Health Psychology Exam 2: 6-11, 13
Collins et al. (1990) reported that more than ______ percent of the cancer patients in their study reported at least some beneficial changes in their life as a result of the cancer.
90
Which of the following statements is true about hostility in people?
Adult men show higher hostility than women.
According to a study by Troxel et al. (2003), _______ are disproportionately exposed to chronic stress and are at an elevated risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).
African Americans
________ refers to the evaluation of whether one feels good or bad about one's personal qualities and attributes.
Self-esteem
Which of the following statements is true about physical therapists?
They administer and interpret tests of muscle strength, motor development, functional capacity, and respiratory and circulatory efficiency.
In the context of coronary heart disease (CHD), which of the following statements is true about women?
They experience an increased risk of CHD after menopause.
_______ is a useful indicator of the functional capacity of recovering myocardial infarction patients.
Treadmill test
Immediately after a chronic health disorder is diagnosed, a patient can be in a state of crisis marked by physical, social, and psychological disequilibrium. If the patient's usual coping efforts fail to resolve these problems, the result can be
an exaggeration of symptoms and their meaning
coping style
an individual's preferred method of dealing with stressful situations
According to the research by Gallacher et al., (1999) and Boyle et al., (2004), which of the following emotions increases the risk of heart disease, predicts poor likelihood of survival, and acts as a potential trigger for heart attacks.
anger
Type II diabetes
is a non-insulin-dependent diabetes
Which of the following predicts adherence to chronic disease regimens?
knowledge of the treatment regimen
During cardiac rehabilitation of a patient, social support is
likely to cause marital strain when it is provided by the spouse
Unlike anxiety and denial, depression
may be a long-term reaction to chronic health disorders
Adam works with cancer patients at County General Hospital. His particular specialty is in enabling the newly diagnosed cancer patients to understand the health disorder and its treatment and to negotiate the difficult emotional and social identity issues associated with the health disorder. He is a
medical social worker
Gerard is obese around the waist. He has high blood pressure and low levels of good cholesterol. These are symptomatic of
metabolic syndrome
The combination of obesity centered around the waist, high blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of HDL cholesterol are symptomatic of
metabolic syndrome
A systolic pressure consistently between 140 and 159 indicates
mild hypertension
invisible support
support received from another person that is outside the recipient's awareness
Cynical hostility is characterized by
suspiciousness
buffering hypothesis
the hypothesis that coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress
matching hypothesis
the hypothesis that social support is helpful to an individual to the extent that the kind of support offered satisfies the individual's specific needs
Successful cardiac rehabilitation depends critically on
the patient's active participation and commitment
psychological control
the perception that one has at one's disposal a response that will reduce, minimize, eliminate, or offset the adverse effects of an unpleasant event, such as a medical procedure
emotional-approach coping
the process of clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor; generally has positive effects on psychological functioning and health
coping
the process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources
informational support
the provision of information to a person experiencing stress by friends, family, and other people in the individual's social network; believed to help reduce the distressing and health-compromising effects of stress
tangible assistance
the provision of material support by one person to another, such as services, financial assistance, or goods
approach (confrontative, vigilant) coping style
the tendency to cope with stressful events by tackling them directly and attempting to develop solutions; may ultimately be an especially effective method of coping, although it may produce accompanying distress
avoidant (minimizing) coping style
the tendency to cope with threatening by withdrawing, minimizing, or avoiding them; believed to be an effective short-term, though not an effective long-term, response to stress
direct effects hypothesis
the theory that coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress
Which of the following is a goal of physical rehabilitation?
to learn the ways of controlling energy expenditure
Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are used in cardiac rehabilitation
to resist the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation
Which of the following best predicts compliance with a diabetic treatment regimen?
training diabetics in self-management and problem-solving skills
Assessment of quality of life
assesses the impact of treatments
problem-focused coping
attempts to do something constructive about the stressful situations that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individual
Alex is suffering from migraine. He avoids it completely by eating and sleeping excessively. Which of the following coping strategies is Alex using here?
behavioral escape
The perception and evaluation of one's physical functioning and appearance comprise one's
body image
CPR is
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
According to a study of hypertension risk factors by Ewart (1991), a family environment that fosters _______ contributes to hypertension.
chronic anger
Stress management programs are increasingly incorporated into physical treatment regimens because of the debilitating effects of stress on
chronic diseases
Daniel is suffering from diabetes. He constantly wishes that his medical condition would disappear. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Daniel is more likely using a ________ strategy.
cognitive escape
Which of the following personality qualities reflects a positive caring orientation to others?
communion
People who are diagnosed with hypertension are advised to
consume low-sodium foods
Patients with myocardial infraction are treated in a _________ unit where their cardiac functioning is continually monitored.
coronary care
Depression exacerbates the course of several chronic disorders, most notably
coronary heart disease
Raj, who complains of chest pain, is admitted to a hospital. The diagnosis reveals that his blood vessels have narrowed and the flow of oxygen and nourishment to his heart is partially obstructed. He is most likely suffering from
coronary heart disease
The risk factors for stroke
include cigarette smoking
One of the chief changes brought by chronic health disorder is an
increased dependency of the chronically ill person on other family members.
emotional support
indications from other people that one is loved, valued, and cared for; believed to be an important aspect of social support during times of stress
Stroke patients with right-brain damage suffer a condition called alexithymia, which is characterized by
indifference to one's situation
stress carriers
individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own level of stress
social support
information from other people that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation
stress moderators
internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects
control-enhancing interventions
interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments
_______ remains an underdiagnosed and untreated contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality.
Depression
_________ involves a delicate balance between insulin production and insulin responsiveness.
Glucose metabolism
Which of the following is true of denial?
It is a defense mechanism by which people avoid the implications of a health disorder.
Which of the following statements is true of depression?
It is an independent risk factor for CHD.
Which of the following statements is true about diastolic pressure?
It is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed.
Which of the following is true of caregiving?
It threatens the health of elderly caregivers.
Which of the following is true about body image?
Negative evaluations last longer in chronically ill patients.
In the context of gender and the impact of chronic health disorders, identify a true statement about women with chronic health disorders.
Women with chronic health disorders experience more deficits in social support than do men with chronic health disorders.
The personality quality "agency" is associated with
a focus on oneself
self-esteem
a global evaluation of one's qualities and attributes
negative affectivity
a personality variable marked by a pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility; believed to be implicated in the experience of symptoms, the seeking of medical treatment, and possibly illness
stress management
a program for dealing with stress in which people learn how they appraise stressful events, develop skills for coping with stress, and practice putting these skills into effect
Which of the following instruments is used to assess hypertension?
a sphygmomanometer
Which of the following factors is an indication of high risk for diabetes?
abnormal glycemic responsiveness to stress
Succeeding through vocational and avocational activities is also an important source of self-esteem and the self-concept. Which self-evaluation aspect of the self-concept explains this?
achieving self
Analyses of the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing the stress associated with chronic health disorders conclude that
active coping is more consistently associated with good adjustment
Eric works with people with diabetes. He helps them learn to control their caloric intake and the types of foods they eat. he is a
dietitian
Patients with right-brain damage due to stroke typically suffer
difficulty in processing visual feedback
Robert is suffering from cancer. In order to cope with the stress associated with it and to know more about his condition, he regularly speaks about the disorder with his friends and family. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Robert is most likely using a ________ strategy.
direct problem solving
Denial serves as a protective function
during the acute phase of the health disorder
emotion-focused coping
efforts to regulate emotions associated with a stressful encounter; can be associated with distress
Chronic health disorders are
either moderate or severe and life-threatening
The prevalence of hypertension among lower-income African Americans is most likely due to
greater body mass
Which of the following activities is performed by physical therapists?
helping people with muscle, nerve, or bone diseases or injuries overcome their disabilities
Anxiety is ______ when anticipating or experiencing adverse side effects of treatment.
high
Which of the following job factors are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)?
high work demands and low control
Up to _________ of all medical inpatients with chronic disease suffer from severe depression.
one-quarter
During physical rehabilitation, patients need a _______ management program for the alleviation of discomfort.
pain
Cardiac invalidism occurs when
patients and their spouses underestimate a patient's physical abilities
Immediately after a chronic health disorder is diagnosed,
patients experience a psychological disequilibrium
In a study of cardiac invalidism (Taylor et al., 1985), wives' perceptions of their husbands' cardiac and physical efficiency were highest when they had
personally experienced the treadmill task themselves
James works with patients injured in motorcycle accidents. He helps them learn to use adaptive devices to perform tasks and become accustomed to new ways of performing old tasks. He is a
physical therapist
Which of the following activities is performed by occupational therapists?
planning and directing recreational activities to help patients become more self-sufficient
Which of the following focuses on the effect of a chronic health disorder on a patient's ambitions, goals, and desires for the future?
private self
Family support of a chronically ill patient is especially important because they
promote adherence to treatment
Which of the following is a component of quality of life?
psychological status
During the initial treatment for myocardial infarction, a patient who copes by using denial is likely to have
reduced anxiety
The website WebMD is
scrupulously careful about the information they post
The stable set of beliefs about one's qualities and abilities is known as
self-concept
Depression is typically treated with Prozac, which is a
serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Individuals who are high in hostility
show exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity
time management
skills for learning how to use one's time more effectively to accomplish one's goals
Hostile people exhibit a ________ response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.
weak antagonistic
Medical measures of quality of life are
weakly related with patients' and relatives' assessments
Most caregiving for the chronically ill is provided by
women