Health Psychology final exam
Hypothalamus
- CRH -CRH —> pituitary gland -pituitary glad secretes ACTH
4 types of cancers
- carcinomas - sarcomas - leukemias - lymphomas
Pituitary gland
- under the influence of the hypothalamus -regulates growth and control other endocrine glands
limbic sustem
-Associated with emotions and certain drives -Includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus
Theories of stress
-Fight or flight -General adaptation syndrome (selye) -Transactional model (Lazarus and folkman) - cognitive appraisal model (Lazarus)
Cancer
-a collection of cells -raid reproduction of irregular cells forming a tumor -results from a dysfunction in the cells DNA -tumor cells reproduce at different rates
Biopsychosocial (BPS)
-biological component -social component -psychological component •hierarchical view of natural systems
Fight or flight response
-body's acute adaptation response to stressors. It results in activation of the SAM system. •sympathetic nervous system is activated; adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
Malignant tumors
-cancerous, life threatening large mass, cells multiply uncontrollably -if left undetected the tumor can spread to other parts of the body
Leukemias
-cancers of the blood producing tissue (example: bone marrow) -leading to proliferation of white blood cells
Scientific thinking involves...
-critical thinking -using scientific method to explore the relationship between variables
Theories of stress
-fight or flight -general adaptation syndrome -transactional model/cognitive appraisal model
Benefits of physical activity and biologically appropriate (BA) exercises
-fosters the growth of new and stronger muscles in men -tones and strengthens muscles in women
Carcinomas cancer
-infectious tumor of the skin and organ cells -about 85% of all cancers
Benign tumor
-large mass of overgrown cells -grow in size, do not spread to other parts of the body -usually can be removed safely without damage to other body tissues and organs
Descriptive studies
-often conducted wherever people spend time -includes case studies, surveys, and interviews and naturalistic studies -have no direct control over variables -subject to bias of observer
High intensity interval training
-short duration, maximum intensity training -promotes the growth of fast and ultrafast twitch muscle fibers -generate a massive release of anabolic hormone -increased the VO2 max and anaerobic capacity
Biomedical health model
-traditional model -illness = biological malfunction •illness always has a biological cause •concentration on physical body -based on germ cellular theory -assumes that disease = result of a pathogen -assumes a mind-body dualism
Give at least 3 reasons why saturated fats are not always bad
1. Give us energy 2. Protects cell membrane 3. They don't cause inflammation
Two major stress systems
1. Sympathetic-adrenal-medullary (SAM) system 2. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA/HPAC) system
The blockage in cerebral artery that cuts off or reduces blood supply is called _______, while _______ happens suddenly, but more damaging and more likely to cause death A. Hemorrhage, infraction B. Infraction, thrombosis C. Infraction, hemorrhage D. Hemorrhage, embolus
C
The most accurate measurement of one's healthy weight A. Height, weight, and age B. Body mass index (BMI) C. Waist size D. Number of pounds
C
Type 2 diabetes can be prevented by doing which of the following? A. Taking a baby aspirin in order to control inflammation B. Using daily injection of insulin C. Changing diet, regulating weight, and exercising regularly D. Taking a medication that lowers cholesterol
C
Uncontrollable risks factors for CVD include everything except A. Genetics B. Age and gender C. Socio- economic status D. Race/ethnicity
C
Which is NOT true about waist-to-hip ratio? A. An indication of HPAC activation B. Storage of fat in abdomen, not the hips C. Less accurate measure of health D. Called stress fat
C
Health consequences of diabetes include the following: A. Leading cause of blindness among adults B. Leads to amputation of extremities C. Leads to end-stage kidney disease D. All of them are correct E. (A) and (c) only
D
In order to prevent calcium build up around our heart, _____ needs to be taken A. Potassium B. Copper C. Chromium D. K2 E. B12
D
epinephrine and norepinephrine are the hormones behind your _____________ response
Fight or flight response
Stomach
Food mixes with hydrochloric acid and pepsin, an enzyme that breaks down proteins
Explain the importance of consuming foods with low Glycemic Index (GI)
Food with a low GI tend to have consistent glucose levels
Gene's nutritionist encourages her to limit her intake of __________ because it has to many negative health consequences including extra-weight
Fructose
Nonspecific immunity response
General defenses against antigens -skin, saliva, perspiration -lymphocytes
While _______ is an appetite stimulant produced by stomach, the _____ is a satiety hormone
Ghrelin; leptin
________ acts to increase blood sugar levels
Glucagon
The adrenal cortex produces
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Carbohydrates provide _______
Glucose
While _____ is an example of a simple carbohydrates, _____ is an example of a complex carbohydrates.
Glucose/fructose; starch
Carbohydrates: Mono —> ______ Ploy —> ______
Mono ——> simple Ploy—-> complex
Esophagus
Muscular tube that contracts rhythmically to propel food downward (peristalsis)
Central nervous system
Nerves of brain and spinal cord -receive and process incoming info -coordinate our body's response to this info
Peripheral nervous system
Nerves outside central nervous system -somatic and autonomic
Somatic nervous system
Nerves that bring in sensory info and send motor info to muscles -voluntary control of body movements
Autonomic nervous system
Nerves that control organs and glands responsible for survival -involuntary, automatic
Whereas nervous system communicates through _________, the endocrine system communicates through ______
Neurotransmitters, hormones
blood flow on right side of heart
Oxygen poor
midbrain
Pathway between hindbrain and forebrain Substantia nigra, superior colliculus
The stomach enzyme that breaks down protein is
Pepsin
Reflex which propels the food downward is called
Peristalsis
Expectancy effects
Phenomenon whereby a persons or a groups expectation of the behavior of another person or group serves actually to bring about the prophesied or expected behavior
Which 2 glands in the endocrine system are responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress?
Pituitary ; adrenal
Oxygen- _______ blood flows from the organs into the ___________ and then to the _________
Poor, Right Atrium, right ventricle
While _______ fats have double bonds, ______ fats have NO double bonds.
Unsaturated ; saturated
___________ fats start with _______ configuration
Unsaturated fats, Cis
_______ fats are susceptible to damage at the sites of the ______ bond due to Hydrogenation and/or Heating
Unsaturated, double
Cerebellum
helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
Adrenal medulla
inner part of the adrenal gland
By about 4 hours after eating, digestive fluids from various organs/glands are secreted into small intestine through a series of ducts. One of such organs/glands is _____________, which produces _____________.
pancreas; insulin
Random assignment
refers to the use of chance procedures in psychology experiments to ensure that each participant has the same opportunity to be assigned to any given group
Biological sex/gender differences in coping strategies - Men
stronger Epi/norepinephrine reactivity to stressors. -may reflect the tendency of men to be more hostile than women
Allostatic load
the cumulative burden of chronic stress and life events
Epidemiology
the scientific study of the frequency, distribution, and causes of a particular disease or other health outcome in a population
Complimentary Alternative Medicine (CAM)
the use and practice of therapies or diagnostic techniques that fall outside conventional biomedicine
The minimum number of calories your body needs to maintain bodily functions at rest is called ________
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Midbrain function
Coordination of visual and auditory reflexes
While grace minerals needs in quantities of a gram or more per day, macro minerals come from earth and needed in much smaller quantities
False
Healthy sleep
7-9 hours in a cool dark room, lowers stress hormones and keeps the glymphatic functioning
Myocardial infractions
(Heart attacks)
Hypertension is defined as systolic pressure above _______ mmHg and/or diastolic pressure of more than _______mmHg
140; 90
While ________ recommended percent body fat for men, _________ recommended for percent body fat for women
15-22 ; 20-27
General adaptation syndrome
3 stage pattern of stress response 1. Alarm: first becomes aware of stressor. SAM system is aroused. 2. Resistance: SAM less active, HPAC more active. If stressor persists and efforts to cope don't work, bodies and minds begin to fight the stressor. 3. Exhaustion: resistance efforts failed. Stress response becomes more harmful then the stressor.
It is estimated that genes contribute approximately ___ percent to obesity
50%
In class, we discussed one major issue with MBI as a personal measure of healthy weight. Who was used as an example to illustrate this issue? A. Arnold Schwarzenegger and Jack B. Michael Phelps and Steve C. Sylvester Stallone and Andrew D. John Claude van Damme and John
A
The type 1 diabetes is characterized by: A. Immune system attacking the insulin- and glucagon- producing islet cells (pancreas) B. Insulin receptors becoming less sensitive to insulin C. Decrease in the number of insulin receptors D. (B) and (C) E. (A) and (C)
A
Which food element is required for life A. Protein B. Starchy carbohydrates C. Fruits and veggies D. Non starchy carbohydrates E. None of the above
A
While _______ blood pressure measures the hearts pressure when actively pumping blood, ______ measures the hearts pressure when the ventricles relax and fill with blood A. Systolic; diastolic B. Diastolic; systolic C. Hyportensive; hypertensive D. Hypertensive; diastolic
A
Medulla
Controls heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing
Case study
A descriptive study in which 1 person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing general principles
Transactional Model of Stress
A four-step framework for evaluating an individual's coping process for a stressor; an individual evaluates the stressor and her or his coping resources before deciding how to respond and then whether the response was successful.
The fundamental component of all carbohydrates is __________ which can be used as fuel
A sugar molecule
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA/HPAC) system
A term used to represent the interaction between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands; it plays an important role in the body's response to stress. Secretion of alarm chemicals such as epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal medulla are hormones involved with HPAC
Pathogen
A virus, bacterium, or some other microorganism that causes a specific disease
Scientific thinking involves all of the following EXCEPT:
A. A questioning approach to all info and arguments B. Evaluation of evidence C. Examination of all underlying assumptions D. Questioning only not well known sources E. Using scientific methods to explore the relationship between variables
physical excercise
Activity that is planned, repetitive, and purposeful in the sense that it is intended to improve or maintain 1 or more aspects of physical fitness.
Dependent (DV): Y
Affected by independent
Biopsychosocial sources of stress
An external component, an internal component, and the interaction between the external and internal components.
Problem-focused coping strategy
An individual will seek info and address the issue or problem
Asanas and pranayama
Asana is meditation on the body, pranayama is meditation on the breath and subtle energy currents within us
Hardening of the arteries describes the disease known as
Atherosclerosis
The secretion of gastric juices (including saliva) is controlled by the
Autonomic nervous system
Recent research investigating Type A behavior pattern has found that ________ may be the most crucial factor in predicting coronary disease A. Impatience B. Hostility C. Time urgency D. Competitiveness
B
Which if the following grace minerals helps the body to use sugar properly A. Iron B. Chromium C. Copper D. Iodine E. Calcium
B
Which of the following is NOT a factor that places a person at greater risk of developing Type 2 diabetes? A. Not exercising regularly B. Having an elevated HDL level C. Being overweight D. Being an African American, Native American, or Hispanic- American E. (A) and (c) only
B
Which of the following is NOT a factor that places a person at greater risk of developing type 2 diabetes? A. Not exercising regularly B. Having an elevated HDL level C. Being overweight D. Frequent insulin spikes
B
Which of the following is most strongly linked to atherosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, and chronic HPAC activation? A. Having a pear-shaped body B. Having an apple shaped body C. The overall amount of body fat D. Having high BMI
B
Which of the following statements is NOT true about pancreas? A. Produces insulin B. Produces glucose C. Produces glucagon D. Endocrine gland
B
Which of the following is NOT true about vitamins: A. They help enzymes work properly B. They can be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism C. They are organic compounds that must be obtained from the diet D. They are required as a vital nutrient by an organism
B. They can be synthesized in sufficient quantities by an organism
Antigen
Bacteria, viruses, dieseases, etc
A form of faulty reasoning in which our expectations prevent us from seeing alternative explanations for our observations is known as
Belief bias
Health models
Biomedical, biopsychosocial model
All the following statements about protein are correct EXECPT: A. It repairs damaged body tissues B. It promotes new tissue growth C. It is needed in large supply D. It will be stored in the body as fat if I'm excess
C
Which of the following about Glycemic Index (GI) is NOT correct? A. Our body performs the best when blood sugar is relatively constant B. When blood sugar is too low, we feel lethargic, tired, and hungry C. High GI foods cause a prolong surge of energy followed by decreased fat storage, lethargy, and less hunger D. When blood sugar is too high, our pancreas produces more insulin, which brings our blood sugar down by converting excess sugar to stored fat.
C
Which of the following has NOT been identified as an important factor in the development of obesity? A. Difference in Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) B. Acute and chronic stress C. Heredity is 90% responsible D. Socio-economic status
C
Lymphomas
Cancer or the lymphatic system
The glycemic index (GI) ranks __________ based on how quickly your body converts them to _________
Carbohydrates; glucose
Types of stressors/Biopyschosocial sources of stress
Cataclysmic: like a hurricane, occurs suddenly Personal stress: immediate consequences Daily hassles: small irritants
Based on the OFFICIAL/TECHNICAL DEFINITIONS: Where _______ is a waxy substance that is necessary for production of steroid hormones and myelination of nerve cells, the ______ transports lipids to the peripheral cells and ______ return lipids to the liver
Cholesterol, LDL, HDL
____ configuration = chemical groups (2 H atoms) are attached on the same side of the C=C bond
Cis
While in the ______ configuration chemical groups (2 H atoms) are attached on the same side of the double bond, in the _____ configuration chemical groups (2 H atoms) are attached on the opposite side of the double bond.
Cis ; trans
"Dietary saturated fat (especially trans fat) raises... and promotes inflammation." Based on the info provided in class, which of the following options explains why strain is NOT correct? A. Trans fat do not raise and promote inflammation B. Saturated fats do not come from our diet. C. Trans fats result from double bonds (C=C) in saturated fats being broken and reformed as damaged structure that is harmful to our cells. D. Trans fats result from double bonds (C=C) in unsaturated fats being broken and reformed as damaged structure that is harmful to our cells.
D
Medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) is one of the recommended healthy fats due to all of the following, EXCEPT: A. In the absence of sugar, MCTs convert into ketone bodies, the preferred fuel for the brain and muscles. B. This fuel produces very few ROS (reactive oxygen species) C. It does not promote inflammation D. It is beneficial even when you consume it with your white toast in the morning E. This fuel is the key to all ketogenic diets that have been clinically shown to reduce inflammation as well as weight
D
Which of the following about unsaturated and double bonds is NOT correct? A. Chemical groups (2 H atoms) can be attached on the side of the double bond in 2 configurations B. Only 1 configuration is good for our healthy functioning C. Unsaturated fats are susceptible to damage at the sites of the double bond due to hydrogenation and/or heating D. When unsaturated fats reform most often they do so in their lower energy, cis configuration
D
Which statement is NOT true about Gestational diabetes A. It occurs in the middle of pregnancy B. It is temporary form of insulin resistance C. It goes away after birth D. It is associated with developing Type 1 diabetes later
D
cytotoxic T cells or "killer T cells"
Destroy the cells that become infected by a virus
Control group
Does not receive any special condition or treatment
I️ndependent (IV): X
Doesn't change but influences the dependent
Controllable risk factors for CVD include the following A. Hypertension B. Stress C. Obesity D. Inflammation E. All are correct
E
Factor/s determine your answer above include: A. Heredity B. She and biological sex C. Level of physical activity D. Lower metabolic rate for fat tissue compared to muscles E. All of the above
E
High blood pressure is a risk factor because: A. It makes heart to work harder B. Heart can become enlarged C. Hardening of arteries is increased D. Lipid and calcium deposits adhere to the arterial wall E. All of the above
E
High blood pressure is a risk factor because: A. It makes heart to work harder B. Heart can become enlarged C. Hardening of arteries is increased D. Lipid and calcium deposits adhere to the arterial wall E. All of the above
E
The type 2 diabetes is characterized by: A. Insulin receptors becoming less sensitive to insulin B. Decrease in the number of insulin receptors C. Immune system attacking the insulin - and glucagon- producing cells (pancreas) D. (B) and (c) E. (A) and (b)
E
Engagement and Disengagement strategies of stress
Engagement: includes both problem solving and emotional support Disengagement: a withdrawal from the problem or a denial of its existence
________ are specialized proteins that work to speed up chemical reactions in the body
Enzymes
Small intestine
Enzymes for proteins, fats, and carbohydrates
Correlational studies
Examines relationship between 2 variables
A single-blind study and double-blind studies are used to reduce the possibility of...
Expectancy effects
The author of our textbook suggests that lily-unsaturated fats are healthy. Due to which of the following explanations his view may not be completely accurate? A.poly-unsaturated fats contain many double bonds B. Chemical groups (2 H atoms) can be attached on the side of the double bond in 2 configurations but only one configuration is good for our healthy functioning. C. Unsaturated fats are susceptible to damage at the sites of the double bond due to hydrogenation and/or heating D. The double bonds are broken as a result in both mono-unsaturated and poly-unsaturated fats E. When chemical groups in mono- and poly- unsaturated fats are reformed, most often they do so in bad/unhealthy configuration F. All the above
F
Cereal is one of the best options for your breakfast as it is convenient and produces feeling of satiety very quickly
False
Definitions: there are 2 types of cholesterol: good (HDL) and bad (LDL)
False
Experimental studies have low degree of control over independent variables
False
Random sample
Group of people —> all have an equal chance of being in the study; representative of the population to be studied
Difference between health behaviors and health-risk behaviors
Health behaviors: a health enhancing behavior or habit Health risk: a health compromising behavior or habit
Health definition
Health involves physical, psychological, and social well being and not merely absence of disease
Anaerobic exercise
High intensity exercise performed for short periods of time.
sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) system
Hypothalamus secretes CRH hormone, which travels in the blood to the pituitary gland. Gets aroused during the alarm stage of general adaptation of syndrome theory of stress.
Blood is then pumped into the pulmonary arteries and to the ________, where blood is __________ or become oxygen - _________
Lungs, reoxygenated, rich
sympatho-adreno-medullary (SAM) system Hypothalamus secretes ___________, which travels in the blood to the _______ __________ secretes ACTH hormone, which binds to receptor cells on the ________, causing this glad to release _________ and __________ into blood
Hypothalamus secretes __CRH hormone__, which travels in the blood to the __pituitary gland_ __pituitary gland__ secretes ACTH hormone, which binds to receptor cells on the __adrenal medulla___, causing this glad to release __adrenaline__ and _____norepinephrine__ into blood
_________ and ____________ act as a "Master control system"
Hypothalamus, pituitary gland
Case studies
In depth investigation of a single person, group , event, or community
Physical fitness
Includes muscular strength, endurance, flexibility, etc.
Direct physiological effects of stress
Increase blood pressure Increase stress hormones Decrease immune function
Sarcomas cancer
Infectious tumor of the muscle, bone or connective tissue
Which hormone is related to the development of diabetes?
Insulin
________ acts to decrease blood sugar levels
Insulin
One of the limits of a correlational study is that
It does not determine a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.
Aerobic exercise
Light to moderate intensity exercise performed for an extended period of time.
Forebrain
Limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex
Pons
Link between the hindbrain and the midbrain -helps control breathing -chemicals: sleep-wake cycle
While ________ produces bile, the ________ produces insulin
Liver; pancreas
Antibody-producing memory B cells
Long lived Recognize foreign microorganisms encountered/defeated previously
The diathesis-stress model of disease
Predicts how the interaction of a predisposed mental health issue and environmental stress can result in mental health disorders
Cortisol (glucocorticoid)
Primary stress hormone, increase sugars (glucose) is the bloodstream
cognitive coping
Problem-focused coping strategy —> an individual will seek info and address the issue or problem
Liver
Produces bile (fats)
Pancreas
Produces insulin
Cytokines
Proteins produced by immune cells that act on other cells to regulate immunity
Blood flow on the left side of the heart
Reoxygenated
Difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated fats have single bonds, unsaturated fats have double bonds
Emotion-focused coping strategy
Seeking solace and support from other for emotional reasons
Antibody-producing plasm cell
Short lived produce/secretes antibody molecules (immunoglobulins protein) that protect body against bacterial infection and viral infections
In a ______- blind study, only the _______ are blinded. In a _____- blind study, _____ participants and experimenters are blinded
Single, participants, double, both
Biological sex/gender differences in coping strategies- Women
Stronger cortisol (glucocorticoid) response -may help explain differences in coronary disease
What is the basic premise of Mind-Body therapies?
The basic premise of mind-body therapies is that cognitive, emotional, and spiritual factors can have profound effects on one's health.
Metastasis
The process by which infectious body cells procreate and spread
Naturopathic therapy
The system that aims to provide holistic health care by drawing from several traditional healing systems, including homeopathy, herbal remedies, and traditional medicine
Experimental group
The test group that receives a special treatment or condition
CAM: Yoga
The use and practice of therapies diagnostic techniques that fall outside conventional biomedicine
According to the weight set point hypothesis, when people diet and fall to a weigh below their genetically set point, what happens?
Their brain starts trying to restore the lost weight
Which statement about cholesterol is NOT correct?
There are two types of cholesterol (HDL and LDL)
What are the 3 ideals of CAM (complimentary alternative medicine)
To provide health treatment that is natural, holistic, and promotes wellness.
Dangerous fats
Trans and saturated
______ fats are most damaging because they are: __________ & __________
Trans, synthetic and chemically stable
Cholesterol is a problem if you have rampant inflammation in your body
True
Foods with lower GI cause less rapid rise in blood sugar.
True
Fructose is a basic component in table sugar (sucrose)
True
Productions of enzymes decreases with age
True
Quasi- experiments
Type of research design that attempts to establish a cause and effect relationship
B lymphocytes (B cells)
White blood cells that attack antigens by producing specific antibodies
T lymphocytes (T cells)
White blood cells that attack antigens directly without producing antigens
Belief bias
a form of faulty reasoning in which our expectations prevent us from seeing alternative explanations
The adrenal medulla produces
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
Hindbrain
cerebellum, pons, medulla
