Health Psychology Exam 2: 6-11, 13

Collins et al. (1990) reported that more than ______ percent of the cancer patients in their study reported at least some beneficial changes in their life as a result of the cancer.

90

Which of the following statements is true about hostility in people?

Adult men show higher hostility than women.

According to a study by Troxel et al. (2003), _______ are disproportionately exposed to chronic stress and are at an elevated risk for coronary heart disease (CHD).

African Americans

________ refers to the evaluation of whether one feels good or bad about one's personal qualities and attributes.

Self-esteem

Which of the following statements is true about physical therapists?

They administer and interpret tests of muscle strength, motor development, functional capacity, and respiratory and circulatory efficiency.

In the context of coronary heart disease (CHD), which of the following statements is true about women?

They experience an increased risk of CHD after menopause.

_______ is a useful indicator of the functional capacity of recovering myocardial infarction patients.

Treadmill test

Immediately after a chronic health disorder is diagnosed, a patient can be in a state of crisis marked by physical, social, and psychological disequilibrium. If the patient's usual coping efforts fail to resolve these problems, the result can be

an exaggeration of symptoms and their meaning

coping style

an individual's preferred method of dealing with stressful situations

According to the research by Gallacher et al., (1999) and Boyle et al., (2004), which of the following emotions increases the risk of heart disease, predicts poor likelihood of survival, and acts as a potential trigger for heart attacks.

anger

Type II diabetes

is a non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Which of the following predicts adherence to chronic disease regimens?

knowledge of the treatment regimen

During cardiac rehabilitation of a patient, social support is

likely to cause marital strain when it is provided by the spouse

Unlike anxiety and denial, depression

may be a long-term reaction to chronic health disorders

Adam works with cancer patients at County General Hospital. His particular specialty is in enabling the newly diagnosed cancer patients to understand the health disorder and its treatment and to negotiate the difficult emotional and social identity issues associated with the health disorder. He is a

medical social worker

Gerard is obese around the waist. He has high blood pressure and low levels of good cholesterol. These are symptomatic of

metabolic syndrome

The combination of obesity centered around the waist, high blood pressure, high levels of triglycerides, and low levels of HDL cholesterol are symptomatic of

metabolic syndrome

A systolic pressure consistently between 140 and 159 indicates

mild hypertension

invisible support

support received from another person that is outside the recipient's awareness

Cynical hostility is characterized by

suspiciousness

buffering hypothesis

the hypothesis that coping resources are useful primarily under conditions of high stress and not necessarily under conditions of low stress

matching hypothesis

the hypothesis that social support is helpful to an individual to the extent that the kind of support offered satisfies the individual's specific needs

Successful cardiac rehabilitation depends critically on

the patient's active participation and commitment

psychological control

the perception that one has at one's disposal a response that will reduce, minimize, eliminate, or offset the adverse effects of an unpleasant event, such as a medical procedure

emotional-approach coping

the process of clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor; generally has positive effects on psychological functioning and health

coping

the process of trying to manage demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding one's resources

informational support

the provision of information to a person experiencing stress by friends, family, and other people in the individual's social network; believed to help reduce the distressing and health-compromising effects of stress

tangible assistance

the provision of material support by one person to another, such as services, financial assistance, or goods

approach (confrontative, vigilant) coping style

the tendency to cope with stressful events by tackling them directly and attempting to develop solutions; may ultimately be an especially effective method of coping, although it may produce accompanying distress

avoidant (minimizing) coping style

the tendency to cope with threatening by withdrawing, minimizing, or avoiding them; believed to be an effective short-term, though not an effective long-term, response to stress

direct effects hypothesis

the theory that coping resources, such as social support, have beneficial psychological and health effects under conditions of both high stress and low stress

Which of the following is a goal of physical rehabilitation?

to learn the ways of controlling energy expenditure

Beta-adrenergic blocking drugs are used in cardiac rehabilitation

to resist the effects of sympathetic nervous system stimulation

Which of the following best predicts compliance with a diabetic treatment regimen?

training diabetics in self-management and problem-solving skills

Assessment of quality of life

assesses the impact of treatments

problem-focused coping

attempts to do something constructive about the stressful situations that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individual

Alex is suffering from migraine. He avoids it completely by eating and sleeping excessively. Which of the following coping strategies is Alex using here?

behavioral escape

The perception and evaluation of one's physical functioning and appearance comprise one's

body image

CPR is

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

According to a study of hypertension risk factors by Ewart (1991), a family environment that fosters _______ contributes to hypertension.

chronic anger

Stress management programs are increasingly incorporated into physical treatment regimens because of the debilitating effects of stress on

chronic diseases

Daniel is suffering from diabetes. He constantly wishes that his medical condition would disappear. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Daniel is more likely using a ________ strategy.

cognitive escape

Which of the following personality qualities reflects a positive caring orientation to others?

communion

People who are diagnosed with hypertension are advised to

consume low-sodium foods

Patients with myocardial infraction are treated in a _________ unit where their cardiac functioning is continually monitored.

coronary care

Depression exacerbates the course of several chronic disorders, most notably

coronary heart disease

Raj, who complains of chest pain, is admitted to a hospital. The diagnosis reveals that his blood vessels have narrowed and the flow of oxygen and nourishment to his heart is partially obstructed. He is most likely suffering from

coronary heart disease

The risk factors for stroke

include cigarette smoking

One of the chief changes brought by chronic health disorder is an

increased dependency of the chronically ill person on other family members.

emotional support

indications from other people that one is loved, valued, and cared for; believed to be an important aspect of social support during times of stress

Stroke patients with right-brain damage suffer a condition called alexithymia, which is characterized by

indifference to one's situation

stress carriers

individuals who create stress for others without necessarily increasing their own level of stress

social support

information from other people that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation

stress moderators

internal and external resources and vulnerabilities that modify how stress is experienced and its effects

control-enhancing interventions

interventions with patients who are awaiting treatment for the purpose of enhancing their perceptions of control over those treatments

_______ remains an underdiagnosed and untreated contributor to coronary heart disease (CHD) morbidity and mortality.

Depression

_________ involves a delicate balance between insulin production and insulin responsiveness.

Glucose metabolism

Which of the following is true of denial?

It is a defense mechanism by which people avoid the implications of a health disorder.

Which of the following statements is true of depression?

It is an independent risk factor for CHD.

Which of the following statements is true about diastolic pressure?

It is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed.

Which of the following is true of caregiving?

It threatens the health of elderly caregivers.

Which of the following is true about body image?

Negative evaluations last longer in chronically ill patients.

In the context of gender and the impact of chronic health disorders, identify a true statement about women with chronic health disorders.

Women with chronic health disorders experience more deficits in social support than do men with chronic health disorders.

The personality quality "agency" is associated with

a focus on oneself

self-esteem

a global evaluation of one's qualities and attributes

negative affectivity

a personality variable marked by a pervasive negative mood, including anxiety, depression, and hostility; believed to be implicated in the experience of symptoms, the seeking of medical treatment, and possibly illness

stress management

a program for dealing with stress in which people learn how they appraise stressful events, develop skills for coping with stress, and practice putting these skills into effect

Which of the following instruments is used to assess hypertension?

a sphygmomanometer

Which of the following factors is an indication of high risk for diabetes?

abnormal glycemic responsiveness to stress

Succeeding through vocational and avocational activities is also an important source of self-esteem and the self-concept. Which self-evaluation aspect of the self-concept explains this?

achieving self

Analyses of the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing the stress associated with chronic health disorders conclude that

active coping is more consistently associated with good adjustment

Eric works with people with diabetes. He helps them learn to control their caloric intake and the types of foods they eat. he is a

dietitian

Patients with right-brain damage due to stroke typically suffer

difficulty in processing visual feedback

Robert is suffering from cancer. In order to cope with the stress associated with it and to know more about his condition, he regularly speaks about the disorder with his friends and family. In the context of coping strategies and chronic health disorders, Robert is most likely using a ________ strategy.

direct problem solving

Denial serves as a protective function

during the acute phase of the health disorder

emotion-focused coping

efforts to regulate emotions associated with a stressful encounter; can be associated with distress

Chronic health disorders are

either moderate or severe and life-threatening

The prevalence of hypertension among lower-income African Americans is most likely due to

greater body mass

Which of the following activities is performed by physical therapists?

helping people with muscle, nerve, or bone diseases or injuries overcome their disabilities

Anxiety is ______ when anticipating or experiencing adverse side effects of treatment.

high

Which of the following job factors are associated with increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)?

high work demands and low control

Up to _________ of all medical inpatients with chronic disease suffer from severe depression.

one-quarter

During physical rehabilitation, patients need a _______ management program for the alleviation of discomfort.

pain

Cardiac invalidism occurs when

patients and their spouses underestimate a patient's physical abilities

Immediately after a chronic health disorder is diagnosed,

patients experience a psychological disequilibrium

In a study of cardiac invalidism (Taylor et al., 1985), wives' perceptions of their husbands' cardiac and physical efficiency were highest when they had

personally experienced the treadmill task themselves

James works with patients injured in motorcycle accidents. He helps them learn to use adaptive devices to perform tasks and become accustomed to new ways of performing old tasks. He is a

physical therapist

Which of the following activities is performed by occupational therapists?

planning and directing recreational activities to help patients become more self-sufficient

Which of the following focuses on the effect of a chronic health disorder on a patient's ambitions, goals, and desires for the future?

private self

Family support of a chronically ill patient is especially important because they

promote adherence to treatment

Which of the following is a component of quality of life?

psychological status

During the initial treatment for myocardial infarction, a patient who copes by using denial is likely to have

reduced anxiety

The website WebMD is

scrupulously careful about the information they post

The stable set of beliefs about one's qualities and abilities is known as

self-concept

Depression is typically treated with Prozac, which is a

serotonin reuptake inhibitor

Individuals who are high in hostility

show exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity

time management

skills for learning how to use one's time more effectively to accomplish one's goals

Hostile people exhibit a ________ response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.

weak antagonistic

Medical measures of quality of life are

weakly related with patients' and relatives' assessments

Most caregiving for the chronically ill is provided by

women