health psychology
Based on the results of the Alameda County Study, what recommendation should a health care provider make to a patient seeking to achieve a state of long-term healthiness
"Try your best to engage in several healthful behaviors as a matter of habit"
Elaine is asked by her health psychology professor to conduct correlation analyses to evaluate the relationship among a set of physiological measures. Which coefficient would Elaine identify as the weakest correlation between variables
.07
As of 2016, more than ___ adults aged 18 or older were overweight, and of those, ___ were obese
1.9 billion; 650 million
Every day, _____ people die as a result of cigarette smoking, and those deaths come _____ years earlier, on average, compared to nonsmokers.
1300; 10
Among teens having sex, what percentage report using no method for preventing unintended pregnancy
14%
Marisol and her friends want to start a program of aerobic exercise (also known as cardio) and strength training activities. What is the current U.S. Department of Health and Human Services recommendation for healthy adults for activity of this type?
150 minutes of moderate-intensity cardio and at least two days of strength training a week
According to the international body mass index (BMI) classifications for adults, which measurement is correctly matched with its classification?
24.1 - normal
More than ___ of adults in the United States are obese
39%
Felix was born in the United States in 2018. Statistically speaking, his life expectancy will be
78.7 years
Nunzio is a resident of a high-income country. Statistically, he is more likely to die from ___ than from ___
Alzheimer's disease; road injury
What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable
An independent variable is manipulated, whereas a dependent variable is not
Which statement regarding marijuana is TRUE
Approximately 50% of people who use marijuana report using it just for fun
Lindsey finds that the number of arm tattoos a person has is correlated +.87 with the likelihood of that person riding a motorcycle. What does this correlation coefficient indicate
As the number of arm tattoos increases, the likelihood of riding a motorcycle also tends to increase
Which statement is correct about a person's likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease
Because APOE-e4 is a risk gene rather than a deterministic gene, it means that having this gene will increase the likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease but will not cause the disease directly
Patrice wakes up in the middle of the night with an upset stomach. As she vomits, she recalls that the pork chop she ate earlier seemed a little undercooked. She assumes that she most likely experienced food poisoning. Patrice is operating under the _____ model of illness.
Common-sense
Why is it important to consider levels of causation when explaining risk taking behavior
Different casual agents have different degrees of influence over behavior and controllability by the actor
Women tend to live longer than men, children tend to be healthier than adults, and less educated people tend to be less healthy. These are all examples of
Health disparities
How do health goals differ from health values
Health goals invoke a future state of possible health, whereas health values refer to the importance placed on practicing health behaviors
A person who experiences stress and then craves a cigarette in order to alleviate that stress is experiencing a(n)
Covert antecedent
How do the leading causes of death in the United States in 2018 compare to those in 1900
Currently, people are living with (and dying from ) chronic illnesses rather than acute illnesses
What trend in seatbelt use has been evident in the United States
Seatbelt use is at an all-time high, with close to 90% of people practicing this behavior
In the transtheoretical model, how does precontemplation differ from contemplation
In the precontemplation stage, there is no intention to change, whereas in the contemplation stage, a person recognizes a need to change.
Which example illustrates systems theory?
Neighborhood residents form a group to lose 20 pounds per household; their positive results lead other neighbors to do likewise and the larger community to institute a wellness program
Compared to the others, who has the statistically highest risk for developing Alzheimer's disease
Steve, who has inherited the APOE-e4 gene from both parents.
How do high-functioning alcoholics differ from problem drinkers
Problem drinkers are able to return to responsible social drinking when motivated, whereas high-functioning alcoholics are physiologically addicted to alcohol.
A researcher studying epidemiology would MOST likely be interested in
determining the factors that are correlated with a disease
Dr. Bryant is interested in the safer sex practices of 25-year-olds and 50-year-olds. She interviews 100 people in each cohort and asks them to describe their safer sex practices, then compares their responses. What type of study is Dr. Bryant conducting?
developmental
Multiple sources of evidence indicate that adolescence is a time of enhanced risk taking in pursuit of reward satisfaction. At a biological level, reward attainment affects the
dopaminergic system
A health care professional who believes that the mind has no connection to the body would be MOST likely to subscribe to the tenets of
dualism
When things are going well in his life, Sam seems to eat a diet that is healthier and more well-balanced than he does when stressful events and major hassles are present. Sam would best be classified as a(n) _____ eater.
emotional
The intersection of applying clinical expertise, understanding the best current research evidence, and respecting a patient's values and preferences results in
evidence-based practice
Research involving random assignment to testing conditions and manipulation of an independent variable is classified as
experimental research
During a night's sleep, people cycle through ___ stages multiple times
four
Deterministic genes for Alzheimer's disease
are the direct cause of one form of Alzheimer's disease
Growing up, Hector regularly ate dinner with his family every night around 8:00 P.M. Now that he is an adult, he has noticed a number of outcomes that may be linked to his habit of dining later in the evening. Which behavior would Hector MOST likely exhibit?
greater consumption of calories
Pierre is deciding whether he should get a flu shot this year. According to the _____, he would base his decision on factors such as his susceptibility to getting the flu, the benefit of flu shots, and how easily he can get a flu shot.
health beliefs model
Differences in overall health, access to quality health care, and health outcomes are collectively referred to as
health disparities
When a health behavior becomes a routine part of daily life, it has transformed into a
health habit
Getting enough sleep, eating well, and getting enough exercise are examples of
health promotion
Emilio recently failed an exam. Given his high external locus of control, who or what is he LEAST likely to blame for his failure
himself
Mario wants to stop smoking. After not smoking for a month, he relapsed and smoked two cigarettes. According to the relapse prevention model, what is the MOST important factor in determining whether Mario will relapse again?
his ability to cope
Health psychology is defined as the study of
biological, psychological, and social influences on health and illness
___ is an eating disorder characterized by consuming large quantities of food and then engaging in compulsive behaviors to purge
bulimia nervosa
Which statement is an accurate example of the concept of incidence
The rate of influenza among children held steady last month
Which statement regarding the relationship between hypotheses and theories is accurate
Theories generate hypotheses
Ivan exercises regularly and eats a balanced and healthy diet. One day, after an especially strenuous workout, he feels especially hungry. Ivan's stronger-than-usual hunger most likely results from signals from the _____ in his brain.
hypothalamus
Rochelle took a drug that made her feel like she was separate from her body and her environment. She was most likely taking
a dissociative drug
Carlo's obituary read, in part "... and he died suddenly after a brief illness." The cause of Carlo's death is MOST likely to have been a(n) ___ disorder
acute
What animal was recently added to the Endangered Species Act in the US and removed from federally funded invasive research programs
chimpanzees
A researcher who assumes there is an explanatory third variable that underlies both the onset of an eating disorder and the development of personality traits is most likely endorsing the _____ model.
common cause
The presence of more than one condition at the same time, such as depression and anxiety or ingesting cocaine and drinking alcohol heavily, is known as
comorbidity
The theoretical perspective that someone's personality can change as a result of the onset of an eating disorder is known as the:
complication model
Since 2013, cases of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and syphilis have all ___ in the United States
increased
The REM stage of sleep is seen as a paradox because brain activity is significantly
increased and the body becomes more relaxed
Why is central obesity more dangerous than the accumulation of fat in other parts of the body
it indicates that the fat deposits are forming around internal organs
The common-sense model of illness is based on people's representations of health and illness. What do these representations include?
labels for symptoms, emotional reactions, beliefs about illness
Which hormone plays an important role in regulating eating, weight, and obesity
leptin
Approximately 30% of the US population has or will have hypertension at some point. This statistic is an example of
lifetime prevalence
What is the leading cause of disease in low-income countries
lower respiratory infections
The World Health Organization (WHO) defines a healthy diet as one that maintains or improves health, protects against malnutrition, and:
lowers the risk of chronic diseases
___ is a diagnostic and screening test critical for early detection and treatment of cancer within the breasts and surrounding tissue
mammogram
In a study of elite athletes, it was found for every 10 push-ups beyond 25 that an athlete could perform, their resting heart rate decreased by 2 beats per minute. The relationship between these two variables is an example of a
negative correlation
Anorexia nervosa is most common in
non-Hispanic white women
Which group of Americans tends to have the lowest rate of fast-food consumption
people age 60 and older
Which element represents the social context in the theory of triadic influences
perceived norms
Jose, a clinical health researcher, often uses inert pills that look identical to brand-name aspirin in his studies of how expectations affect adherence to medical advice. These pills are known as a
placebo
Xiao Ling wants to start exercising regularly. She has purchased running shoes and has joined a gym. Xiao Ling is most likely to be in the _____ stage of the transtheoretical model.
preparation
A state governor asks her chief epidemiologist for a report summarizing the total number of cases of measles in five key counties over the past year. The governor is asking for a(n)
prevalence report
Dr. Wong finds that adolescents tend to engage in risky behaviors, such as smoking cigarettes or drinking alcohol, as a means of fitting in with others. Dr. Wong most likely endorses the _____ as an explanation for risk taking.
problem behavior theory
Peng is conducting a longitudinal study of mental health outcomes of immigrant African students enrolled in predominantly white universities. He follows a group of 100 individuals who enrolled during the fall 2016 semester and whom he intends to interview in a consistent and systematic manner every year in November until 2026. This type of methodology is known as a _____ study.
prospective
A practitioner who endorses the view that a patient's hidden emotional conflicts are a cause of the patient's physical symptoms is MOST likely to be a:
psychoanalyst
An epidemiologist is investigating the number of days from initial exposure to a pathogen to the first sign of symptoms in patients. "Number of days" is an example of a(n)
quantitative variable
Which behavior is the BEST example of disease prevention
quitting smoking
The term for the procedure used to ensure that experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might have an impact on the results of an experiment is
random assignment
Which statement regarding exercise is NOT true
regular exercise provides the greatest benefit to middle-ages women
A characteristic or condition (such as smoking) that occurs with greater frequency in people with a disease (such as lung cancer) than it does in disease-free people is known as a(n)
risk factor
Cirrhosis results from
scar tissue forming and blocking the flow of blood to the liver as a result of heavy alcohol use
A person is said to be in the maintenance phase of the transtheoretical model if they have engaged in behavioral changes for _____ or longer.
six months
The most common cancer in the United States is
skin cancer
The cumulative effects of loss of sleep over time can have a negative impact on health and well-being. The more common name for this condition is
sleep debt
The conditions or environments in which people live, work, and socialize are known as ___ in the context of illness and health.
social determinants of health
Increasing sales tax on products such as alcohol and tobacco are examples of
social engineering
Studies that examine the impact of early social environments, lifetime genetic inheritance, and current hormonal levels on individuals' diagnoses of chronic disease are part of an emerging field called
social genomics
Feelings of extreme energy and a racing heart are common side effects from taking which type of drug
stimulants
Black bile, blood, and phlegm are aspects of which theory
the humoral theory of illness
Chronic stress can impact the functioning of a person's autonomic nervous system. This observation lends support to the view that
the mind and the body are connected in some way
What is the thrifty gene hypothesis
the proposal that evolution led humans to store body fat when food was abundant as a protection against times when food was scarce
Despite their geographic and economic diversity, what attributes do Blue Zone centenarians tend to have in common
they consume a plant-based diet, engage in moderate physical activity, and avoid smoking
Food insecurity in the United States most often takes the form of
worrying that a food supply will run out
Jonas severely restricts his caloric intake and methodically weighs himself to ensure that he is not gaining weight. However, Jonas perceives himself to be overweight. Which eating disorder does Jonas most likely have?
Anorexia nervosa
Beatriz is collecting data from participants in a research study, but she doesn't know if the participants are in the experimental or the control group. The participants themselves don't know whether they're receiving an experimental or a traditional treatment. Dr. Buonorotti knows which group each participant is in, but he is neither interacting with the participants nor collecting any data. What type of research design is being utilized?
Double-blind experiment
Which statement regarding tobacco is correct
E-cigarette use is on the rise among middle school and high school students
Compared to the others, which group of Americans tends to have the highest rate of beef consumption
Hispanics
How effective are workplace interventions promoting health and wellness
Not very effective; enrollment tends to be low, and efficacy is uncertain
Elizabeth became intoxicated from drinking heavily last night and did some embarrassing things she now regrets. Which theory explains her behavior as a result of alcohol distorting Elizabeth's perceptions of reality and the rationality of choices she made?
alcohol myopia theory
What term is used to describe genetic information that is contained in microbes found in the gastrointestinal tract
microbiome
Tracy has a body mass index (BMI) of 35. Tracy's weight would be classified as
obese
During her annual checkup, Allison's physician discovers that Allison has high blood pressure. This assessment is an example of
objective health
Dr. Gujarat asserts that people who have positive attitudes about limiting their alcohol intake, who have support from friends, and who believe they can control their drinking will be more successful in drinking less. Dr. Gujarat applies the _____ in her approach.
theory of planned behavior
The ___ proposes that health decisions are in part based on attitudes toward a behavior, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control
theory of planned behavior