hdfs final
A reporter who is writing an article on an important issue may only interview experts that support her or his views on the issue. This is an example of
confirmation bias
Seeking only evidence that supports our beliefs and ignoring evidence that contradicts those beliefs is
confirmation bias
_______ validity indicates that a survey measures the behavior it is designed to measure.
construct
Predicting that a dog should breathe because all mammals breathe and all dogs are mammals is an example of __________ reasoning.
deductive
Theory-driven hypotheses rely on _______ reasoning, whereas data-driven hypotheses rely on _______ reasoning.
deductive ; inductive
"Are women who are pregnant depressed?" is an example of a ________ research question.
descriptive
A research question that asks about the presence of behavior, how frequently it is exhibited, or whether there is a relationship between different behaviors is a _______ research question.
descriptive
Researchers were interested in how memory for the location of objects is influenced by the similarity of objects and whether this relationship is the same for different age groups. This type of study is most likely
developmental
When a question on a survey is actually two questions in one this is called a __________ question
double barreled
When we ask people to complete a survey we are using __________ to learn about behavior.
empiricism
gaining knowledge through systematic observation of the world
empiricism
Only a(n) _________ study has an independent variable
experimental
An Institutional Review Board (IRB) is ______________.
Responsible for overseeing the ethics of research with human participants
The degree to which the behavior observed in the study is realistic, would occur naturally, and can be generalized beyond the boundaries of the study to other individuals and situations is _____________ validity.
external validity
Suppose that a participant completes a task in a research study faster than he or she would have completed the task outside the study (i.e., in their natural surroundings). This would be an example of:
hawthorne effect
These are events that occur during the course of a study to all or individual participants that can result in bias
history effects
testing the combined effects of the ________variables is the unique feature of factorial designs.
independent
A ________ relationship indicates that as values on one variable increase, the values on the other variable decrease.
negative
When one encounters reports of research in the media, all but which question should you be asking yourself?
think about things we know about the true world, rely on intuition, deduction, authority or observation to consider whether these statements are bias or not.
When a variable of interest in a study may explain the results of the study, this is called the __________
third variable
In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).
two
"I want to know if my phone is on. I decide that it is because my phone is always on." is an example of
observation
People in a grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and then indicate which one they liked best and which they liked least (i.e., they rank ordered the drinks). The dependent variable in this study is measured on a __________ scale.
ordinal
Extreme high or low scores in a distribution are referred to as
outliers
relationship between variables characterized by an increase in one variable that occurs with an increase in another variable
positive
In a correlational study, the variable that is used to predict the outcome variable is called the _________ variable
predictor
The development and validation of surveys is called
psychometrics
A researcher would like to study the effects of smoking on respiratory functioning. You have two groups: participants who smoke one pack a day and participants who smoke two. What type of study is this?
quasi
No groups of subjects are compared in a correlational study as they are in _________ experiments
quasi
A researcher who examines the difference in anxiety level between individuals who smoke and those who do not smoke is using the ___________ research design.
quasi - experimental - no randomize control
Researchers were examining the effect of smaller classes on academic achievement. They took the list of 1000 freshmen entering a University, and randomly chose 200 to participate. They then flipped a coin for each student chosen, and the "heads" (100 of them) were enrolled in small sections. The "tails" (the other 100) were enrolled in large sections of the same classes. They found that the students in small sections earned higher GPAs than students enrolled in large sections. Flipping coins to put students into groups is an example of
random assignment
Looking up records of behaviors that have already occurred uses the __________ observation technique.
regression towards the mean
If I set my alarm to read 8:10 when it is really 8:00 (i.e., it is 10 minutes fast) and the alarm goes off each day when it reads 8:10, it will be ___________ but not ___________.
reliable, not valid
Deciding that it must be raining because the weather person said it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing?
relying on authority
Informed consent is an important element of this principle.
respect for persons
The difference between nominal and ordinal measurement scales is that
responses on ordinal scales can be rank ordered and responses on nominal cant be rank ordered
The difference in scores that occurs when we test a sample drawn out of the population is:
sampling error
Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error?
simple random sample
Because there are no group means to present in ________ designs, data are often presented for the individual participants in the study.
small - n
The Zimbardo (1973) experiment, where a randomly assigned role as a prisoner or guard in a mock prison affected participants' behavior, is most likely this type of study
social
Participants who want to portray themselves more positively to the researcher and intentionally respond in a way that achieves that goal biases the results of a survey and is called
social desirability
The ________ measure of variability indicates the average difference between the scores of a distribution and the mean of a distribution.
standard deviation
Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected?
stratified random sample
Looking up records of behaviors that have already occurred uses the __________ observation technique.
Archival
In a research study the p value obtained for the inferential statistic is .08. This means that
.08 % chance of obtaining this data if the null is true
Researchers were examining the effect of smaller classes on academic achievement. They took the list of 1000 freshmen entering a University, and randomly chose 200 to participate. They then flipped a coin for each student chosen, and the "heads" (100 students) were enrolled in small sections. The "tails" (the other 100 students) were enrolled in large sections of the same classes. They found that the students in small sections earned higher GPAs than students enrolled in large sections. The researchers claim that students learn more in small sections than large sections. An administrator, who realizes that small sections cost more, makes the following criticisms. Which one is most likely to be valid?
More experienced faculty are more likely to teach smaller sections, and they are better teachers. Therefore, it is not an effect of section size, but instead a difference in faculty.
Strong _________ correlations between age and incidence of Alzheimer's disease have been found such that by the time one reaches an age of 85, they have a 50% chance of getting Alzheimer's disease
Positive
A cohort/generation effect may occur when
a cross sectional design is conducted
Systematic observations are often collected where?
a laboratory setting
what is a reason why a researcher would use quasi experiment
age is their variable of interest
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which type of therapy most effectively reduces depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
applied
This occurs when participants choose not to complete a study
attrition
A psychologist measures a student's disruptive behavior to determine the behavior rate that currently exists. This is an example of
baseline measurement
When a researcher measures a behavior before a treatment is implemented to compare with the behavior after the treatment has been implemented, this is called a
baseline measurement
A psychologist investigating the research question "Which neurotransmitters affect depressive behaviors?" is most likely conducting __________ research.
basic research
___________refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study.
beneficence
Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted?
benefits outweigh the risks
"What are the effects of amphetamine on the brain?" is a research question from what area of psychological research?
biological
A correlational study _____________ provide causal information about the relationship between measures; it describes the relationship between measures
cannot
"Does lack of sleep cause depression?" is an example of a ________ research question.
casual
A research question that asks what causes specific behaviors to occur is a _______ research question
causal
Correlational studies are not well suited for answering __________ research questions.
causal
Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from a pre-existing group?
cluster sample
Forcing participants to participate in research without their consent is called
coercion
____________ may occur in cross-sectional designs due to different experiences that different generations have.
cohort / generation effects
The best way to minimize the effects of maturation is to include a ________ group that does not receive the treatment to allow a comparison of groups that have similar experiences except for the treatment
control
A researcher who examines the relationship between individuals' tooth flossing frequency and the incidence of heart disease in these individuals is using the ___________ research design.
correlational
In ____________ studies, researchers examine two or more measures to determine if those measures are related
correlational
Having different participants in a study experience conditions in different orders is called
counterbalancing
A strong, positive relationship between scores on a new survey and scores on a previously validated survey on the same topic indicates good
criterion-related validity
Developmental designs that treat age as a between-subjects variable are called ___________design
cross - sectional
A developmental psychologist compares standardized math test scores for 2nd, 5th, and 10th graders. The subjects are all tested at the same time; thus, different groups of subjects are tested, each group at a different age. This study utilizes a(n) ___________ design.
cross sectional
If a researcher makes a hypothesis for a study based on results that were reported in previous studies, they are making a __________ hypothesis.
data - driven
At the end of a study researches often discuss the purpose and benefits of a research study with participants. This is known as ___________.
debriefing
Temperature measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius is an example of a(n) _________ measurement scale.
interval
main effects compare _____ means while interaction effects compare _______ means
level ; condition
these natural changes that occur to the participants during the course of a study that can result in bias:
maturation
Which section of an APA style article should provide enough information about the way the study was conducted to allow researchers to replicate the study if they wish?
method
In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, results showed that
most of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level
An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals is called a small _____ design.
n
Students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample. What type of sampling is being utilized?
stratified random sampling
Asking individuals to complete a task under controlled conditions uses the __________ observation technique.
systematic
The empiricism canon of the scientific method states that new knowledge is gained from
systematic observation
The scientific method involves gaining new knowledge through
systematic observation
_______ effects occur when participants are tested more than once in a study with early testing affecting later testing
testing
Getting better on a task in a study with practice can cause a source of bias called
testing effects
order effects are a particular form of
testing effects
The first APA ethical code was based on
the Nuremberg code
If we find that an inferential test for an experiment is significant, this means that:
the condition means significantly differed
An interaction effect occurs when
the effect of one IV depends on the levels of another IV
an experiment is defined by all but what
the manipulation of a dependent variable
Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error?
volunteer sample
The parsimony canon of the scientific method states that
we develop the most simplest descriptions and questions first and then expanding only when it becomes clear the behavior is more complex than the original description.
In a longitudinal design age is treated as a __________ variable, but age is treated as a ____________ variable in a cross-sectional design.
within - subjects / between - subjects
the primary concern with ________ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.
within subject
in this design each subject serves are their own comparison
within-subject design