people. True False
True
Different types of groups prefer specific styles of leadership. Members' preference would be based on the leadership style they perceived as right or natural due to their personal socialization process. True False
True
Flows of Communication can be combined into patterns called communication networks. True False
True
Framing heuristic is a tendency to make a decision based on the form or manner in which information is presented. True False
True
Healthcare professionals have reported substantially higher degrees of burnout than managers not employed in the healthcare industry True False
True
Instrumental to the implementation of servant leadership are three components of performance coaching:Performance planning, day-to-day coaching, and performance evaluation. True False
True
Integration of organizations that involves extensive linking of providers at different points in the patient care continuum causes the lowest level of interorganizational conflict. True False
True
Leadership can be defined as a complex process by which an individual sets direction and influences others to accomplish a mission, task, or objective, and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent True False
True
Leadership style is only one of the four integrated components underpinning the path-goal theory. True False
True
Learned optimism is the same as the popular concept of "positive thinking." True False
True
Managers are under the constraints of limited time and resources, personal bias and other factors, which make rational decision-making unrealistic. True False
True
Managers differ along two dimensions in the way they approach decision-making: value orientation and tolerance for ambiguity. Value orientation reflects the extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life. True False
True
Managers need to be conscious of the fact that all employees are not driven by the same needs, nor is any employee driven by the same need, at the same time. True False
True
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs had a great influence on the study of organizational behavior. True False
True
Motivation is described as the conscious or unconscious stimulus, incentive, or motives for action towards a goal resulting from psychological or social factors, the factors giving the purpose or direction to behavior. True False
True
Negotiation may be defined as the process by which two or more parties decide what each will give and take in an exchange. True False
True
Organizational behavior's beginnings can be found within the human relations / behavioral management movement True False
True
Process theories of motivation focus on the cognitive processes underlying an individual's level of motivation. True False
True
Social scientists usually defined a group using four characteristics: (1) two or more people in social interaction; (2) a stable structure, (3) common interests or goals, and (4) the individuals perceive themselves as a group. True False
True
Stress has become a widely used but misunderstood term. As a result, a number of misconceptions about stress exist, such as, all stress is negative. True False
True
Stress levels in individuals can vary widely even in identical situations due to people's abilities to cope with different forms and levels of stress. True False
True
Stress management includes both individual-level and organizational wide interventions. True False
True
Stress management programs often consist of breathing and stretching exercises, Yoga, meditation, and/or massage. True False
True
Stress may be defined as a particular relationship between a person and others that is endangering his or her well being. True False
True
Stress occurs when job requirements do not match the capabilities, resources, or needs of the employee. True False
True
Symbolic leaders interpret and reinterpret experiences, developing the capacity to impart purpose and meaning. True False
True
Teams can be organized into the following four categories: (1) work teams, (2) primary teams, (3) project teams, and (4) maintenance teams. True False
True
The Hawthorne Effect is the bias that occurs when people know that they are being studied True False
True
The frustration-regression principle of the ERG theory explains that when a barrier prevents an individual from obtaining a higher level need, a person may "regress" to a lower-level need (or visa versa) to achieve satisfaction. True False
True
The leader who is able to respond to ever-increasing levels of environmental uncertainty through the utilization of more than one style of leadership will be most likely to increase motivation, satisfaction, and productivity of employees. True False
True
The primary forces creating the need for change originates in an organization's external and internal environments. True False
True
The rational model is considered the "ideal" method of decision-making. True False
True
The two primary forces influencing an individual's perception, attitude, and response toward change are cumulative life experiences and social (informal group) forces. True False
True
There are four factors that play an important part regarding the quality of a group's decision: (1) the group should be diverse, (2) members need be feel that they are in a "safe" environment so their ideas can be expressed freely, (3) the degree of task interdependence must be high, and (4) the group must have the potency for success. True False
True
There are three types of intragroup conflict: (1) relationship, (2) task, and (3) process. True False
True
Under the great person theory, many believed that individuals are born with leadership traits. True False
True
Understanding the various members' roles is important to understanding the interactions that either push toward or hinder a group from meeting its goals, including member satisfaction with the interactions. True False
True
Unlike leadership theory conducted in the past, where style was rated as either good or bad, Fiedler's LPC rated leadership style according to its ineffectiveness in specific situations. True False
True
World-class healthcare organizations, created through transformational leadership and change, will support the implementation of nurse case-management programs; the infusion of new technology will be embraced as beneficial to the quality of services provided; client education and alternate therapies will be evaluated and incorporated for appropriate delivery and use True False
True
All change in organizations should be considered an Organizational Development initiative. True False
True *
Applying an appropriate style of leadership based upon situational factors is less important to attaining organizational goals than ensuring the goals are met. True False
True *
Culture may be referred to as "integrated patterns of human behavior that include the language, thoughts, communications, actions, customs, beliefs, values, and institutions of racial, ethnic, religious or social groups." True False
True?
The healthcare industry needs to change and adopt new ways to meet the diverse needs of our current and future patients and employees True False
True?