Health and stress Module 16

Stress may indirectly and adversely affect health by ______. a disrupting sleep b the release of cortisol c increasing the intake of unhealthy foods d Both A and C

d Both A and C

Which of the following is a commonly used marker of biological aging? a Chromosome length b Centromere length c Gene length d Telomere length

d Telomere length

The fight-or-flight response involves an outpouring of _____ and _____ into the bloodstream. a estrogen; progesterone b acetylcholine; endorphins c lymphocytes; glucocorticoids d epinephrine; cortisol

d epinephrine; cortisol

According to the diathesis-stress model, what factor(s) affect our susceptibility to stress and illness? a. Genetic factors b. Environmental factors c. Both a and b d. Traumatic experiences

Both c and b

Assessing a situation as a ________ is more likely to result in a positive experience, whereas perceiving a situation as a ________ is more likely to result in the experience of stress.

Challenge; Threat

Inflammatory proteins play a key role in protecting us. Therefore, as we age, an increase in levels of inflammatory proteins is essential to our health and overall well being.

False

Match the event to the most appropriate type of stressor 1. Chronic stressor 2. Acute stressor 3. Traumatic stressor

1. Living in a high crime neighborhood 2. Being cut off in traffic 3. Witnessing a school shooting

Match the concept/theory to the appropriate scientist. 1. Fight-or-flight response 2. Stress and Coping Theory 3. External and internal factors that disturb homeostasis

1. Walter Cannon 2. Richard Lazarus and Susan Folkman 3. Hans Selye

Stress has been linked to decreased food intake as well as an increase in the intake of foods rich in sugar and fat.

True

The neurobiological response to stressors suggests stress activates various regions of the brain. According to this chapter, in what order does stress activation of these regions occur? a Amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex b Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus c Prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala d Hippocampus, amygdala, prefrontal cortex

a Amygdala, hippocampus, prefrontal cortex

Which of the following is the best example of a person's use of primary appraisal in reacting to a new job? a Deciding whether one's skills are sufficient to perform the job. b Changing one's impressions of a job in light of new information. c Deciding whether the job enhances one's self-efficacy.

a Deciding whether one's skills are sufficient to perform the job.

What is the right amount of sleep adult humans need to maintain their health and protect again the effects of stressful experiences? a It depends on the individual's biological needs b At least four hours per night c Eight hours per night d More than six hours per night

a It depends on the individual's biological needs

Based on what you have read about the relationship between social support and health, which of the following statements is most likely to be valid? a Lonely, socially isolated people tend to have more health problems. b Lonely, socially isolated people tend to be as healthy as socially integrated individuals. c Lonely, socially isolated people tend to be healthier than their socially integrated counterparts.

a Lonely, socially isolated people tend to have more health problems.

According to what you've read in the chapter, which of the following statements is NOT true? a Stress is the direct cause of psychiatric disorders. b Exposure to psychological stressors is a strong risk factor for schizophrenia and substance use disorders. c The first episodes of major depression are likely to occur following a major stressor. d People exposed to chronic childhood stressors are about twice as likely to develop a major psychiatric disorder.

a Stress is the direct cause of psychiatric disorders.

According to your text, the benefits of ______ on life span are greater than the effects of physical activity and weight loss. a social support b reduced alcohol and tobacco intake c diet d meditation

a social support

The key finding in the famous study conducted by Dr. Sheldon Cohen and colleagues (1991) was that volunteers injected with the cold virus a were more likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress. b were less likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress. c were more likely to get sick if they have a history of psychiatric problems. d were less likely to experience high levels of stress.

a were more likely to get sick if they experienced high levels of stress.

Content validity refers to ______. a when an instrument or construct measures or captures what it is intended to measure b having a large sample size c obtaining informed consent d none of the above

a when an instrument or construct measures or captures what it is intended to measure

Which set(s) of childhood stressors most strongly increased risks of psychiatric disorders? Select all that apply. a Abuse, neglect, and family violence b Parental divorce, death, and family financial hardship c Peer pressure d Parental history of criminality, substance use, and mental illness

a. Abuse, neglect, and family violence d. Parental history of criminality, substance use, and mental illness

In comparison to ___________ stressors, ____________ and traumatic stressors increase levels of inflammation that are harmful to your health.

acute; chronic

The Stress Coping Theory emphasizes the importance of an individual's _______ of an event in the stress process.

appraisal

Correlational studies indicate a relationship between extreme stressors in childhood and ___________

autoimmune diseases diseases of autoimmunity autoimmune disease auto-immune disease auto-immune diseases

Kelly alters her consciousness by focusing on her breathing to achieve a peaceful, relaxed state. Which technique best describes what Kelly is doing? a Biofeedback b Mindfulness meditation c Hypnosis d Passive coping

b Mindfulness meditation

The relationship between stress and psychopathology is well documented. One of the main frameworks through which the etiology of psychopathology is described is through the diathesis-stress model. The model suggests which of the following relationships? a There is a relationship between traumatic experiences and the development of depression. b There is a relationship between an individual's genetic predispositions and stress they experience in the development of mental disorders. c There is a relationship between an individual's genetic background and their ability to perceive stress. d There is a relationship between chronic stress and differences in an individual's style of coping with stress.

b There is a relationship between an individual's genetic predispositions and stress they experience in the development of mental disorders.

According to the diathesis-stress model, individuals who develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a traumatic experience _______. a are primarily soldiers. b have an underlying vulnerability. c have suffered multiple traumatic experiences. d lack social support.

b have an underlying vulnerability.

Acute stressors may _____ latent viruses, such as the herpes simplex virus. a cause b activate c cure d alter

b. activate

Research findings suggest physical activity helps protect us from the effects of which of the following? a Acute stressors b Chronic stressors c Acute and chronic stressors d Real but not perceived stressors

c Acute and chronic stressors

To better understand the consequences of real-world stressors on mental and physical health, scientists often use which of the following methods? a Laboratory studies b The experimental design c Correlational studies d Field studies

c Correlational studies

Everyday acute stressors can activate which of the following in our immune system to allow the body to cope with the increased risk for infection that accompanies some stressors? a Dopamine release b Low latent inhibition c Inflammatory response d Endorphin reduction

c Inflammatory response

Homeostasis is defined as which of the following? a The fight-or-flight reaction. b The body's physiological reaction to stress. c The tendency to maintain a balanced state.

c The tendency to maintain a balanced state.

Tim's mouth is dry, his palms are sweaty, and his heart is racing, as he approaches the stage to receive his diploma. Tim's experience is best described as ___________. a distress b a traumatic stressor c eustress d a threat

c eustress

Bernie is a teaching assistant for an introduction to psychology course. She has noticed that many of her students report not being able to complete assignments due to emotional and mental health-related issues. Bernie decides to email a list of resources available on campus to the class to assist students with coping with the challenges of college life. Bernie is providing ______. a emotional support b instrumental support c informational support d appraisal support

c informational support

A psychological disorder characterized by maladaptive reactions to traumatic experiences or stressors is _____. a bipolar depression b generalized anxiety disorder c posttraumatic stress disorder d poor mental health

c posttraumatic stress disorder

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) leads to the release of ______, while activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis leads to the release of ______

catecholamines; cortisol

Richard Lazarus and colleagues view stress as primarily a consequence of ______. a environmental events that impact the individual b a disruption in homeostasis c being alive d how a person appraises environmental events and the person's coping resources

d how a person appraises environmental events and the person's coping resources

Jim has been feeling stressed at work for a long time. He has decided to increase behaviors that have been shown to help reduce the effects of psychological distress. Jim should engage in all of these, EXCEPT a learning relaxation techniques b joining a gym c eating fresh fruits and vegetables d taking a sleep aid to ensure he gets enough rest

d taking a sleep aid to ensure he gets enough rest

Stressors produce _____ changes. a. cognitive b. emotional c. physiological d. All of the above

d. all of the above

Which of the following health behaviors are identified in this chapter as being powerful factors for buffering the negative effects of stress? a Eating a healthy diet b Getting enough sleep c Having a strong social support system d Exercising regularly e All of the above

e All of the above

According to the Whitehall Study _________ are a major risk factor for _________, a precursor to cardiovascular disease (CVD).

job-related stressors; metabolic syndrome

Personality traits may serve to reduce our risk of developing a cold when we are exposed to stressors.

true

Stress can have positive effects on our functioning and enhance our ability to thrive.

true

There is increasing evidence for the negative effect of acute and chronic stressors on cardiovascular health.

true