HDS 110 Final
3) Which of the following is NOT true? A) Temperament and personality are governed by the lower limbic system B) Temperament is more malleable than personality C) A mother's depression can alter the wiring of her baby's limbic system D) A and B E) All of the above.
d
3) Which of the following is associated with reduced risk of developing Alzheimer's Disease? A) Higher socioeconomic status B) Educational attainment C) Parental educational attainment D) None of the above E) All of the above
e
9) The claim that "domain specificity is the starting point of ontogenesis, with development relegated to a relatively secondary role" most likely belongs to which developmental theory? A) Nativism B) Empiricism C) Neuroconstructivism D) None of the above
a
12) According to the paper, which of the following is the most likely reason out of plausible causes to be a reason behind the observable decrease in the gray matter of an adolescent brain? A) A reduction in glial cells B) Synaptic pruning C) Myelination of intra-cortical axons D) All are equally a plausible, though more research must be conducted.
c
5) Which of the following is true about the neuroconstructivist view? A) it seeks to identify impairments to domain-specific cognitive modules B) it does not fully recognize innate biological constraints C) it seeks more indirect, lower level causes of abnormality D) it highlights how large variations in the end state could give rise to domain-modular differences in the initial state
c
8) When are higher limbic areas in babies brains activated? A) At birth B) At 6 weeks C) At 6 months D) At 1 year
c
What is true about normal aging? a. Only people with brain problems experience decline in aging b. All aspects of cognition are equally affected by normal aging c. Some aspects of cognition are stronger in aging people than in younger people
c
1) Which discovery is false of an individual with a fully-formed adult brain with Williams syndrome? A) The William syndrome is 45% of normal volume B) There is abnormal layering, orientation, clustering, and size of neurons C) The cerebrum is particularly small D) Total cerebral grey matter is significantly reduced
a
1) _____ cultures develop a self-concept through interactions that emphasize core values of independence and individualism. While ____ cultures emphasize core values of interdependence and collectivism. A) Western and Eastern B) Eastern and Western C) Southern and Northern D) None of the above
a
10) What is the best way to describe brain reserves? A) it refers to the brain's ability to manage the changes in normal aging and be able to handle pathological changes B) refers to the brain's ability to manage pathological changes C) it refers to how an individual performs compared to others and if one is more resilient than the others D) it refers to how an individual performs compared to others
a
10) What is the peak age of onset for any mental health disorder in adolescents? A) 14 years B) 11 years C) 17 years D) There is no peak age because disorders can develop at any point in time E) None of the above
a
10) ____ model describes disorders being caused by genetic defect while environment is seen to be static. ____ model describes disorders being caused by environmental causes and genetic defect is see to be a limited interest. A) Nativist, Empiricist B) Empiricist, Nativist C) Neuroconstructivist, Nativist D) Nativist, Neuroconstructivist
a
11) Volumes of cortical ______ gradually decline after peak levels at the time of puberty onset and volumes of _____ show a rather clear linear increase throughout childhood and adolescence. A) Grey matter, white matter B) white matter, neural connectivity C) Neural connectivity, neural transmission D) White matter, neural transmission E) none of the above
a
12) Children with poor visuospatial constructive skills but good language and face-processing abilities are likely to have which disorder? A) William's Syndrome B) Down Syndrome C) Dyslexia D) Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
a
2) What was not one of the results from either experiment 1 or experiment 2 in the Gopnik et al studies? A) Adolescents maintained their biases when presented with contradictory evidence B) As learners become older, they rely more on prior beliefs C) Adolescents and adults have a preference for disjunctive explanations D) In the person condition, all of the age groups used trait attribution explanations
a
4) Along the temperament spectrum, children who never seem to warm up to strangers are considered _______ and have more activation on the _______ side of the brain while children who gravitate towards novelty are identified as ________ and have greater activity on the _______ side of the brain. A) Inhibited, right; uninhibited, left B) Inhibited, left; uninhibited, right C) Uninhibited, left; inhibited, right D) Uninhibited, right; inhibited, left
a
4) Children's low executive control and high plasticity allow them to maximize _____. On the other hand, adults switch to ____ to maximize reward. A) Exploration, exploitation B) Exploitation, exploration C) Imitation, planning D) Planning, imitation
a
4) What causes Williams syndrome? A) a micro deletion on the long arm of chromosome 7 B) deletion of the entire chromosome 7 C) having an extra chromosome D) facial dysmorphia
a
6) Compared to older children and adults, young children perform ___________on social and physical casual learning problems, but perform __________ on cognitive tasks. A) Better, worse B) The same, better C) Worse, better D) Better, the same
a
7) A learner who observes someone performing a complicated series of actions can approach this information in two ways. The learner may use ____ skills, reproduce the action in detail, or the learner may use____ skills, apply existing causal knowledge to the situation, in order to complete the task. A) Imitation, innovation B) Innovation, imitation C) Exploitation, exploration D) Exploration, exploitation
a
8) According to Karmiloff-Smith, which scientific approach seems to provide the most viable framework in studying developmental disorders in both normal and atypical development? A) Neuroconstructivist B) Nativist C) Neuropsycholgical nativist D) Empiricist E) None of the above
a
8) Which is true about the volumes of cortical grey matter during childhood? A) It reaches peak levels at the time of puberty onset B) Local volume of cortical grey matter increases during childhood and adolescence in most regions C)Levels always display a linear relationship with age D)All the above are true
a
9) Without diagnosis of dementia or alzheimer's, normally aging adults ____________ of their cognitive function, especially in the areas of executive function, cognitive control, and memory. A) Lose some B) Gain some C) Retain D) Lose most
a
Which of the following is not true about anxiety and affective disorders? a. they are very rare b. environment may play a role in what specific disorder develops c. the are usually comorbid with another anxiety or mood disorder d. they may share a common underlying genetic predisposition
a
Which test is given to demonstrate a full theory of mind? a. false belief test b. rouge test c. name test d. mirror self-recognition test
a
1) For individuals with anxiety and affective disorders, MRI studies have reported structural anomalies in: A) the superior temporal sulcus, postcentral sulcus, and precentral gyrus B) the superior temporal gyrus, the ventral prefrontal cortex, and the amygdala C) the parahippocampal gyrus and entorhinal cortex D) the temporal lobe
b
1) Which of the following statements are not true? A) The limbic system is molded through the influences of both nature and nurture B) Emotion is processed equally in both sides of the brain C) The limbic system develops bottom up. D) None of the above
b
10) What is so special about adolescence when it comes to learning? A) Adolescent brains have full executive function thus are best prepared for learning B) Adolescents, while still lacking in completely mature executive function, are still plastic and can overcome past biases unlike adults. C) Adolescence brains are just like children brains thus are still developing despite the difference in age D) Adolescents have a second wave of brain flexibility
b
2) Choose the correct statement: A) A larger head circumference increases the risk of AD and individuals with smaller regional brain volumes are at increased risk for AD B) A larger head circumference reduces the risk of AD and individuals with smaller brain regional volumes are at increased risk of AD C) A larger head circumference reduces the risk of AD and individuals with smaller brain regional volumes are at a reduced risk of AD D) A larger head circumference increases the risk of AD and individuals with smaller regional volumes are at a reduced risk of AD
b
2) The _______ controls the manifestations of emotions such as an adrenaline rush or facial expression while the ______ controls the conscious experience of emotion. A) Limbic cortex, lower limbic system B) Lower limbic system, limbic cortex C) Limbic cortex, prefrontal cortex D) None of the above
b
2) Which of the following is FALSE? A) Volumes of cortical grey matter seem to increase during childhood, reaching peak levels at approximately the time of puberty onset, after which they gradually decline B) Volumes of cortical grey matter seem to decrease during childhood, reaching low levels at approximately the time of puberty onset, after which they gradually increase. C) Volumes of white matter show a clear linear increase throughout childhood and adolescence, maximum volumes are often reached as late as the third decade of life. D) The emergence of certain psychopathologies is probably related to anomalies or exaggerations of typical adolescent maturation processes acting in concert with psychosocial factors and/or biological environmental factors
b
4) Which of the following is not a finding mentioned in "Early life sets the stage for aging?" A) Birth size is related to total brain size B) There is no relationship between tests of intelligence in early life and later in life C) Both genes and early life variable contribute to cognitive aging D) Childhood socioeconomic status has been linked to volume of the hippocampus in older people
b
6) According to Paus, which of the following is true about substance abuse? A) adolescents are less likely to experiment with drugs B) high levels of novelty seeking is a risk factor for substance abuse C) high levels of harm avoidance is a risk factor for substance abuse D) a later onset of drug use predicts a greater severity of addiction
b
7) What is not true about the amygdala in emotion? A) People who suffer amygdala damage undergo profound changes in their emotional and social responding. B) The amygdala alerts the higher brain areas, but not the lower brain areas, when something emotionally significant happens. C) The amygdala receives information from every one of the senses. D) The amygdala activates brain nuclei that release norepinephrine, dopamine, and acetylcholine.
b
7) What is one major problem with specific accounts of developmental disorders? A) Development is progressive. B) No gene identified is expressed solely in a specific region of the neocortex. C) Cross-sectional studies. D) None of the above.
b
7) Which best describes the increased brain activity in older adults? A) there is no increase in Brain activity in older adults, only cognitive decline. B) Aging alters networks of brain activity, either by reducing the efficiency/ function or by recruitment of networks. C) New synapses are formed to compensate for age-related changes in brain structure. D) B and C E) None of the above
b
9) Which two specific regions are especially involved in emotional experience? A) Left hemisphere and right hemisphere B) Orbitofrontal gyrus and anterior cingulate gyrus C) Hypothalamus and somatosensory system D) Limbic system and somatosensory system
b
Which approach to understanding neurodevelopmental disorders suggests that development plays a crucial role in shaping outcomes at that the environment changes throughout development? a. Empiricist b. Neuroconstructivist c. Nativist
b
Why do adolescents engage in risky behavior? a. They aren't able to inhibit their behavior b. The reward they experience from the risky behavior outweighs the knowledge of risks c. They don't understand the consequences of their behavior
b
11) According to the text, human children enjoy the benefits of care from other sources in addition to biological mothers. These source(s) are: A) Pair-bonded fathers and alloparents B) Pair-bonded fathers and grandmothers C) Pair-bonded fathers, alloparents and grandmothers D) None of the above
c
11) Which of the following closely relates to the neuroconstructivist way in choosing domain of study in resulting research strategies? A) Focus on general processing efficiency and learning B) Focus on single, impaired higher-level cognitive modules C) Identify lowest level of impairment and study its developmental effects on higher-level cognition are both proficiencies and impairments D) None of the above
c
12) Damage to the ______________ will cause feelings of overwhelming depression or worry, while damage to the __________________ will cause a person to be too cheerful and will not take control of their own seriousness. A) right medial frontal cortex, left medial frontal cortex B) limbic cortex, lower limbic system C) left medial frontal cortex, right medial frontal cortex D) lower limbic system, limbic cortex
c
12) _____________ refers to the sharing of emotional experience, while _____________ refers to the sharing of emotional knowledge. A) Cognitive empathy; Affective empathy B) Emotional suppression; Cognitive reappraisal C) Affective empathy; Cognitive empathy D) Cognitive reappraisal; Emotional suppression
c
2) Once a domain relevant mechanism is repeatedly used to process a certain type of input what does it become? A) It becomes domain- general as a result of its developmental history. B) It becomes domain-relevant as a result of its developmental history. C) It becomes domain- specific as a result of its developmental history. D) None of the above.
c
3) Which disorders have the earliest onset time? A) Impulse-control disorders & mood disorders B) Mood disorders & schizophrenia C) Anxiety disorders & impulse-control disorders D) Anxiety disorders & schizophrenia
c
5) _______ is the ability to recognize and control feelings, as well as reading and responding to feelings of others. A) Social smiling B) Self-control C) Emotional Intelligence D) None of the above
c
6) The _______ is well formed by the end of gestation, and its connections to the hypothalamus and numerous brain-stem sites are fully functional. This brain structure also explains why newborns have so much emotional capacity immediately after birth. A) Orbitofrontal gyrus B) Anterior cingulate gyrus C) Amygdala D) Fornix
c
6) Which of the following is false about Nativists and/or Empiricists? A) Nativist believe that the brain has specific deficit in prewired cortical circuit and plasticity is the primarily response to damage B) Empiricists draw that there is general brain deficit expected C) Nativists primarily focus on the domain-general outcome for behavior D) Empiricists main research strategy for seeking the 'cause' of an outcome is by identifying environmental factors
c
7) Which of the following is the best explanation for why psychiatric disorders become prevalent during adolescence? A) Adolescents' dopamine receptors show decreased activity in adolescence, causing them to seek more rewarding experiences B) The underdeveloped prefrontal cortex prevents them from inhibiting unwanted thoughts and behaviors that are characteristic of major depression and anxiety disorders C) Small changes in various parts of the nervous system create many points of developmental vulnerability D) None of the above are true
c
8) What is/are reasons why the elderly use more brain activation than younger adults while doing some tasks? A) Overcompensation B) Neural Inefficiency C) A and B D) None of the above
c
9) Changes in synaptic pruning and myelination have been the most popular explanations for the _____________ findings in the adolescent brain, whereas age-related alterations in neural connectivity and neurotransmission might underlie the _____________ changes associated with adolescence. A) Functional, Structural B) Grey Matter, White Matter C) Structural, Functional D) White Matter, Grey Matter E) None of the above
c
Which brain region is involved in social behavior? a. orbitofrontal cortex b. amygdala c. all of these d. anterior cingulate cortex
c
1) What are the different aspects of the conceptual model linking cognition, brain development and cognitive development later in life? A) Lifelong behavioral economic and educational advantages B) Education C) Genes D) All of the above
d
10) Each child is born with his or her own unique emotional makeup, what we often refer to as "____". A) social-emotional growth B) emotional intelligence C) IQ D) temperament
d
11) Which of the following is true about general cognitive ability and cortical surface area? A) Those with smaller cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes. B) Those with larger cortical surface area and lower general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes. C) Those with larger cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience worse outcomes. D) Those with larger cortical surface area and higher general cognitive ability are likely to experience better outcomes.
d
11) Which structure is the "gate keeper" for emotion in the brain? A) Hippocampus B) Thalumas C) Cerebral cortex D) Amygdala
d
3) Which of the following is NOT true? A) Four-year-olds can accurately make person or situation attributions depending on the evidence presented B) Six-year-olds make more person attributions than four-year-olds C) Adolescents are more likely to override a trait bias than adults D) Adults are more sensitive to social evidence and are more likely to make a situation attribution than younger children and adolescents
d
3) Which of the following is not consistent with the neuroconstructivist approach to development? A) involves indirect, lower-level causes of abnormality and innately specified starting points that are considered to be initially domain-relevant B) fully recognizes innate biological constraints that are considered to be less detailed and less domain-specific C) the course of developmental pathways is expected to be subtly changed by the deletion, reduplication, or mispositioning of genes with strong or weak effects on outcomes D) involves identifying impairments to domain-specific cognitive modules
d
4) Which choices, might underlie the onset of anxiety and depressive disorders during adolescence? A) Robust changes in hormones and hormonal receptors B) Increasingly powerful emotional responses to social stimuli C) Rapid alterations in motivation and rewards systems D) All of the above
d
5) According to the explanation of the exploration/exploitation trade-off, what is/are the characteristic(s) of early life development? A) low executive control B) high plasticity ability C) high executive control D) A and B E) B and C
d
5) The ____________ and ____________ are structures that are known to assist in coding new information. A) White matter; hippocampus B) Gray matter; white matter C) Entorhinal cortex; myelination D) Hippocampus; entorhinal cortex
d
8) What are characteristics of human beings that make us so unique? A) Extended childhood B) Shorter interbirth intervals C) Larger brains D) All of the above
d
9) Which of the following is NOT a skill a young child would struggle with? A) executive control B) attentional focus C) working memory D) imitation
d
5) What are the current explanations for age differences in brain activity? A) Older adults show more brain activity but the same performance level as younger adults B) Older adults have equal or greater brain activity but worse performance C) Compensatory overrecruitment when older adults perform the same, but recruit a brain region that is of active in young adults. D) Older adults perform better by recruiting brain regions not seen in younger adults E) All of the above
e
6) What is "overrecruitment" in the aging brain indicative of? A) The heightened and improved ability of older adults in tasks of cognition and memory, in comparison to younger adults and adolescents B) A response to altered functions in the brain, perhaps indicative of compensatory activity C) A sign of neural inefficiency D) A and B E) B and C
e