HDFS 2300 Final
Black
Since the ________ community tended to be generally accepting of interracial marriages, interracial couples often lived in __________ neighborhoods and often had friends who were __________.
class, gender, race, or caste
Societies may be stratified by ________(4)_________. Most often, these categories intersect.
Cuban American/Cuban
_____________ immigration has been rather recent and primarily politically motivated. A large number of _______________ has been immigrating to the United States since the rise of the Castro communist regime.
support/supportive
People who have a _____________ attitude work to safeguard gay and lesbian rights. Although they may be uncomfortable with homosexuality themselves, they are aware of the climate and irrational unfairness.
Japanese and Asian Indians
The early immigration experiences of _________ immigrants and ____________ were similar to their Chinese counterparts in that they too suffered from lack of family life
repulsion, pity, tolerance, and acceptance.
The four levels of homophobia include ____________, ______________, ______________, and _____________.
support, admiration, appreciation, and nurturance.
The four positive levels of attitude that Dr. Riddle describes are _____________, _____________, ______________, and _______________.
1. Western 2. South
The highest number of interracial marriages is found in the _______1________ part of the United States, while the lowest number of interracial marriages has been registered in the ______2_________.
make medical decisions for their partners
In case of medical emergencies, unless special legal arrangements are made, homosexual individuals may not have the right to ___________________.
interdependent members of the group
In collectivist cultures, children are socialized to become _____________________.
self-control, inter-group harmony, and cooperation to maintain the tight social network.
In collectivistic cultures, there is great emphasis on ____________________.
extended
In collectivistic societies, the ______________ family is predominant
1. taking over Native American's land 2. spreading the idea of European superiority and Native American inferiority
What means were used to achieve the goal of westward expansion in the U.S. all the way to the pacific ocean (2)?
Black Americans
What racial group is least likely to have children living with married parents?
African American parents teach their children about race in the form of racial socialization. Through both implicit and explicit racial messages, African American children learn how to cope with racism and succeed in a racially hostile environment.
What role does race play in African American child rearing?
Nazi Germany and Hitler's expansion in Europe
What was the westward expansion in the U.S. compared to in the reading?
1865
What year was slavery abolished?
permanent inequality
When a group has less social power than others because of a quality that has been determined early on (usually at birth) and cannot change, such as sex or race
socially constructed
When we say that race is ___________________, we mean that racial categories are flexible and arbitrary distinctions based on appearance; they are not biologically valid. Not all individuals are easy to put into one racial category based on their appearance. In some cases, you cannot absolutely tell from physical appearance that a person has a certain "racial" ancestry. It is also acknowledging that racial categories change over time. For example, not all groups who have been considered Black historically are considered Black today.
white, middle-class parenting values and practices.
When we think of parenting, we often implicitly define it based on _________________.
environmental racism
_____________________ manifests itself when members of certain racial groups are forced to live in areas that are environmentally toxic, for example, next to chemical plants, toxic-waste plants, or garbage incinerators.
ethnicity
a classification of people into a particular category with distinct cultural or national qualities; encompasses the sharing of a common national origin or ancestry, a common history, a common language, and a common set of cultural elements, including values and practices, that are accepted and reinforced by group member. Different groups may differ in terms of values, language, religious affiliation, food habits, work ethic, family patterns, and child socialization
privilege
an unearned right that is bestowed on someone by birth
sinophobia
anti-Chinese sentiment
double jeopardy
being a member of two minority groups; ex- being a black woman
heterosexism
belief that people who are heterosexual deserve more rights and are superior to people who are homosexual
Class
can be defined as a group of people having common life chances based on their ability to exchange goods, services, and skills for income
social races
categories of people that the majority group designates as sharing membership that endures throughout the life span and conveys certain rights and obligations; established by ancestry.
visible cultural variables
characteristics that are immediately observable, for example, hairstyle, dress code, etc
invisible cultural variables
characteristics that you don't see right away; they only become obvious through interactions. For example, you can observe right away certain characteristics, such as one's headscarf, dress, beard, etc., but you may not immediately know someone's religious affiliation
language brokers
children help their parents fill out official forms and interpret for them at governmental and state agencies and in other official settings.
1.5 generation
children who involuntarily immigrate to the United States around the age of twelve as a result of their parents' immigration
nuclear families
comprised of parents and children who are usually living in the same household
extended families
comprised of parents, children, and any other family members (e.g., grandparents, cousins, uncles, aunts)
el respeto
cultural value of respect, which is highly emphasized in Latino families. Is accorded to all human beings, but especially to the elderly in Puerto Rican American and other Latino families. Furthermore, it also refers to respect for the role of each family member
human ecology theory
defines family as one composed not only of persons related by blood, marriage, or adoption, but also sets of interdependent but independent persons who share some common goals, resources, and a commitment to each other over time
internalization/commitment stage
individuals commit to fighting oppression in all settings. The Black individual has internalized his or her new Black racial identity and developed a more neutral attitude toward the White culture
Asian Indian immigrants
since the 1980s, there has been an unprecedented explosion of high-technology development jobs, specifically in the area of computer/information technology. Therefore, these immigrants have been "pulled" to the U.S. What immigrant group is this?
identify
some research suggests that multiracials' appearance affects the way in which they __________. For example, those who perceive others to see them as Black tend to identify as Black
Tragic Mulatto
someone who cannot find his or her place and, consequently, is psychologically confused because of multiracial status
Racial motivation theory
proposes that individuals who opt to be in an interracial relationship exchange racially based relationship assets. In other words, individuals are attracted to their partners because of their different racial background. Usually (but not exclusively) physical characteristics (skin color, body structure, hair, facial features) are the relationship assets that individuals find especially attractive in a person of another race.
structural theory
proposes that interracial couples choose their mates for the same reasons as same-race couples. As Porterfield (1982) describes, individuals who become part of an interracial relationship do so because they discover that they have similar interests and values and can relate to each other based on these commonalities.
ethnocentrism
refers to the "belief that one's own ethnicity and its characteristics are superior to those of other ethnic groups"
institutional racism
refers to the discriminatory racial practices built into such prominent structures as the political, economic, and education system
intergenerational transmission
refers to the process by which family characteristics, such as values, practices, roles, and functions (as well as dysfunctions!), are passed down from one generation to the next; it allows for continuity across generations, and it shapes family members' identities.
transcendent identity
refusing to consider race to be relevant for identity
first-generation immigrant
someone who was born in his or her native country and immigrated to the United States after the age of twelve. The majority of this immigrant generation consists of adult immigrants.
third-generation immigrant
someone who was born in the United States and whose grandparents and parents also had been born here
second-generation immigrant
someone who was born in the United States, but who has parents that were born in his or her country of origin.
filial piety
strong feelings of obligation and commitment toward parents; common in Japanese families
stratification
structured ranking of entire groups of people that perpetuates unequal rewards and power in a society
the Nissei, Sansei, and Yonsei
subsequent generations of Japanese after the first generations of immigrants reflect more Western-like egalitarian and nuclear family types
genocide
the attempted eradication of a group of people usually based on race or religion
Discrimination
the behavior that prevents or restricts a minority group's access to resources
racism
the belief or the act on a belief that members of one racial group are superior to members of other racial groups.
religious pluralism
the co-existence of people of various religious confessions, as "Judeo-Christian-Islamic" or as "Abrahamic"
brain drain
the emigration of highly trained or intelligent people from a particular country.
el familismo (familism), el respeto (respect), la educación (education), and personalismo (personalism)
the four values of Latino families
"model minority" myth
the idea that Asian Americans are well educated, very smart, hard working, and well-assimilated into the U.S. mainstream culture, often puts undue pressure on Asian American children to succeed in school. Teachers may expect Asian American children to show exceptional mathematical abilities or to excel in all subjects.
Chinese
the largest group of Asians living in the US identify themselves as either __________ or having some ___________ ancestry
naturalization
the legal process by which citizens of one country become citizens of another
White Americans
the most highly segregated racial group in the United States
nativism
the policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
globalization
the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
socialization
the process of developing one's identity, including learning patterns of expected behaviors
protean identity
the shifting of racial identity depending on the social situation
Coming out
"__________________" can be a particularly challenging and painful experience for gays and lesbians because they risk being rejected by the people who are closest to them, such as their family and even close friends. Because of this enormous risk for rejection, homosexual individuals may be very careful about to whom they reveal their identity. They are likely to evaluate people's comments on this topic and take time to know someone very well before they make a decision to come out to someone.
Male, older
(Male/Female) members who are (older/younger) gain the most respect in Asian family hierarchies.
urban areas
A growing number of Native Americans reside in _____________.
joint household
Asian Indian_______________ consists of a married couple, their children, the male's parents and unmarried siblings, and, sometimes, his married brothers and their families and even unmarried aunts and uncles
economic opportunities
Asian individuals have been immigrating to the United States for centuries in hopes of better __________________. Thus, besides teaching children the importance of familial relations and deference to familial authority, Asian American parents emphasize the importance of academic achievement as a means to upward mobility.
nuclear
In individualistic cultures, families tend to be ___________
individualistic
In _______________ cultures, the emphasis is on the individual's self-interest.
White Americans
What racial group is most likely to have children living with married parents?
pluralism
implies a peaceful and supportive coexistence in which members of different cultural, ethnic, and racial groups are treated equally. In such a society, individuals of one culture seek to understand, acknowledge, and learn from individuals of a different culture. There is an exchange of cultural values and practices, instead of the domination of one cultural group over all other groups. Furthermore, each member of the society is encouraged to freely express one's culture without fear of discrimination or prejudice.
Anti-Semitism
the discrimination towards Jewish people
la educación
the value of education, for their children. However, the value of education in Latino families goes beyond an emphasis on formal training. Perhaps more importantly, it refers to parents' focus on teaching their children respect, responsibility, high morals, politeness, and honesty
multiracial
these individuals have two biological parents each of whom self-identifies with a different monoracial group.
third and fourth generation immigrants
usually do not speak Spanish at all and have very little direct ties to their native land and culture. Their parenting and socialization practices reflect the U.S. mainstream cultural value system. Their sense of ethnic identity is largely symbolic and, often, is limited to ethnic food and holidays
race
we tend to think of __________ in terms of one's biological or phenotypical traits, such as skin color, hair texture, or nose and lip shape
absolute deprivation
when a person is deprived of or cannot gain access to things that are necessary for life itself such as food, shelter, clothing, and care.
Deficit Model
when we compare two groups, we tend to use one group as the standard, or norm, to which the other group is then compared
Chinese merchants (wealthier classes)
while the vast majority of early Chinese male immigrants were unable to form a family in America, _____________ were allowed to bring their wives or concubines and children to the continent.
poor, unemployed, and uneducated, nor are its members in prison.
It is very important to recognize that the average African American family is not _______(4)________.
family and community
Jewish families, both traditionally and currently, tend to be close-knit and ____________ and ______________ oriented.
culture
_____________________ is a way of life and, thus, largely unconscious. It is transmitted across generations.
collectivistic
In ____________ cultures, individuals are an extension of the group; therefore, an individual's self-interest is subordinate to the interest, or goals, of the group as a whole.
rebellion
In addition to being attracted to a person with a different physical appearance, often individuals who decide to choose a mate across racial lines do so out of _____________.
young single-female-headed households
_____________________ make up the majority of poor African American families.
personalismo
A Latino/a cultural orientation whereby people relationships are more valued over institutional obligations and responsibilities; emphasizes face to face interaction
Mexican/Mexican Americans
A large proportion of the _______________ population is actually native born and has been U.S. citizens since the annexation of the Southwestern region of what is now the United States. Present-day _____________ tend to immigrate to the United States in hopes of better economic opportunities.
Blackness
A pride in "_______________," a strong sense of identification with the Black race, and a pride in what their ancestors overcame help many African Americans overcome race-related obstacles in their daily lives.
d. protean identity
According to Rockquemore and Brunsma (2002), Black-White biracial college students who change their racial identity depending on the social situation are said to have a. singular identity. b. border identity. c. transcendent identity. d. protean identity.
social exchange theory
According to _________________, individuals select their mates based on an exchange of personal assets that each partner brings to the relationship.
hypogamy theory
According to the _______________, White women usually marry "down," in terms of their racial status, when they marry Black men. However, in terms of their economic or occupational status, White women tend to experience a status hypergamy; that is, they tend to marry "up" to Black men who are more educated and economically more advanced than themselves.
accessibility hypothesis
According to this hypothesis, Black men choose to engage in relationships with White women because of White women's increased accessibility. During slavery and even up to the 1960s, White women were "forbidden fruit" for African American men who did not have social access to these women
discrimination and oppression of their people
African American children are forced to learn about their identity within a context that is characterized by _________(2)___________.
European American
African American families that belong to the upper echelons of society tend to espouse values, gender-role expectations, and child-rearing practices similar to those of upper-class _______________ families.
internalization stage
African Americans internalize Black culture and transcend racism. This stage is characterized by a neutral attitude toward White people
coping (stage 2)
After developing sensitivity to the role that race plays in their relationship, the couple must learn how to integrate this new understanding and how to deal with influences from outside the relationship. During this stage, the couple develops both proactive and reactive strategies to deal with the prejudiced and hostile environment. Success at this task is usually based on success in the first stage. Success at developing functional strategies also precipitates success at later stages in the relationship development. One critical task of this stage is the reframing of incorrect and stereotypical descriptions of interracial couples. The successful mastering of this stage results in an increasingly stronger relationship bond.
remittance/migradollars
Alejandro is a Cuban immigrant to the United States. He regularly sends money home to support his extended family. The money he sends home is called ____(2)____.
West
Almost half of Asian immigrants live in the __________ part of the United States
glass ceiling
Although Asian Americans, of all minority groups, are the most likely to work along side their White counterparts in professional and high-skilled jobs, they still experience racism and discrimination at the workplace. Most often, while Asian American professionals are able to secure white-collar professional jobs, they run into the ______________ when they attempt to move up the corporate ladder; they are not always promoted into the echelons of higher management
self sufficient
Amish communities are ______________; they produce their own food crops, raise livestock, and sell their surplus.
eternal progression
Another central family value that emanates from the Mormon teachings is called ______________, which refers to the perfection of Mormon individuals within the context of the family. This is the highest goal that Mormon families aspire to, and it defines success as the well-being of the family.
one-drop rule
As a result of the "_____________," children of one Black and one White parent were automatically considered Black
Patrilineal Hierarchy
In all three Asian subgroups, families tend to be structured according to the rules of _______________. The power structure in these families tends to be based on gender and on the age of family members.
caste and exchange theory
As an extension of the social exchange theory, the __________________ proposes that U.S. society is structured based on a caste system of race. According to this theory, within this caste system, African Americans belong to an inferior caste. Thus, when they engage in an interracial relationship, they seek a higher racial status from being with a White person. African Americans usually bring their higher economic or occupational status or their physical beauty to an interracial relationship; their White partners, in turn, bring a superior racial status in society.
men's
As contemporary Jewish families adhere less to traditional values, __________ roles have undergone a shift from spiritual authority figure to economic provider.
extended
As in many other collectivist societies (some of which we will cover in subsequent lessons), the _____________ family is central to social life in Native American cultures.
group
As members of collectivist cultures, Chinese, Japanese, and Asian Indian immigrant families are __________ oriented.
elders and other group members
Asian parents socialize their children to show respect to ____________ and _______________, to defer to those higher in the family hierarchy, and to be loyal to parents, their family, and their ethnic group.
opposite sex
At age twelve, Mormon children undergo another rite of passage that directs them into gender-segregated peer groups. To learn social relations across gender lines, children are provided with opportunities to interact with peers of the _______________ in well-supervised settings.
baptism
At the age of eight, Mormon children are said to achieve the age of accountability. At this age, they become eligible for ___________.
divorce
Because Mormon families are viewed as everlasting, marriage is also viewed as such. Thus, most Mormon families do not consider ___________ as an option.
Ethnic
Because it is argued that their culture is a more important defining characteristic for Jewish people than their religion, they are considered an __________ group and not a religious minority group.
permissive or indulgent
Because many Latino parents view their young children as lacking cognitive maturity to follow rules, they tend to use a parenting approach that is often described as __________________.
keep their relationships secret from friends, family, and coworkers.
Because of stigmatization and social condemnation of those in interracial relationships, many people chose to _________________________.
missionary experience
Because of the intensive focus on missionary purpose, perhaps the most pivotal rite of passage for young Mormons is the _______________. Young women are expected to go on an eighteen-month mission trip at the age of twenty-one, while young men are expected to spend two years as a missionary when they turn nineteen. These mission trips provide a rich life and educational experience and the opportunity for Mormon youth to internalize their faith. Young men and women may be sent on a mission trip within the United States or outside the country.
farm-producer family
Between 1920 and 1943, family type in Chinese families changed into a small ______________ form in which husbands, wives, and their children worked together and spent most of their time in each other's company; in these families, there was no division between family life and work.
acculturation
Between the two extremes of complete separation and complete assimilation there exists a middle-of-the-road approach, which we call _______________. This refers to the process of different cultures in close contact adapting to each other. It involves the exchange, or mutual adoption, of cultural values and practices between the mainstream (host) culture and the immigrant culture.
pre-ecounter stage
Black individuals identify with the White culture and reject/deny their membership in the Black culture
higher education
Blacks with ______________ found themselves both in colleges and in work settings that were primarily White. The increased exposure to, and interaction with, Whites could provide an explanation for higher incidents of interracial marriages among higher-educated Blacks
mobility
Class is based on ______________
declined
Compared to the early Jewish immigrant communities, fertility rates in contemporary Jewish American families have __________, largely owing to contraception and late marriage.
extended relatives
Contemporary Asian Indian families in the United States, may or may not contain as many ________________, while still maintaining the relationships with them.
social class
Contemporary intermarriages tend to involve individuals from the same __________.
Muslim
Contrary to these other religious groups, not all ___________ American families have a history of religious persecution.
Nigrescence model
Cross' ________________ is a widely known theory on the development of a Black racial identity; African Americans progress through pre-encounter, encounter, immersion/emersion, internalization, and internalization/commitment stages as they develop higher levels of racial identity.
more
Cuban Americans tend to have __________ education than other Latino immigrant groups.
The four types of Native American families described by Miller are traditional, transitional, bicultural, and marginal. In traditional families, children experience only minimal psychological problems. In transitional families, there is some psychological struggle to regain lost Native American values. Bicultural families have the most successful social and psychological adaptation. Marginal families have the greatest psychological distress.
Describe the four types of Native American families that Miller (1979) identified based on data collected from 120 American Indian families living in Oakland, California (as discussed in Taylor, pp. 225-249). Also, address the psychological adjustment of each of these four types of families.
From 1850 to 1920, Chinese immigrants experienced much discrimination and racism. Since immigration laws did not allow family members to join them in the United States, the majority of immigrants at the time were male. The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 and a 1924 immigration law banned all Asian immigration. The 1906 San Francisco earthquake created a loophole in immigration, thus allowing some Chinese to enter the United States despite the immigration ban. In 1943, the Chinese Exclusion Act was repealed, and, in 1945, the War Bride Act allowed female members to join their male relatives. In 1965, the race-based quota was eliminated, and family reunification was emphasized. Immigration laws affected family composition: split-household family, small producer family, and Chinatown and uptown families.
Describe the immigration experiences of Chinese American families.
Multiracials tend to be under eighteen and reside in the Western parts of the United States. The smallest number of multiracials resides in the South. The majority of multiracials marked Native American and White on the 2000 U.S. Census. Asian-Whites also make up a considerable portion of the multiracial population.
Describe the multiracial population of the United States in terms of age, geographic location, and racial/ethnic background.
Native Americans have extraordinarily high rates of exogamy (intermarriage) compared with Whites and Blacks. Native Americans are perceived, especially by Whites, to be acceptable marriage partners. Native Americans are more likely to have Whites than Blacks as their marriage partners.
Describe the patterns of intermarriage among Native Americans. What reasons explain these patterns?
The rate of intermarriage in the Cuban American community is very high. Marriage between Cuban Americans and European Americans is especially high.
Describe the patterns of intermarriage in the Cuban American community.
racial awareness (stage 1)
During this stage, the interracial couple learns four sets of perspectives that impact the relationship simultaneously: their own, their partner's, their collective racial group's, and their partner's racial group's. Communication plays an important role during this stage, as it facilitates the construction of a common perspective on race in the couple's interpersonal attraction and sensitivity. Both individuals in the relationship become sensitized to the racial "place" of the other. The couple also becomes aware and sensitive to an uncomfortable alternate perspective. According to Foeman and Nance, the development of this stage is fundamental for later stages of the interracial relationship development.
1. awareness, 2. testing and exploration, 3. identity acceptance, 4. identity integration.
Dworkin describes a four-stage process of lesbian identity development: _____________, ______________, ________________, ___________________.
stem family form
Early Japanese American families had a ________________ in which retired parents lived with the child who inherited the leadership role
decreases in the number of immigrants and disproportionate gender ratios
Early waves of Chinese, Japanese, and Asian Indian immigrants share at least two important commonalities: _______________________ and ____________________________.
informal economy
Economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product; as opposed to a formal economy (illegal activity)
nurturing
Finally, ___________ individuals believe that gays and lesbians are indispensable in our society. They view gays and lesbians with genuine affection and serve as gay rights advocates.
later
Findings suggest that those who marry _______ in life have a greater tendency to out-marry.
1. racial awareness 2. coping 3. identity emergence 4. maintenance
Foeman and Nance identified four stages in the process of interracial relationship development that couples have to complete: ____________, _______________, ______________, and _____________.
male
For decades, due to restrictive U.S. immigration laws, the majority of Asian immigrants were _____________. The grossly disproportionate male-female ratios in all three groups led to the virtual absence of family life among early immigrants.
The correct answer is Puerto Rican Americans. This is because of their geographical proximity to the United States and their U.S. citizenship. Their physical closeness and their legal status allow Puerto Rican Americans to move back to the island without loss of legal residency on the U.S. mainland. Mexican American and Cuban Americans do not automatically have U.S. citizenship.
For which Latino group is return migration the most characteristic? Why?
asylees
Foreigners who have already entered a receiving country because of persecution of a well-founded fear of persecution
individual, organizational, and structural
Furthermore, discrimination manifests on three different levels: ______________________
Amish
Gender roles in the ____________ family are governed by the ideal that spouses should be "individuals to one another, making decisions jointly, and to be of one mind to all others"
1. race 2. ethnicity
Generally speaking, ________ focuses on physical characteristics, while ___________ refers to cultural traits
higher
Given this strong emphasis on family life, fertility rates in traditional Mormon families tend to be __________ than in the general U.S. population. Because of demands placed by the larger household size, parents may not spend much individual time with their children.
Puerto Ricans/Puerto Rico
Having commonwealth ties to the United States, _________________ enjoy the same citizenship rights as U.S. mainland residents. This legal right has made the movement back and forth between the continental United States and _____________ relatively easy. Because of the freedom of movement guaranteed by their U.S. citizenship rights, the relatively inexpensive air transportation, and the proximity of the island to the mainland, _____________ have maintained close ties to their native culture and have higher rates of return migration than other Latinos.
racial group identification
Higher-educated Blacks tend to have a weaker sense of ________________ than lower-status Blacks, which may contribute to their willingness to out-marry.
poverty, lack of educational and occupational opportunities, land restriction, and segregation from the population at large
How are reservations detrimental to the Native American people today?
Whites established a feeling of Native Americans being inferior and unable to defend themselves, or care for themselves. They used this to place the Native Americans' rights in the hands of white settlers who took advantage of them, legally and illegally. They established boarding schools to essentially brainwash children into believing their culture was inferior and assimilation, and thrust their religion upon them.
How did White Europeans take over the Native Americans land and kill thousands of their people? What tactics did they use?
Boarding schools socialized Native American children according to White European, Christian values. As a result, they suffered loss of their Native American identity. Consequently, generations of Native American children grew up without awareness or knowledge of their culture. Loss of their ethnic identity also compromised Native American children's psychosocial development.
How did boarding schools affect Native American children's development over multiple generations?
he Chinese Exclusion Act, which emerged in response to sinophobia and labor-market competition, banned all Chinese immigration for the next decades; they prevented these immigrants from bringing their wives to the US, and they also prevented them from marrying overseas and bringing their new wives to America. Additionally, U.S. miscegenation laws prohibited them from marrying outside their race in the US.
How did sinophobia stunt the growth of Asian and Asian American families?
In low-income areas, residents pay less property tax, which means schools in those neighborhoods have a lot less money to fund quality education for the children who live there. Children who do not obtain high-quality education will not be able to advance to college. Without a college degree, it is extremely difficult to secure a well-paying job that enables one to move to an economically advantaged area where housing costs are likely to be high.
How does the funding of schools through property tax maintain the cycle of poverty and low education in African American communities?
Triple jeopardy affects a Black lesbian woman in that she is likely to experience racism, sexism, and homophobia because of her membership in three minority groups (being Black, a woman, and a homosexual).
How does triple jeopardy affect a Black lesbian woman?
Her family can use its resources either to pay for an abortion or to support her and the child financially and emotionally. In addition, her family may be able to help her with childcare responsibilities so that she can attend school and obtain enough education to secure a well-paying job. This assistance may not always be available to a poor young woman.
How is being middle to upper middle class a benefit financially to young mothers?
Ex - hurricane Catrina devastated many poor black communities; celebrities and non celebrities alike
How is collectivism in African American culture demonstrated currently?
Slavery changed family structure, introduced a pervasive system of oppression, and produced generations of African Americans who had been denied the opportunity to learn how to read and write and, thus, were barred from economic advancement.
Identify two ways in which slavery has impacted Black American families.
assimilation
If we can't keep immigrants at a comfortable and safe distance from us, then we ask them to become like us. This is essentially the process of ______________. It is defined as the cultural absorption of a smaller ethnic group into the main cultural body.
deviant/deficient
If we find that one group differs from that standard, then we label that group as ____________.
1. integrate economically 2. assimilate to white culture
Immigrant success has depended largely on immigrants' abilities to _____(2)_____.
interracial
In 1662, Virginia passed a law against ___________ fornication, and, about thirty years later, the first statutory prohibition of __________ marriage between Blacks and Whites was enacted.
1. Husband's 2. Women
In early Jewish immigrant families, gender roles were divided: the (husband's/wife's) primary responsibility was to serve as the link between the family and the religious community. Because they learned the sacred language of Hebrew, they had the ability to read and interpret Jewish religious texts, and, thus, they were the spiritual authority in the family. (Men/Women), on the other hand, still played a dominant role in the family because they were often required to become economic supporters of their families.
1. collectivism 2. familism 3. patrilineal hierarchy
In general various immigrant generations of all Asian groups have adhered to ___________, ___________, and _______________ and have emphasized educational achievement and upward mobility.
earlier
In general, the ______________ a woman becomes a mother, the greater the likelihood that she cannot obtain much education, sometimes not even a high school diploma. Without an education, these young women can obtain only low-paying jobs, which do not provide sufficient income to support a household with one or more children. She also must take care of her children or pay for childcare, which can take a toll.
independent and self-sufficient members of the group.
In individualistic cultures, children are socialized to become ______________________.
economic rights
In terms of ______________, homosexual couples often lose out on important economic benefits, such as retirement plans, life-insurance benefits, and family inheritance, whose automatic beneficiaries are usually legally married spouses.
identity emergence (stage 3)
In the ___________ stage, as a result of redefinition and the construction of self-defined identity, the interracial couple develops behaviors that are self-sustaining. The racial differences within the interracial couple are viewed as a source of strength instead of an obstacle. The couple learns to see the relationship as unique and existing in its own right rather than as deviant from the social norm.
maintenance (stage 4)
In the _____________ stage, the couple engages in the ongoing task of relationship upkeep. Even though they will have developed effective coping strategies and a common relationship perspective, the need to focus on race will remain a recurrent theme in the course of their lives together. Various life events such as raising their own biracial/interracial children may necessitate that they revisit earlier stages of their relationship development.
awareness (1)
In the ______________ stage, lesbian women become aware that there is a group of women who are called lesbians and that they may belong to that group.
identity integration (4)
In the _______________ stage, they integrate this identity component with other aspects of their identity.
testing and exploration (2)
In the _________________ stage, lesbian women begin to find other lesbians and to reveal their lesbian identity to some people.
identity acceptance (3)
In the __________________ stage, lesbian women embrace and accept themselves as lesbian persons
Toddler Infant Experiences Study
In the _____________________, Peters explored the impact of race on child rearing by asking Black mothers these three questions: What racial experience do Black parents and their children have? What do Black parents do about it? What do they say? (Peters, 2002). The mothers' responses indicated that racial identity was an important factor in their lives and in the way they parented their children. As part of their children's racial socialization, mothers emphasized the importance of self-respect and pride, of understanding that fair play may not be reciprocal, of a good education, and, most of all, of love.
split family households
In these families, the Chinese male immigrant worker resided in the United States and, by sending home his remittances, provided financially for his wife and children in their Chinese home village. You can imagine how difficult it was for families to adjust to reunification when immigration laws finally allowed families to be together after years (often decades) of separation.
transnational families
In these families, while one or two members of a family immigrate to the United States in search of work, the rest of the family stays in their country of origin. The immigrant member sends home his or her remittances
Asian Indians, Thai, Pakistani, Korean, and Vietnamese
In this segment of the Asian population, 75 percent were foreign-born.
Both Italian Americans and Polish Americans were originally (in the early part of the twentieth century and before) treated as non-White racial minority immigrants. Over the course of U.S. history, they have become assimilated members of the White mainstream. Today, we do not think of these groups as non-Whites. If Whiteness were a biological concept, then who could become White would not change over time.
In what way can Italian Americans and Polish Americans serve as examples for explaining Whiteness as a socially constructed concept?
White European settlers took systematic measures to eradicate the Native American peoples and their cultures, for example, through forced assimilation (e.g., boarding schools, out-adoption, Christianization, removal from native lands) and through more direct methods (e.g., killing children and women and spreading diseases).
In what way can you apply the concept of genocide to the history of Native Americans?
serves their needs and desires
Individualistic cultures individuals strive to control the world in a way that ________________.
partially descendants of confirmed members of a particular race.
Individuals belong to a particular social race if they are at least ______________________.
appreciate
Individuals who _____________ homosexuals value the diversity of people and see homosexuals as a valid part of that human diversity. These individuals are willing to overcome homophobia within themselves and within others.
Japanese
Intermarriage rates dramatically increased in the 1960s after anti-miscegenation laws were repealed. The intermarriage rate in _________ American families is the highest of the three Asian American groups. Women are twice as likely to marry outside the group than men. Intermarriage rates for _____________ are at about 50-60 percent.
collectivist
Like Native American, Asian American, and Latino cultures, the African American culture is rooted in a _______________ origin.
Mormon
Like in Jewish American families, family ties and religious affiliation are central to _________ American families. In fact, family life rests on, and is governed by, the principles of the faith.
tolerant
Many people, including parents of homosexual children, who express a __________ attitude believe that homosexuality is just a phase of adolescent development and that a child can grow out of it. They may treat gays and lesbians as less mature individuals who should not receive positions of authority.
the age of reason
Mexican mothers expected their children to abide by stricter rules as they reached "___________" at six or seven years
slavery
Mormonism is heavily tied to the large historical issue of ___________ in the United States. Because there was fear that this issue would in part be ended by the Mormons in Missouri, violence was brought against them. They then moved westward and settled in Utah to find freedom.
triple jeopardy
Multiracial women experience the _______________ of monoracism, classism, and sexism.
men women
Muslim (women/men) are the ones who attend the religious ceremonies, while (women/men) carry the responsibility of the household.
being considered financially reliable when applying for credit cards, checks, or cash loans; taking a job without having coworkers suspect that it came because of one's race; and never having to speak for all the people of one's race. These are considered privileges because they are unearned—a person enjoys them simply because he or she is perceived to be White.
Name some privileges that European (White) Americans enjoy in U.S. society. Why are they considered privileges?
permissive
Native American parenting is often described as _____________ because of their ideals about children being independent and equal members of society.
Mormon
Officially known as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the _________ religion was founded in the 1820s by Joseph Smith, a person who claimed that, through a series of revelations from God and visitations of angels, he was prompted to translate and publish the holy book of this religion between 1829 and 1830
1. economic, 2. political, 3. religious
Often, push-and-pull factors have to do with ______(3)______ conditions.
extended family
One example of a collectivist orientation is the ______________________ system that characterizes Asian American families. You learned about the different types of family forms that are common in Chinese American, Japanese American, and Asian Indian families. These families include many more relatives and non-blood relatives than White families do.
temporary inequality
Parent/child Teacher/student When a group has less social power than another because of a feature such as age or skill level, which they may gain over time or may even learn from the groups with more social power.
fictive kin
Part of Mary's family is her next-door neighbor, Ms. Johnson. They call her Aunt Emma and feel very close to her because she has been there for the family throughout the years. For example, she helped raise the children in Mary's family, gave much emotional support, and gave them advice in times of need. Most likely, Mary's family considers Ms. Johnson to be _______________.
refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.
acceptance
People who exhibit ____________ attitudes refuse to see homosexual people as different. They are likely to make statements, such as the following: "You're not gay to me. You're a person," "What you do in bed is your business," or "That's fine, as long as you don't flaunt it." The U.S. military policy of "don't ask don't tell" certainly seems to mirror this level of homophobic attitude. While at first this seems genuine, it actually denies the social and legal reality that homosexual individuals and families face in society. Furthermore, it negates the painful emotional experiences that homosexuals live as they lead invisible lives and denies part of who they are in order to avoid societal backlash. This level of homophobic attitude is very similar to "color blindness"; individuals who espouse either of these attitudes deny the social and legal discrimination that exists against both homosexuals and people of color.
admiration
People who express _____________ toward homosexuals acknowledge that being gay or lesbian in our society takes considerable strength. Such people are willing to examine themselves and to work on their own homophobic attitudes.
1. racism mediates the socialization processes of Black children; 2. the socio-cultural/racial environment and mothers' experiences with it impact their perception of social reality; 3. "parents' perception of social reality and the adaptations they make affect their child-rearing values and behavioral strategies"
Peters concluded that the study supported three propositions regarding the impact of race on parenting: ___(3)___.
affirmative action
Policies that take factors like race or sex into consideration to benefit underrepresented groups in admissions or job hiring decisions. It is an attempt to limit discrimination, but has been accused of perpetuating reverse discrimination
institutional discrimination
Practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice
younger
Research has shown that (younger/older) children are at a greater risk of living in poverty.
antimiscegenational laws
Set of laws first set forth in Virginia prohibiting interracial relationships and marriages; initially, Whites were the punishable parties when caught in interracial liaisons, however, in 1860, all marriages between Whites and Blacks were declared absolutely void, rendering both parties equally punishable
inverse relationship between relative group size and exogamy: the smaller the proportion of Blacks in a state, the greater the percentage of Blacks that decide to marry Whites. Because there are large amounts of Blacks in the south, fewer choose to marry whites.
Some people believe that the lower rate of interracial marriages between blacks and whites in the south can be attributed to __________.
modern technology
The Amish do not embrace ________________ and thus have no modern conveniences, such as electricity, running water, and cars.
religious and a social
The Amish view family as both a ________ and a __________ unit
Black
The Muslim population in the United States grew as a result of massive conversions to Islam in the ________ American community in the 1960s.
bottom, lower, low
The United States is a racially stratified society in which minorities are at the __________ of the social hierarchy. In terms of class hierarchy, racial and ethnic minorities tend to occupy the __________ ranks of the social stratification system. Often, their subordinate position is explained by their educational levels and income levels and not by the structural inequalities that produce the educational and income levels. In addition, minorities with _______ educational and income levels are often blamed for social problems.
Hungarians/Hungary
The United States opened its doors to this large number of __________ when the revolution against Soviet occupation in __________ was put down by Soviet troops. In other words, the U.S. let this immigrant group in by granting these citizens political asylum. In this example, the factor that "pushed" some to leave their country behind and seek refuge in the United States was Soviet political oppression.
elderly, children
The ________ and _________ enjoy great respect in Native American cultures.
land
The _________ forms the foundation for both the social and spiritual life in the Native American society.
Amish
The __________ people experienced severe persecution in the early days of Europe. They were forbidden citizenship and prohibited from land ownership. They descended from the Anabaptist movement in Holland during the sixteenth century. Anabaptists, which represented a left wing of the Protestant Reformation, were characterized by maintenance of a disciplined community, pacifism, separation from the world, adult rather than infant baptism, and an emphasis on simple living. The first immigrants settled in Pennsylvania.
higher
The __________ the number of interracial unions, the more accepting society becomes toward them and the more frequently they tend to occur.
pervasive racial stereotypes
The act of categorizing people based on racially perceived features and then associating these features with certain personality characteristics, such as intelligence, leads to __________________.
scarcity of resources
The concept of "__________________" provides the economic explanation for much anti-immigrant sentiment. In other words, natives tend to worry that immigrants may take the few jobs that might be available to them. Most likely, you have heard this sentiment vocalized during political campaigns. However, studies suggest that immigrants usually take jobs that natives either would not be willing to do or could not do, whether those are low- or high-skilled jobs.
Whiteness
The ideology of _______________ governed who could benefit from the economic "pie" and who could not. Certain groups were allowed to become White over time, while other groups were never allowed to be White and, perhaps, never will be.
cradleboards
The importance of children's equal treatment is reflected in the function of _____________, which is to allow infants to be eye-level with adults so that they can partake in family life. Furthermore, adults respect children's right for independence and believe that they learn by experiencing the consequences of their own actions.
3 past and future generations
The importance of respect for ancestral continuity is reflected in the way in which Native Americans are taught to make decisions. In making decisions, individuals are encouraged to consider the impact of their choices not only on the current generation, but also on _____________________.
Catholics
The majority of Americans profess to be Protestant; however, the largest religious minority group consists of ____________.
eternal
The most fundamental Mormon concept views family as ___________.
our family, our peers, and, increasingly, the media and, ultimately, society at large.
The most influential socializing agents in our lives are ________________________ (4 things).
scientific racism
The nineteenth-century Eugenics movement, which set out to prove the racial superiority of Whites and the racial inferiority of Blacks, is an example of _______________. Further examples include the scientific experimentation that Jewish concentration camp prisoners experienced during the Nazi regime and the thirty-year Tuskegee experiment that withheld treatment for syphilis from Black men.
self-segregation and strict adherence to traditional ways of life.
The principal means by which the Amish have ensured their survival in modern-day America has been through ________________ and __________________.
immersion/emersion stage
The stage or status in which one involves oneself completely within one's cultural group to the exclusion of the majority group. One emerges from this stage because one cannot meet all of one's needs if society is truly dominated by the majority group
more multiracial/multiethnic
The steady rise in the number of intermarriages and in the births of multiracial children is reflective of the overall trend toward a _____________________ US society
feminization of poverty
The trend indicating an increase in the number of poor families headed by single women has been referred to as "_______________" Families that consist of only a young, uneducated, and thus unskilled mother with one or more young children are especially susceptible to living in persistent poverty.
1. rural/spiritual origins, 2. collectivist orientation, 3. within-group variation.
There are at least three important African cultural characteristics that have played (and continue to play) a formative role in African American family life and child development: _____(3)_____.
orthodox, conservative, and reform
There are three major religious movements among the Jewish community: _______________, _______________, and ________________.
Cultural Variation and forces affecting variation in human development/family life across groups
There are two themes to which we will return as we progress through this course:
1954 Brown v. Topeka Board of Education, 1964 and 1965 Civil Rights Acts, 1967 repeal of antimiscegenational laws
These legal decisions have facilitated integration between African Americans and European Americans in college, work, and other social settings.
status hypogamy, or hypergamy
This caste and exchange theory is also known as ______________ or _____________.
Orthodox
This is the most traditional branch of Judaism
pity
Those who feel __________ toward homosexuals express their heterosexism. In other words, they believe that heterosexuals are more mature and preferred. They also believe that, if there is a way to "make" a homosexual "straight" (i.e., heterosexual), then that should be reinforced. They feel ________ for those who are born to be homosexual.
repulsion
Those who feel ___________ toward homosexuals see homosexuality as a "crime against nature." They believe that gays and lesbians are sick, crazy, mentally ill, sinful, wicked, and in need of change by any means possible.
Mexican, Cuban, and Puerto Rican
Three largest groups of Latinos in America
California and Florida
Today, almost half of the Jewish American population lives in __________ and ____________.
gender role segregation
Traditional Muslim families have a strict ___________________: women tend to the home and children, while men interact with the outside world. In fact, these gender roles are similar to those in traditional Jewish families.
Sunni and Shiite (more strict)
Two major branches of Islam
immigration policies
U.S. _____________ have shaped the life course of Asian American families regardless of ethnic and generational background.
family
Undoubtedly, ___________ is an undying source of strength also for Asian American families regardless of their immigrant past and ethnic roots.
hide their sexual orientation
Unlike racial minorities, whose minority status is most often very visible, homosexual individuals have the option to ______________________.
illegitimate
Until 1967, children born to Black-White couples and other mixed-race couples were considered ______________
1. within 2. across
Very often there are greater differences ________ groups than _________ groups on certain practices, such as parenting.
1. individualistic 2. collectivistic
Western cultures are said to be _____________ societies, while the rest of the world's cultures tend to be _____________.
Gender roles are distinctly defined. Roles connected to men enjoy higher status than roles connected to women. Machismo and marianismo, as cultural values, affect this gender distinction.
What are gender roles like in traditional Puerto Rican families?
Asian Indians tend to have an authoritarian parenting style. They strongly emphasize education and academic success. The culture does not recognize "adolescence" as part of the life cycle. Exogamy is socially prohibited and can result in being disowned by the family. Children's autonomy is restricted. In an effort to maintain ethnic identity, children often are kept from interacting with mainstream culture. Respect for parents and elders and loyalty to the family are very important.
What are some characteristic features of Asian Indian parenting and child socialization?
Homosexual families do not automatically inherit property upon death of a partner; custody rights may not be secured; the right to make medical decisions for a partner; and they are denied life insurance and retirement benefit rights.
What are some legal rights that homosexual families are excluded from because they cannot legally marry?
Extended family networks, spirituality, emphasis on education and hard work, parenting approach to discipline, good school skills, and healthy physical habits have been recognized as protective factors.
What are some protective factors that aid parents in raising successful, strong children even in difficult situations?
Higher rates of divorce and marital separation, lower remarriage rates, and increases in the number of unmarried teenage mothers are all factors that have contributed to the increase in the number of African American female-headed households.
What are some reasons for the increase in the number of African American female-headed households?
The Muslim American community is not homogeneous. Some of the sources of this within-group diversity include social class, ethnic origins, whether they are Arabs or not, and whether they are Shiites or Sunnis.
What are sources of diversity within the Muslim American community?
1. distinct racial geography of the US 2. racial composition of one's neighborhood/community 3. school environment
What are three distinct factors that affect how multiracial children identify with their own race (calling themselves white vs. black)?
Intrapersonal factors include appearance/skin color and age. Contextual factors include neighborhood or school racial composition, geographical location, and family structure.
What are two intrapersonal and two contextual factors that affect multiracials' racial self-understanding?
Feminization of poverty refers to the phenomenon that single women head an increasingly disproportionate percentage of families in poverty.
What does "feminization of poverty" mean?
Many immigrants and racial/ethnic minority group members have a bicultural orientation or bicultural identity. These individuals are familiar with both the mainstream culture and their ethnic culture of origin. They may be able to use either language depending on the cultural context. They also are able to behave according to the social code of either culture. A bicultural identity is formed based on the knowledge and espousal of two sets of cultural values. Puerto Rican Americans have a bicultural orientation. Often, members of this cultural group are familiar with the values and traditions of the U.S. mainstream culture, as well as the values and traditions of their culture of origin on the island of Puerto Rico.
What is bicultural orientation/identity? Give at least one example of this concept for one of the three Latino groups discussed in this lesson.
boys are raised to be more compassionate; girls are raised to be strong. Gender roles of masculinity and femininity are often opposite of what White Americans would think.
What is different in the ways in which boys are raised from girls in Native American society vs. White American society?
Asylees are foreigners who have already entered the United States and now seek protection because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution. Refugees are people living outside of their country of citizenship for fear of religious or political persecution.
What is the difference between asylees and refugees?
Nuclear families consist of parents and their children, whereas extended families also include any of the following relatives: grandparents, uncles, aunts, cousins, siblings' families, and even fictive kin. Extended families are more likely to be found in collectivist cultures. Examples include African or Asian cultures, African-American culture, Asian-Indian culture, and Latino culture.
What is the difference between nuclear families and extended families? What family type are you likely to find in collectivist cultures? Give an example.
Latinos/Hispanics
What is the fastest growing segment of the U.S. population?
stigmatization and social condemnation
While the 1967 ruling and the status gain of Blacks in the 1960s contributed to an increase in Black-White intermarriages, they did not eradicate the ___________ and _____________ that interracial couples had been facing.
1. which tends to be authoritative (high warmth and high control) 2. harsher parenting, fewer explicit expressions of warmth and nurturance, and less reasoning compared to our implied standard
White, middle-class parenting values and practices tend to be ______________________, whereas Black parents tend to use _________________.
Men are socialized and expected to be the bread winners—particularly men, oftentimes resort to involvement in the informal economy. In a neighborhood without adequate supply of legal and well-paying employment, many men turn to criminal activities to provide for themselves and their families.
Why is it common for men particularly in African American communities to engage in the informal economy to make money?
Often, even a very small amount of income increase will make them ineligible for vital assistance, such as medical insurance and daycare assistance. Yet, the low-paying jobs that they are able to obtain do not provide enough income for them to pay for daycare and medical insurance. Thus, these families are forced to remain in poverty.
Why is the current financial aid system not really helpful to young, single mothers who are poor?
ethnic origin
With regard to Muslim families, family values are often based in the specific ______________ of the family and are influenced by Muslim religious teachings.
minority
With regard to age, it appears that, in general, older children tend to be identified with and to identify with their ____________ race group.
first
__________ - generation Latinos tend to have minimal to no English language proficiency, to use Spanish, and to adhere to family values and practices associated with their native culture.
Puerto Ricans
___________ have the advantage that their U.S. citizenship status entitles them to access resources that may help them offset their initially disadvantaged educational position. Access to resources reserved for American citizens and residents, such as student loans, financial aid, bank loans, and other social benefits, can aid in the adaptation to the American host culture, which benefits, in the end, all members of the immigrant family.
Familism
____________ emphasizes close and harmonious interpersonal relations among family members within a group.
prejudice
____________ is a judgment of an entire group that is developed without close examination of the group; no factual evidence
genealogy
____________ plays an important role in the Mormon community; they believe that all family relations—even after death—must have the opportunity to convert to the Mormon faith. Thus, family members do extensive family research to identify deceased family members who were not Mormon during their lifetimes. These deceased family members are then baptized in special rituals to receive the Mormon faith even after their passing.
Sephardic
_____________ Jews come from Spain and Portugal
Monoracism
_____________ makes dating particularly problematic for mixed-race women
stereotypes
______________ are exaggerated, oversimplified images, maintained by prejudiced people, of the characteristics of the group members against whom they are prejudiced
discrimination
______________ is the behavior or practice by which one group prevents or restricts a minority group's access to scarce resources.
racial identity theory
_______________ (theory) developed from the tradition that treats race as a socio-political and cultural construct and not as a biological reality. Consequently, membership in a racial group is not based on biological distinctions but on socially defined inclusion criteria that are often (and erroneously) seen as "racial" in nature
pull factors/pulled
_______________ are associated with one's destination; the hope for a better life (i.e., improved economic conditions) "__________" the impoverished Irish to the shores of the United States
Asian American
_______________ families often are perceived in the mainstream U.S. culture as the most successful ethnic minority families
economic racism
________________ can manifest itself through, among other things, denial of job opportunities or bank loans. When individuals are denied bank loans because of their perceived racial group membership, it impacts their ability to be as economically successful as individuals who have access to loans and other financial assistance.
racial identity
________________ refers to a sense of group, or collective, identity based on one's perception that one shares a common racial heritage with a particular racial group
Ashkenazic
_________________ Jews likely originate in Russia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, or Lithuania.
push factors
_________________ are events or conditions that "force" people to leave their country of origin. For example, as Schaefer points out in your reading, a potato famine was the primary reason for the massive Irish immigration to the United States around 1845.
cultural racism
__________________ can be seen when one culture is considered inferior to another culture. For example, someone who espouses these beliefs may claim that African music and art are barbaric and inferior, and that European music and art are refined and superior.
extended kinship
__________________ networks have been the backbone of African American communities.
racial socialization
___________________ is the process by which the family shapes attitudes and beliefs about race and explains how the child fits within this context
race
a classification of people into social categories that the dominant racial group has constructed based on a set of arbitrarily selected phenotypes—skin, hair, and eye color, hair texture, nasal index (the relationship between the nose's length and width), lip form, head shape, and genetic distribution—with the purpose of justifying and maintaining exploitation and oppression of subordinate groups
adolescence
a developmental stage during which children work through developing their identity
family
a group of people—related by blood, marriage, adoption, or social circumstance—who represent a set of interdependent but independent persons, who share some common goals, resources, and a commitment to each other over time, and who may or may not live in the same household
1. smaller 2. large
a much _________ segment of the African American population is represented in the upper and upper-middle classes, while a disproportionately __________ segment is represented in the lowest socio-economic ranks.
aware/covert
a person who engages in _____________ racism is conscious of his or her attitude and behavior. However, it is not explicit. For example, a White person with racist attitudes toward Blacks may invite everyone in his or her class to a birthday party except for the only Black student in the class. They would not tell anyone they aren't inviting the student because of their race.
familism
a strong value of Latino culture, which emphasizes the needs of the family as an entire unit as opposed to the needs of one member of the family individually.
individual racism
an action performed by one person or group that produces racial abuse. May manifest itself through verbal or physical mistreatment. Racial slurs represent an example of verbal mistreatment. Lynching (which, by the way, still occurs) is an example of physical mistreatment.
structural functionalism
defines the nuclear family as the socially sanctioned cohabitation of a man and a woman who have preferential or exclusive enjoyment of economic and sexual rights over another and are committed to raise the children brought to life by the woman
those who are discriminated against
discrimination is not the fault of _____________________.
social inequality
discrimination results in, and serves to maintain, _______________________
border identity
embracing biracial identity that is a unique blend of two monoracial heritages
el familismo
emphasizes relations among members of the extended Latino family.
xenophobia
fear of foreigners
homophobia
fear of homosexuals
sinophobia
fear or dislike of China, its people, and culture
Issei
first immigrant generation of Japanese families that reflect the traditional Japanese household model
1. treatment, 2. distinguishing physical or cultural traits, 3. involuntary membership, 4. awareness of subordination, 5. in-group marriage.
five characteristics that define minority status: _________________________
The "invisible" minority status
forces homosexual individuals to undergo a difficult "coming out" process as they come to terms with their sexual orientation and decide to reveal their identity to society.
1.racial, 2. ethnic, 3. religious, 4. gender groups
four types of subordinate, or minority, groups: .
marianismo
gender role of women in Latino culture, defined by morality and virtue.
Tribal diversity
historically—and to a lesser degree even currently—translated into hundreds of different languages and a great variation in geographical location, cultural values, traditions, and spiritual practices. For example, some Native American tribes are patriarchal, while others are matriarchal.
validated border identity
identifying as biracial and feeling validated by their environment in their racial identity choice
unvalidated border identity
identifying as biracial but that experiencing the world as Black
singular identity
identifying as either Black or as White
transnationals
immigrants who sustain multiple social relationships that link their societies of origin and settlement
whiteness
in 1923 the U.S. Supreme Court set a new standard for "____________" by defining it "based on the perception of the common person on the street". Consequently, Asian Indians lost their citizenship status as well as their right to own property.
compadres (godparents)
in Latino families highlights the central role extended-family relations play in this cultural group. May or may not be blood relatives. As Taylor explains, in Puerto Rican American families they serve as surrogate parents by providing ongoing emotional, financial, and other instrumental support.
machismo
in the Latino culture also calls for responsibility as a caretaker of one's family.
gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, class position
individuals can be discriminated against based on their _____(5)______, or some combination of these.
unaware/unintentional racism
individuals may not be conscious of their racial attitudes, their words and behaviors demonstrate that they are racist. For example, someone may say something like "Oh, although Jay is Black, he is a very nice person," or "But I don't have anything against him being Black."
encounter stage
individuals reject this identification with the White culture and start exploring an identity based on membership in the Black culture. This change is due to an event or experience that prompted self-reflection on one's racial identity status.
fictive kin
individuals who are not related by blood, marriage, or adoption also can be considered as part of the family
1%
interracial marriages between African Americans and European Americans still account for less than _________ percent of all U.S. marriages
aware/blatant racism
involves verbal or physical mistreatment motivated by racial prejudice. Perpetrators of this type of racism are conscious of their racist behavior, and they make it explicit.
costly legal assistance and special policies that are conferred automatically on married couples.
it is important to realize that homosexual couples and families incur economic losses not only because they do not have marriage rights, but also because they have to pay for ____________________________________.
Mexican
lack of education, skills, and U.S. residency or citizenship not only bar many ___________ immigrants and their families from access to vital resources, but also make it difficult for them to become eligible for legal and permanent residency. ____________ immigrants tend to be employed predominantly in the low-skilled, seasonal sectors of the U.S. economy, which makes their tenure in the United States particularly precarious. Lack of job security and a permanent immigrant status put many ___________ families at high risk for poverty.
endogamy
marriage between people of the same social category, cultural or racial group
exogamy
marriage to someone outside one's social or cultural group; more common among Native Americans
relative deprivation
measure of poverty or lack of access to resources that might seem necessary because of a particular standard of living that is demonstrated by a specific society.
unaware/self-righteous racism
might claim to know how to better the situation of racial minorities. For example, some White people will try to "tell" Black people what they (Black people) have to do to fight oppression or to improve their life conditions. Although these individuals may mean well and want to help, their statement is perceived as racist because they claim to have a solution to a group's problem whose social reality they have never experienced.
endogamy exogamy
n terms of marriage, Muslim American families tend to favor (endogamy/exogamy) and discourage (endogamy/exogamy).
oppression
the systematic, institutionalized mistreatment of one group of people by another for whatever reason
white privilege
the unearned right that one enjoys just because of one's membership in the White racial group