Health Psychology Practice Exam 2 CH 6-9, PSY303 Module 4 - Seeking and Using Health Care Services (2 Weeks), Pre-test Health Final (part 1), Psych 313 chapter 9, Psych 313 chapter 8, CH.8, Health CH-7, PSYC 313 Midterm Ch. 7, Quiz 7, Chapter 7 Pract...

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According to Turk and Feldman (1992a, 1992b), the hospitalized terminally ill patient runs the risk of being _____ by the medical staff.

undermedicated

Which of the following statements best defines coping?

*the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

In stress management interventions, _____ helps people set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore.

*time management

Which of the following is a successful coping outcome?

*tolerating negative realities

Which of the following is an important aspect of coping?

*voluntary actions taken to confront stressful events

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals, but just before each burst, a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses

acute stress

The _____ paradigm takes people into the laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

acute stress

Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization?

a. It facilitates progressive patient-provider communication. b. It provides emotional protection for the provider. c. It abolishes sexism in medical practice.

A ________ is responsible for assessing where patients go once they are discharged from a medical setting.

a. physical therapist b. dietician c. *social worker d. nurse practitioner

After infancy, the main cause of death among children younger than age 15 is

accidents

Analyses of the effectiveness of coping strategies in managing the stress associated with chronic health disorders conclude that

active coping is more consistently associated with good adjustment.

In _____ treatment, long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body that theoretically influence the areas in which a patient is experiencing a disorder.

acupuncture

Samara is diagnosed with the flu. She does not require intensive treatment, and the illness will not have any long-term consequences. She only requires rest and a strictly controlled diet to recover from it. Which of the following models of illness describes Samara's experience?

acute illness

A(n) ________ paradigm includes bringing people into the laboratory, exposing them to a short-term stressful event, and then observing the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine, and psychological responses.

acute stress

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals but just before each burst occurs a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

acute stress

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals, but just before each burst, a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using an ________ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

acute stress

The _______ paradigm takes people into laboratory, exposes them to short-term stressful events, and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological, neuroendocrine and psychological responses

acute stress

Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be

adaptive

Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be

adaptive.

The two, "backbone" hormones central to the stress response are

adrenaline & glucocorticoids

Selye's (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated _____ responses to stress.

adrenocortical

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat.

alarm

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat.

alarm

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying.

alarm

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm

according to Selye the _____ phrase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat

alarm

the first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is _____.

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.

The correct sequence of phrases of the General adaptation syndrome is

alarm, resistance, exhaustion

The biomedical model maintains that

all illness can be explained on the basis of aberrant somatic bodily processes.

_______ refers to the physiological cost of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress

allostatic load

________ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

allostatic load

Obesity depends on both the number and size of fat cells, and moderately obese people are said to have

an average number of large fat cells

What is the placebo effect?

an unexplained phenomenon wherein drugs, treatments, and therapies that aren't supposed to have an effect-and are often fake- miraculously make people feel better.

Acupuncture not only cures an illness, but also has a(n) _____ effect.

analgesic

Robert noticed that his urine was pale pink. His first thought was about what he had eaten the previous day, and then it occurred to him that it may also be due to something unrelated to his diet. Robert's case exemplifies

appraisal delay

Which of the following is the first stage of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms?

appraisal delay

_____ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

appraisal delay

appraisal delay.

James is a lawyer who used to work at the World Trade Center until the 9/11 incident took place. He survived the building collapse but was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) soon after. Over the next few months, he spent time gathering information on the attack, talking to other survivors, and organizing resources for them. Which of the following coping styles is James using?

approach

risky families are those that

are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance

Risky families are those that

are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance.

A-delta fibers

are small, myelinated fibers

A-delta fibers

are small, myelinated fibers.

C-fibers

are unmyelinated nerve fibers, involved in polymodal pain, that transmit dull, aching pain.

Stephen has chronic back pain. Stephen's doctor has recommended that he engage in light exercise, but Stephen is afraid that exercise will make his back pain worse. Stephen's hesitance to exercise is an example of

pain behavior.

_____, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain.

pain behaviors

According to social psychological factors, the use of health care services is influenced chiefly by the actions of one's

parents

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the ________ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

resistance

according to Selye, the ____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat

resistance

Typically, acute pain

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage

Typically, acute pain

results from a specific injury that produces tissue damage.

When an individual grows up in a harsh family, he or she displays

strong inflammatory response to stress in adolescence.

C-fibers

strongly influence the affective and motivational elements of pain.

After hearing her doctor's recommendation, Jin is now trying to make healthier food choices. Which factor in the theory of planned behavior is contributing to Jin's attempt?

subjective norm

Neurons in the periductal gray connect to the reticular formation in the medulla which makes connections with the neurons in the _____ of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.

substantia gelatinosa

who among the following is most likely to experience illness due to stress associated with her job?

susie, a single mother of a 5yr old works long hours in a low paying position.

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

sustain more health risks

Workers who suffer from work overload ________ when compared with workers who do not experience overload.

sustain more health risks

workers who suffer from work overload _____ compare with workers who do not experience overload

sustain more health risks

The ____ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring

tend-and befriend

When an organism perceives a threat, the fight or flight response is due to

the arousal of the sympathetic ervous system and the endocrine system

When an organism perceives a threat, the fight-or-flight response is due to

the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.

According to the _____ plan, patients select their own doctors and hospitals and pay on a fee-for-service basis.

traditional indemnity

Which of the following best predicts compliance with a diabetic treatment regimen?

training diabetics in self-management and problem-solving skills

African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than white men

true

Shiraz has experienced migraine headaches throughout his life. He experiences symptoms for a few months then has a long symptom-free period, usually lasting 10 to 12 months. Shiraz's migraines are best described as

cyclic

cyclic.

Which of the following is a component of burnout?

cynicism

Karoshi is a Japanese term that refers to

death from overload

Karoshi is a Japanese term that refers to

death from overwork

Karoshi is a Japanese term which refers to _____.

death from overwork

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not

decrease with treatment and the passage of time

Unlike acute pain, chronic pain does not

decrease with treatment and the passage of time.

Brandon blacks out frequently, experiences severe headaches, and has chronic body pain. Brandon is uncomfortable with the idea of seeing a doctor. Since his symptoms surface only a couple of times a month, he carelessly dismisses them and does not consult a physician. Which of the following behaviors is Brandon displaying?

delay behavior

Deep sleep, which is important for restoring energy, strengthening the immune system, and prompting the body to release growth hormone, is marked by ________ waves.

delta

Lazarus (1983) argues that _____ early on in adjustment to life-threatening illness is both normal and useful.

denial

Hannah overhears her doctor outside her hospital room say to a nurse, "What's going on with the heart attack in Room 5?" Lily's doctor is demonstrating:

depersonalization

Chronic strain is strongly related to depression.

true

People with strong spiritual beliefs have greater life satisfaction and a slower course of illness than those who do not hold strong spiritual convictions.

true

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

true

chronic strain is strongly related to depression

true

research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress

true

Which of the following is a barrier to the treatment of pain?

difficulty faced by patients in objectively describing pain

The _____ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times.

direct effects

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

direct questions about their mental health.

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

direct questions.

Which of the following characteristics is most likely to be displayed by patients suffering from chronic pain?

discomfort because of bright lights

Which of the following statements best defines autoimmune diseases?

diseases in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, falsely identifying them as invaders

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be partially due to

disturbed hypothalamic functioning.

The placebo response is so powerful that no drug can be marketed in the United States unless it has been evaluated against a placebo. The standard method for so doing is termed a _____ experiment.

double-blind

The relationship between coping and a stressful event is a _____ process.

dynamic

Medicare is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

elderly

Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the _____ system.

endocrine

Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the ________ system.

endocrine

Acupuncture usually triggers the release of

endorphins

Acupuncture usually triggers the release of:

endorphins

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by

estrogen

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by _____.

estrogen

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects, are especially influenced by

estrogen

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying.

exhaustion

According to Selye, the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying

exhaustion

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

exhaustion

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____.

exhaustion

Studies of vulnerable populations, for example children, older adults, etc., who are exposed to a chronic stressor indicate that they

exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

A college professor of psychology had his class write a paper about the most traumatic and stressful events in their lives. Although this may have caused immediate psychological distress to the students, the professor was confident that the long-term stress related to these events would eventually reduce. In this case, the professor had most likely conducted a(n) _____ intervention with his class.

expressive writing

A method of intervention based on confronting traumatic and stressful events in one's life by communicating them via text is known as

expressive writing

A method of intervention based on confronting traumatic and stressful events in one's life by communicating them via writing is known as

expressive writing

A method of intervention based on confronting traumatic and stressful events in one's life by communicating them via text is known as

expressive writing. Correct

According to its critics, Selye's model

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress

According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model

fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Among women in their 30s from low income backgrounds, frequent, escalating use of marijuana has been linked to changes in brain neural circuitry.

false

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, an organism makes efforts to cope with a threat.

false

For both men and women, the research on multiple roles is converging on the idea that stress is higher when one finds meaning in one's life.

false

The earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight-or-flight response.

false

during the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, and organism makes efforts to cope with a threat

false

for both mena dn women the research on multiple roles is converging on the idea that stress id higher when one finds meaning in one's life

false

research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report distressed by similar types of events

false

the build up of allostatic load can be assessed by a number of indicators, such as reducing weight and lower blood pressure

false

the earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight or flight response

false

Recently, the efforts to change the dietary habits of high-risk people have focused on the

family

Qualities of the interaction between a practitioner and a patient can perpetuate

faulty communication

Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as

fibromyalgia

Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as:

fibromyalgia.

The scientific understanding of pain was originally developed by Melzack in the _____ theory of pain.

gate-control

Which of the following methods should be followed by a provider to improve adherence?

give clear, written instructions on the exact treatment regimen

The adrenal cortex produces _____ in response to stress.

glucocorticoids

the adrenal cortex produces ______ in response to stress

glucocorticoids

________ prompts a person to distinguish among stressful events that need to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome.

goal setting

Organized religion provides a sense of _____ to people.

group identity

Which of the following is the least used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults?

guided imagery

In one study, air traffic controllers who _____ were more likely to become ill or to experience an accidental injury than their colleagues.

had few social contacts

In the context of appraisal of stressors, _____ is the assessment of a damage that has already been done, as for example being fired from a job

harm

In the context of appraisal of stressors, ________ is the assessment of a damage that has already been done, as for example being fired from a job.

harm

studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness

true

Medicaid is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

underprivileged

Death that occurs before the average age for the population is called

unintentional death

Most people do not perceive their risks correctly, and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone. This perception is often

unrealistically optimistic

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

use of preventive health services.

Shirley has a routine medical check-up, and her doctor finds that she has unregulated cell growth in one of her kidneys, which is an indicator of malignant neoplasm (cancer). He tells her that it is a case of malignant neoplasm, and if left untreated, the infection will spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. He asks her to undergo a few more tests and to start therapy and medication immediately. Shirley understands that she had a serious condition, but she is able to comprehend only a few of the terms used by her doctor. In this scenario, the doctor is

using jargon to explain the seriousness of the condition.

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, an organism makes efforts to cope with a threat.

False

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, the organism makes efforts to cope with the threat.

False

The _____ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no symptoms or many symptoms.

cyclic

studies of vulnerable populations, for example children. older adults, etc, who are exposed to chronic stressors indicate that they

exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

A continued collaboration with the medical community and medical treatments by psychologists is vital in a

patient-centered approach.

In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, students are trained to

observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful.

African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than White men.

true

A low plasma fibrinogen is an indication of a _____.

low allostatic load

Compared to people low in socioeconomic status (SES), people who are high in socioeconomic status have

lower mortality rates.

Barbara helps her clients to identify the workplace characteristics tied to stress. She designs interventions to minimize the stressors that affect them. She is a(n) _____ stress researcher.

occupational

Psychological control is the belief that

one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes.

Screening through mammography is important for high-risk women because

one in every eight women in the United States develops breast cancer.

Invisible support is when

one receives help from another but is unaware of it

Invisible support is when

one receives help from another but is unaware of it.

Up to ________ of all medical inpatients with chronic disease suffer from severe depression.

one-quarter

_____ is an alternative medical practice that draws on the body's ability to heal itself.

osteopathy

________ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

overly intrusive

Animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

oxytocin

Animals with high levels of ________ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and befried mechanisms is

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is _____.

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend response is

oxytocin

animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurtuting behaviors

oxytocin

Stress is a ___________ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

negative emotional

Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke

negative reactions from physicians

Chronic strain is strongly related to depression.

True

African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than White men.

True

Alcohol interventions are increasingly being incorporated into freshman orientation programs in colleges.

True

Aspirin has been found to significantly reduce the risk for fatal heart attack.

True

For chronically ill patients, changes in body image are always short-lived.

False

Health habits usually develop in childhood and begin to stabilize around age 20 or 25.

False

It is well established that commercial smoking cessation programs have higher cure rates.

False

Mediterranean diets are rich in red meat and low in vegetables, nuts, fruits, and fish.

False

Progesterone increases when pregnancy fails to occur.

False

Providers who exude warmth, confidence, and empathy get weaker placebo effects than providers who are remote and formal.

False

Relative to whites, blacks are also less likely to have diabetes, obesity, and hypertension.

False

Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events.

False

Specific immunity is especially important in combating short-term stressors.

False

The earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight-or-flight response.

False

The elderly (over age 65) are generally less prepared to face death than are the young.

False

_____ is an infection that results from exposure to disease in a hospital setting.

Nosocomial

T/F Many times, the stress response is more dangerous than the stressor itself.

T/F Mass Hysteria Video Question: Clinical mass hysteria describes the spread of a psychologically-manifested illness.

T/F Research on data from the Dutch hunger winter phenomenon demonstrated adverse, stressful environments before birth can leave imprints/scars that can last a whole lifetime.

T/F Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

Diabetes is a risk factor for coronary heart disease.

True

Emotional reactions, including anger and depression, are part of the coping process.

True

Hepatitis A is typically transmitted through food and water.

True

In cognitive behavioral therapy, patients are taught how and when to employ overt and covert behaviors in order to make adaptive responses to a pain problem.

True

In terminal care, the staff may burn out from watching patient after patient die, despite their best efforts.

True

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

meaning of the event

Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be

medical

Negative affectivity has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behavior but not to poor health.

Pain is easy to treat because patients are comfortable describing it objectively.

Which of the following symptoms will occur first in a person affected with AIDS?

swollen glands

Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased

sympathetic arousal

Athletes who continue to play, despite being injured, experience a reduction in pain sensitivity because of increased

sympathetic arousal.

________ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

tangible assistance

The ________ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring.

tend and befriend

T/F Some people's reactions to a traumatic health event happening to someone they know is to withdraw.

T/F Stress is not a state of mind or an abstract concept, it is something measurable and dangerous.

T/F Yoga can be a useful tool to release tension, headaches, and shoulder pain.

56. (p. 135) Emotional reactions including anger and depression are part of the coping process.

TRUE

58. (p. 137) Optimistic people use problem-focused coping and seek social support from others.

TRUE

59. (p. 139) People with strong spiritual beliefs have greater life satisfaction and a slower course of illness.

TRUE

63. (p. 144) Mindfulness engages the prefrontal cortical regions of the brain, which regulate affect and downregulate activity in the limbic areas related to anxiety and other negative emotions.

TRUE

65. (p. 153) Networking may be an added source of social support for people, but those who use it to express distress may drive others away.

TRUE

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

a significant change in job responsibilities

Invisible support is when

* NOT there is a perception that social support will be available.

which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

a significant change in job responsibilities

Which of the following instruments is used to assess hypertension?

a sphygmomanometer

The practice of modifying and supplementing a prescribed treatment regimen is known as:

creative nonadherence

Some people cope with a threatening event with an

Avoidant (minimizing) coping style

_____ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment.

creative nonadherence

Emotional factors have no effect on the experience of pain.

Individuals only need resilience for big challenges they may face over a lifetime.

_____________ refers to the belief that one is capable of making a health behavior change.

Competence

Herpes is an example of the _____ model of illness.

cyclic

Herpes is an example of the ________ model of illness.

cyclic

Identifying oneself as a smoker

impedes the ability to quit smoking.

T/F Chronic strain is strongly related to depression

_____ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

Tangible assistance

The typical reason that people switch to a diet low in cholesterol, fats, and calories is to

improve appearance

can create conflicting demands

The three goals of a hospital's functioning

their medical care is more fragmented

Women use health care services more often because

Symptoms are more likely to be detected when

attention is directed toward the body

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

personal resources

High negative affectivity, or neuroticism, is especially detrimental to health when combined with ?

*not information seeking

In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, students are trained to:

*observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful.

Psychological control is the belief that:

*one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes.

Invisible support is when:

*one receives help from another but is unaware of it.

Experiencing the divorce of one's parents in childhood predicts:

*premature death in middle age

Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in:

*primary prevention.

22. (p. 140) _____ is defined as involving efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event. A. Emotion-focused coping B. Problem-focused coping C. Appraisal-focused coping D. Proactive coping

#A. Emotion-focused coping B. Problem-focused coping C. Appraisal-focused coping D. Proactive coping

34. (p. 147) _____ forces a person to distinguish among stressful events that need to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome. A. Goal setting B. Time management C. Relaxation training D. Self-instruction

#A. Goal setting B. Time management C. Relaxation training D. Self-instruction

48. (p. 151) In which of the following conditions is a man's health likely to improve substantially? A. In a successful marriage B. In bachelorhood C. During his wife's pregnancy D. During retirement

#A. In a successful marriage B. In bachelorhood C. During his wife's pregnancy D. During retirement

28. (p. 143) Which of the following is a successful coping outcome? A. Tolerating negative realities B. Extricating from relationships with others C. Wavering in one's emotional equilibrium D. Maintaining a negative self-image

#A. Tolerating negative realities B. Extricating from relationships with others C. Wavering in one's emotional equilibrium D. Maintaining a negative self-image

11. (p. 138) Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. Also, he teaches her a relaxation technique that she could use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ intervention. A. control-enhancing B. informational support C. expressive-writing D. tangible assistance

#A. control-enhancing B. informational support C. expressive-writing D. tangible assistance

39. (p. 148) The assurance that a person is a valuable individual who is cared for is characteristic of _____. A. emotional support B. tangible assistance C. invisible support D. informational assistance

#A. emotional support B. tangible assistance C. invisible support D. informational assistance

Which of the following is the most common reason for euthanasia?

inadequate relief from pain

29. (p. 145) A college professor had his psychology class write a paper about their most traumatic and stressful events in their lives. Although, this may have caused immediate psychological distress to the students, the professor was confident that long-term stress related to these events would eventually reduce. In this case, the professor had most likely conducted a(n) _____ intervention with his class. A. expressive writing B. control-enhancing C. stress inoculation D. debriefing

#A. expressive writing B. control-enhancing C. stress inoculation D. debriefing

4. (p. 135) Individuals who display high negative affectivity are: A. more likely to have a disease-prone personality. B. more likely to seek out medical care when they are fatally ill. C. more likely to reject medical treatments that cure terminal diseases. D. more likely to create a false impression of good health.

#A. more likely to have a disease-prone personality. B. more likely to seek out medical care when they are fatally ill. C. more likely to reject medical treatments that cure terminal diseases. D. more likely to create a false impression of good health.

41. (p. 148) Invisible support is when: A. one receives help from another but is unaware of it. B. there is a perception that social support will be available. C. there is a provision of material assistance. D. one receives reassurance that he or she is a valuable person.

#A. one receives help from another but is unaware of it. B. there is a perception that social support will be available. C. there is a provision of material assistance. D. one receives reassurance that he or she is a valuable person.

25. (p. 141) People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by _____ reappraisal. A. positive B. detached C. negative D. desegregated

#A. positive B. detached C. negative D. desegregated

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

* It promotes active and persistent coping efforts in individuals.

People vary with regard to whether they are fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic in nature. The test developed to measure this dispositional optimism is known as the:

* Life Orientation Test

A main goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to

* NOT help notice thoughts from a distance and avoid responding to them. *I think it is to promote committed pursuit of core values and life goals.

Recording negative self-statements or irrational thoughts that accompany a stressful experience usually occurs in the _____ phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program.

* completing take-home assignments

High self-esteem is closely related to:

* low levels of HPA axis activity

Compared to people low in socioeconomic status (SES), people who are high in socioeconomic status have:

* lower mortality rates

People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by _____ reappraisal.

* positive

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are

** NOT THIS likely to avoid medical care when they are ill. * probably likely to create a FALSE impression of good health.

Which of the following statements is true of emotion-focused coping?

** NOT THIS It helps people anticipate and act against potential stressors.

Sarah is taking a stress management class. The instructor encourages her to identify people in her life that cause stress and provides her with a variety of techniques for confronting them. In this case, the instructor is using ________ training.

*** NOT relaxation its assertiveness

_____ is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

*Coping style

_____ involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

*Emotion-focused coping

_____ forces a person to distinguish among stressful events that need to be avoided, tolerated, or overcome.

*Goal setting

Which of the following statements is true of emotion-focused coping?

*It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity.

_____ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

*Overly intrusive

When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance either to prevent them or to reduce their impact, it is known as:

*proactive coping.

Providing emotional support involves:

*reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for.

Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they:

*reduce psychological distress.

When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience:

*short-term physiological conditions

The benefits of social support are greatest when:

*the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs.

Which of the following is a reason for chronic pain to get exacerbated?

inappropriate prior treatments

_____ is a psychological resource that not only allows individuals to confront and cope with stressors but also helps them bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations.

*Resilience

_____ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event.

*Secondary control

_____ can undermine defensive reactions to threats.

*Self-affirmation

_____ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations.

*Social support

What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support?

*Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress.

_____ is a form of social support that involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods.

*Tangible assistance

Neuroticism coupled with social inhibition and isolation is sometimes referred to as the _____ personality.

*Type D

Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be:

*adaptive.

*approach

Which of the following is true of people with high self-esteem?

*b. They are likely to contract psychological disorders. c. They are likely to require major medical intervention for congenital diseases. d. They are likely to risk their health through smoking or excessive drinking.

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to:

*change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment.

Which of the following is assessed by the Brief COPE?

*commonly used coping styles for managing stressful events

Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy. A health psychologist visits her in the hospital and finds that she is worried about the pain involved in the surgery. The psychologist clearly explains the procedure to Sarah and answers her questions to ease her worries. He also teaches her a relaxation technique that she can use before the surgery to control her anxiety. The psychologist explains the drug-delivery method to her so she understands when and how much of the pain-relief drug she will receive. In this case, the health psychologist is conducting a(n) _____ intervention.

*control-enhancing

Positive emotional states are known to reduce levels of _____, which is a stress indicator.

*cortisol

The relationship between coping and a stressful event is a _____ process.

*dynamic

Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the _____ system.

*endocrine

*expressive writing

A method of intervention based on confronting traumatic and stressful events in one's life by communicating them via text is known as:

*expressive writing

Organized religion provides a sense of _____ to people.

*group identity

According to research on social support, which of the following is one of the best protectors against stress?

*having a satisfying marriage

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the _____ personality.

*health-prone

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are:

*ikely to have a disease-prone personality.

A patient with AIDS decides to approach his friend, who is a health therapist, for treatment. He feels that his therapist friend is able to help him in ways that his family is unable to. The therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disease and the resulting social pressure. This is an example of:

*informational support.

Different kinds of stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. This is called the:

*matching hypothesis.

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of _____. A. catecholamines B. norepinephrine C. cortisol D. pepsin

C. cortisol

Risk factors for heart disease begin to cluster by age _____, especially for those low in socioeconomic status (SES).

_____ is a meditative procedure that is especially useful in controlling discomfort related to cancer.

Guided imagery

Collins et al., (1990) reported that more than ________ percent of the cancer patients in their study reported at least some beneficial changes in their life as a result of the cancer.

Which of the following diseases is known to have high treatment adherence among patients?

HIV

macrobiotic

A _____ diet restricts vegetarian consumption primarily to grains, cereals, and vegetables, and it requires greater attention to nutritional content.

high allostatic load

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

Describe the causes of nonadherance to treatment regimens.

A significant area of interest for health psychologists is the research and investigation of factors that influence the adherence and lack of adherence to regimens. An important consideration in effective health services is the relationship established between the wellness provider and the client. The "relationship" is significant not only in the medical model but certainly in the biopsychosocial and holistic wellness models, too. As wellness practitioners seek to provide quality services, it is imperative that we recognize the individualistic nature of clients' cultural considerations including but not limited to: ethnicity, religion, geographic influences, social membership, education, socioeconomic status, etc. It's also important for us to recognize the impact of these factors on health behaviors and holistic wellness. Clear communication and utilizing compassionate, simple terms with clients can help development the strong relationship we want. Avoiding professional jargon and using active listening and collaborative approaches to goals and strategies can strengthen the relationship and support adherence to health and wellness interventions and support the maintenance stage of positive change.Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are important considerations. Health practitioners hold cognitive representations of illness and the patient prototypes. Thus, practitioner stereotypes about their patients may influence the diagnosis of symptoms as well as the quality of care provided to the patient (Mandy, Lucas, and Hodgson, 2007).The chapter by Dunbar-Jacob and Schlenk (2000) can be used to extend the text's discussion of adherence. The authors examine the problems inherent in assessing adherence and predictors of poor adherence and their relation to clinical outcomes. The authors suggest some interventions to promote adherence. The social support literature provides evidence for the relationship of social support and health. DiMatteo's (2004) meta-analysis indicates that social support may contribute to increased adherence. Christensen's (2004) book discusses nonadherence from a psychological and behavioral perspective. In addition, his experience of working with patients has contributed to his understanding of patient characteristics, personality traits of the patient, family and social support, and finally provider characteristics. Effective nonverbal communication can improve adherence to treatment (Guéguen, Meineri, & Charles-Sire, 2010). Disorganized families with no regular routines have poorer adherence (Hall, Dubin, Crossley, Holmqvist, & D'Arcy, 2009; Jokela, Elovainio, Singh-Manoux, & Kivimäki, 2009; Schreier & Chen, 2010).

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

A significant change in job responsibilities

massage

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, _____ is used to manipulate the flow of qi.

Resilience is...

A lifelong "project" that can be fostered; adapting well overtime to life changing and traumatic events

________ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness.

Chiropractic medicine

35. (p. 147) Recording negative self-statements or irrational thoughts that accompany the stressful experience usually occur in the _____ phase of the Combat Stress Now program. A. acquiring skills B. completing take-home assignments C. engaging in positive self-talk and self- instruction D. setting new goals

A. acquiring skills #B. completing take-home assignments C. engaging in positive self-talk and self- instruction D. setting new goals

Which of the following results in the misrepresentation of health information?

A patient's conceptions of his or her illness differs from the health care provider's conception of it

Research suggests that individual differences in reactivity to stress are related to individual differences in _____. A. acute and chronic illness. B. psychological responses to stressors. C. primary and secondary appraisal. D. epinephrine and norepinephrine production

A. acute and chronic illness.

Adherence to treatment regimens is

problematic with people who have chronic health disorders.

The Affordable Care Act attempts to

provide medicines at subsidized rates.

Define illness representations and illness schema, and explain their influence on the interpretation of symptoms.

A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-esteem or identity problems engage in these behaviors in an effort to construct a positive sense of self. A more recent article by Miczo (2004) argues that sick-role behavior may be better conceptualized as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking behaviors. He found that attitudinal factors (release, consideration, burden, and deviance) were moderate predictors of care-seeking intentions, as were stressors and social support for the sick role. Taking the study of sick-role behavior further, Frederick Anyan (2012) researched the differences between sick-role behavior in men and women. The findings from the study indicated that men's conceptualization of illness involved the exhaustion of internal bodily organs and the absence of strength—requiring assistance to function in daily activities. The findings also indicated that women's conceptualization of illness involved mainly the impairment of physiological functioning and the feeling of weakness or nausea.

false

A study conducted by Hall and colleagues found that both male and female physicians preferred female patients.

direct questions

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interviews with

it affects a valued organ

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

43. (p. 150) The _____ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times. A. matching B. working C. buffering D. direct effects

A. matching B. working C. buffering #D. direct effects

1. (p. 135) Which of the following statements best defines coping? A. The information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communications and mutual obligations B. The belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes C. The modification of how stress is experienced and the impact it has on illness and other aspects of life D. The thoughts and behaviors used to manage internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

A. The information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communications and mutual obligations B. The belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes C. The modification of how stress is experienced and the impact it has on illness and other aspects of life #D. The thoughts and behaviors used to manage internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

placebo

A(n) _____ is any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not because of its chemical or physical nature.

21. (p. 140) James is a lawyer who used to work in the World Trade Center until the 9/11 incident took place. He survived the building collapse but was diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) soon after. Over the next few months, he spent time gathering information on the attack, talking to other survivors, and organizing resources for them. Which of the following coping styles is James using? A. Avoidant B. Projection C. Approach D. Regression

A. Avoidant B. Projection #C. Approach D. Regression

37. (p. 148) _____ involves the provision of services, financial assistance, or goods. A. Emotional support B. Tangible assistance C. Invisible support D. Informational assistance

A. Emotional support #B. Tangible assistance C. Invisible support D. Informational assistance

18. (p. 139) _____ is the ability to bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations. A. Extraversion B. Mindfulness C. Resilience D. Conscientiousness

A. Extraversion B. Mindfulness #C. Resilience D. Conscientiousness

44. (p. 151) According to Ditzen, Hoppman, and Klumb, which of the following is one of the best protectors against stress?A. Having a pet B. Being unmarried C. Having children D. A satisfying marriage

A. Having a pet B. Being unmarried C. Having children #D. A satisfying marriage

3. (p. 135) Coping is known to have two important aspects. Which of the following is the second important aspect of coping? A. Impact of psychological control B. Use of stress moderators C. Dynamism of stressful events D. Breadth of emotional reactions

A. Impact of psychological control B. Use of stress moderators C. Dynamism of stressful events #D. Breadth of emotional reactions

26. (p. 142) Which of the following is assessed by the Brief COPE? A. Inflammatory responses to relaxation therapies B. Health effects of emotional disclosure C. Commonly used coping styles for managing stressful events D. Potential costs of receiving social support and enhancing emotional support

A. Inflammatory responses to relaxation therapies B. Health effects of emotional disclosure #C. Commonly used coping styles for managing stressful events D. Potential costs of receiving social support and enhancing emotional support

23. (p. 141) Which of the following is a reason for people to use emotional approach coping? A. It is more useful in the long-term than in coping with daily life stressors. B. It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity. C. It provokes the stress regulatory system. D. It is especially beneficial for men.

A. It is more useful in the long-term than in coping with daily life stressors. #B. It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity. C. It provokes the stress regulatory system. D. It is especially beneficial for men.

50. (p. 152) _____ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress. A. Negative B. Overly passive C. Modest D. Overly intrusive

A. Negative B. Overly passive C. Modest #D. Overly intrusive

20. (p. 140) _____ is a general propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way. A. Primary response style B. Individual difference C. Direct effect D. Coping style

A. Primary response style B. Individual difference C. Direct effect #D. Coping style

30. (p. 145) ____ can undermine defensive reactions to health threats. A. Self-actualization B. Self-control C. Self-affirmation D. Self-reliance

A. Self-actualization B. Self-control #C. Self-affirmation D. Self-reliance

15. (p. 138) _____ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event. A. Self-control B. Secondary control C. Primary control D. Thought control

A. Self-control #B. Secondary control C. Primary control D. Thought control

36. (p. 147) _____ helps people to set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore. A. Self-instruction B. Emotional support C. Time management D. Tangible assistance

A. Self-instruction B. Emotional support #C. Time management D. Tangible assistance

Which of the following is an invalid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SRE) inventory? A. Some of the items on the list are too specific. B. Individual differences in the experience of events are not taken into account. C. It treats both positive and negative events in a similar fashion. D. It does not assess whether events have been resolved or not.

A. Some of the items on the list are too specific.

Who of the following is MOST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job? A. Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position. B. Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week. C. Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

A. Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.

5. (p. 135) Neuroticism coupled with social inhibition and isolation is usually referred to as the _____ personality. A. Type A B. Type B C. Type D D. Type E

A. Type A B. Type B #C. Type D D. Type E

A. acute stress

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is _____. A. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion B. exhaustion, resistance, and alarm C. resistance, alarm, and exhaustion D. resistance, exhaustion, and alarm

A. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

47. (p. 151) The benefits of social support are greatest when: A. an individual is facing an uncomfortable medical procedure and receives invisible support. B. the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs. C. the person who is receiving the support has at least above average intelligence. D. an individual does not have a problem but finds the appropriate form of social support.

A. an individual is facing an uncomfortable medical procedure and receives invisible support. #B. the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs. C. the person who is receiving the support has at least above average intelligence. D. an individual does not have a problem but finds the appropriate form of social support.

Risky families are those that _____. A. are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance B. have financial problems C. experience major, chronic, recurrent stress as opposed to more modest family stress D. have no long term impact on the family members

A. are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance

49. (p. 152) Negative and competitive social interactions are associated with: A. chronic inflammation. B. lower levels of inflammation. C. normal levels of inflammation. D. higher levels of inflammation.

A. chronic inflammation. B. lower levels of inflammation. C. normal levels of inflammation. #D. higher levels of inflammation.

Chronic stress appears to _____. A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness B. habituate people to negative life events C. be unrelated to negative life events D. be unrelated to illness

A. contribute to psychological distress and physical illness

46. (p. 151) Different kinds of stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. This is called the _____. A. direct effects hypothesis B. buffering hypothesis C. matching hypothesis D. working hypothesis

A. direct effects hypothesis B. buffering hypothesis #C. matching hypothesis D. working hypothesis

14. (p. 138) A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the _____ personality. A. disease-prone B. selective-coping C. health-prone D. stress-preventive

A. disease-prone B. selective-coping #C. health-prone D. stress-preventive

54. (p. 153) Relationships that produce _____ can compromise health. A. dissent B. ambivalence C. conjecture D. synergy

A. dissent #B. ambivalence C. conjecture D. synergy

2. (p. 135) The relationship between coping and a stressful event is a _____ process. A. divergent B. synergistic C. dynamic D. static

A. divergent B. synergistic #C. dynamic D. static

45. (p. 151) Experiencing the divorce of one's parents in childhood predicts: A. excessive resilience in adolescence. B. premature death in middle age. C. cardiovascular diseases in old age. D. early ageing.

A. excessive resilience in adolescence. #B. premature death in middle age. C. cardiovascular diseases in old age. D. early ageing.

17. (p. 139) According to a survey, nearly half the people in the United States were found using _____ to deal with their health problems. A. exercise B. prayer C. coping D. laughter

A. exercise #B. prayer C. coping D. laughter

Hassles are minor life events that _____. A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness. B. are not confounded with mental and physical illness. C. have an objective, but not subjective, component. D. do not have any considerable effect on most people

A. have a cumulative effect on health and illness.

16. (p. 138) People that are most likely to benefit from control-based interventions are those who: A. have self-control. B. have no personal control. C. dislike having control. D. desire having control.

A. have self-control. B. have no personal control. C. dislike having control. #D. desire having control.

31. (p. 145) The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to: A. help notice thoughts from a distance and avoid response to them. B. teach people to ignore their thoughts in a mindful manner. C. change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment. D. help people challenge their thoughts directly.

A. help notice thoughts from a distance and avoid response to them. B. teach people to ignore their thoughts in a mindful manner. #C. change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment. D. help people challenge their thoughts directly.

12. (p. 138) High self-esteem is closely related to: A. higher levels of defense mechanisms. B. poor health behaviors. C. higher levels of stress indicators. D. lower levels of HPA axis activity.

A. higher levels of defense mechanisms. B. poor health behaviors. C. higher levels of stress indicators. #D. lower levels of HPA axis activity.

51. (p. 152) Inflammation in response to a short-term stressor can be _____. A. inhibited B. painful C. adaptive D. maladaptive

A. inhibited B. painful #C. adaptive D. maladaptive

19. (p. 139) Organized religion provides a sense of _____ to people. A. inhibition B. negative affectivity C. institutionalism D. group identity

A. inhibition B. negative affectivity C. institutionalism #D. group identity

9. (p. 137) When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience: A. long-term physical conditions. B. short-term psychological problems. C. long-term psychological problems. D. short-term physiological conditions.

A. long-term physical conditions. B. short-term psychological problems. C. long-term psychological problems. #D. short-term physiological conditions.

42. (p. 150) Studies have found that social support has beneficial effects on the _____ system. A. lymphatic B. muscular C. integumentary D. endocrine

A. lymphatic B. muscular C. integumentary #D. endocrine

10. (p. 137) M. F. Scheier, C. S. Carver, and M. W. Bridges developed a scale of dispositional optimism to: A. measure affectivity from familial relationships. B. measure indirect social relationships. C. measure coping strategies. D. measure pervasive individual differences.

A. measure affectivity from familial relationships. B. measure indirect social relationships. C. measure coping strategies. #D. measure pervasive individual differences.

27. (p. 143) People who are high in socioeconomic status (SES) have: A. more medical and psychiatric disorders. B. lower physical activity. C. more negative events or realities. D. lower mortality rates.

A. more medical and psychiatric disorders. B. lower physical activity. C. more negative events or realities. #D. lower mortality rates.

53. (p. 153) Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in _____. A. multimodal prevention B. primary prevention C. secondary prevention D. tertiary prevention

A. multimodal prevention #B. primary prevention C. secondary prevention D. tertiary prevention

8. (p. 137) Psychological control is a belief that: A. people positively affirm values that make them feel better about themselves and show lower physiological activity and distress. B. one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes. C. opportunities for rest, relaxation, and renewal can help people cope more effectively with stressors. D. people strive for a state of mind marked by heightened awareness of the present and focus on the moment.

A. people positively affirm values that make them feel better about themselves and show lower physiological activity and distress. #B. one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes. C. opportunities for rest, relaxation, and renewal can help people cope more effectively with stressors. D. people strive for a state of mind marked by heightened awareness of the present and focus on the moment.

7. (p. 137) According to Scheier, Weintraub, and Carver, optimists cope more effectively in stressful situations because they are likely to use _____ coping strategies. A. proactive B. emotional approach C. problem-focused D. emotion-focused

A. proactive B. emotional approach #C. problem-focused D. emotion-focused

24. (p. 141) When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance either to prevent them or to reduce their impact, it is known as _____. A. problem-focused coping B. proactive coping C. appraisal-focused coping D. emotional approach coping

A. problem-focused coping #B. proactive coping C. appraisal-focused coping D. emotional approach coping

40. (p. 148) Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront the stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using _____ training. A. promotional B. relaxation C. remedial D. assertiveness

A. promotional B. relaxation C. remedial #D. assertiveness

38. (p. 148) A patient with AIDS decides to approach his friend, who is a health therapist, for treatment. He feels that the therapist helps him in ways that his family is unable to. The therapist helps him in finding ways to cope with the disease and the resulting social pressures. This is an example of _____. A. psychological control B. informational support C. tangible assistance D. emotional support

A. psychological control #B. informational support C. tangible assistance D. emotional support

33. (p. 147) In the self-monitoring phase of the CSN program, students are trained to: A. recognize and eliminate the negative self-talk they go through when they face stressful events. B. focus on what happens just before they experience feelings of stress. C. observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful. D. experience their stressful events in a strong manner to understand the extent of the symptoms.

A. recognize and eliminate the negative self-talk they go through when they face stressful events. B. focus on what happens just before they experience feelings of stress. #C. observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful. D. experience their stressful events in a strong manner to understand the extent of the symptoms.

52. (p. 152) When an individual grows up in a harsh family, he or she displays: A. resilience in handling relationships during old age. B. greater coping mechanisms in stressful situations during adulthood. C. a risk of developing chronic illnesses during childhood. D. stronger inflammatory response to stress in adolescence.

A. resilience in handling relationships during old age. B. greater coping mechanisms in stressful situations during adulthood. C. a risk of developing chronic illnesses during childhood. #D. stronger inflammatory response to stress in adolescence.

6. (p. 136) Positive emotional states are known to reduce levels of _____ which is a stress indicator. A. serotonin B. cortisol C. dopamine D. oxytocin

A. serotonin #B. cortisol C. dopamine D. oxytocin

55. (p. 154) Coping efforts are considered to be successful if: A. they provoke the stress regulatory system. B. they increase physiological indicators of arousal. C. they restrict a person from performing desired activities. D. they reduce psychological distress.

A. they provoke the stress regulatory system. B. they increase physiological indicators of arousal. C. they restrict a person from performing desired activities. #D. they reduce psychological distress.

13. (p. 138) It is found that cheerful people die sooner than those who are not cheerful. This may be because: A. they regularly use effective coping strategies that eventually lead to physiological stress. B. they grow up being more careless about their health and encounter health risks. C. they engage in more risky physical activities and are more prone to accidents. D. they have unrealistic expectations about the future that promotes psychological distress and disease.

A. they regularly use effective coping strategies that eventually lead to physiological stress. #B. they grow up being more careless about their health and encounter health risks. C. they engage in more risky physical activities and are more prone to accidents. D. they have unrealistic expectations about the future that promotes psychological distress and disease.

32. (p. 146) Stress management programs typically involve _____ phases. A. two B. three C. four D. five

A. two #B. three C. four D. five

when a person lives in a cohesive family

In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest?

_____ involves a mindful distancing from the pain experience, where patients are trained to control their emotional responses to pain.

Acceptance and commitment therapy

Women report symptoms more often than do men because they are more sensitive to the changes in their bodies

According to Leventhal, Diefenbach, and Leventhal, which of the following is a difference between how women and men access medical services?

resistance

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

requires adaptation

According to T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it

identity

According to commonsense models of illness, the label for an illness is its

the length of time that an illness is expected to last

According to commonsense models of illness, which of the following statements describes a timeline?

parents

According to social psychological factors, the use of health care services is influenced chiefly by the actions of one's

traditional indemnity

According to the _____ plan, patients select their own doctors and hospitals and pay on a fee-for-service basis.

control/cure

According to the commonsense models of illness, an individual's belief about the possibility of managing or treating an illness is termed

causes

According to the commonsense models of illness, its _____ are the factors that an individual believes give rise to an illness.

cortisol

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of

_____ have poorer health at all ages and higher levels of depression, hostility, anxiety, and other emotional risk factors for chronic disease.

African American's

medical students' disease

After Dr. Woldt's class on detecting and diagnosing meningitis, several interns inform him that they have experienced similar symptoms in recent times. The interns' belief that they have symptoms of meningitis represents a phenomenon known as

In a commonsense model, a person's symptoms, the treatments that result, and their implications for quality of life are referred to as a(n) ____ of the disease.

Consequence

analgesic

Acupuncture not only cures an illness, but also has a(n) _____ effect.

endorphins

Acupuncture usually triggers the release of

Which of the following is false?

Acupuncturist training is not extensive and can be completed with very little training

Acute illness

Compare acute and chronic pain. Define the different kinds of chronic pain (i.e., chronic benign pain, recurrent acute pain, and chronic progressive pain).

Acute pain - typically results from a specific injury and produces tissue damage - such as a wound or broken limb. As such, it typically disappears when the damage is repaired. Acute pain usually short in duration and defined as 6 months or less. Chronic pain typically begins wth an acute episide, but unlike acute pain, does not decrease with treatment and the passage of time. Chronic benign pain can persist 6 mos or more and is relatively unresponsive to treatment. Pain varies in severity and may invlove any of several muscle groups. Low back pain, is an example. Recurrent acute pain involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but recur for more than 6 months. Migraine, TMJ, trigeminal neuralgia examples. Chronic progressive pain lasts longer than 6 months and increases in severity over time. Rheumatoid arthritis, cancer, and more. Acute vs chronic pain important for clinical management. Present different psychological profiles, can have an overlay of psychological distress, and complicates diagnosis and treatment strategies. Many chronic pain patients develop maladaptive coping strategies, such as catastrophizing illness, engaging in wishful thinking, or withdrawing socially. Most pain control techniques work well with acute pain but are less successful with chronic pain, which requires individualized techniques to be successful.

Acute stress

Conscientiousness is a psychosocial resource that has health benefits. One study (Friedman et al., 1993) assessed young people in the early 1920s to see if differences in personality in childhood predicts who lived longer. Those people who were highly conscientious as children were more likely to live to an old age (Friedman et al., 1995; Costa, Weiss, Duberstein, Friedman, & Siegler, 2014; Hampson, Edmons, Goldberg, Dubanoski, & Hillier, 2013; Turiano, Chapman, Gruenwald, & Mroczek, 2015). Conscientious people may be more successful at avoiding harmful situations, they may think more about their health (Hill, Turiano, Hurd, Mroczek, & Roberts, 2011), they may be more adherent to treatment recommendations (Hill & Roberts, 2011), they practice good health habits (Hampson, Edmons, Goldberg, Dubanoski, & Hillier, 2015), and they use their cognitive abilities effectively

Additional Psychosocial Resources

medical

Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be

_____ is a window of vulnerability for most bad health habits.

Adolescence

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

African American men and women

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for _____.

African American men and women

a relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

African American men and women

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

African American men and women.

Which of the following situations would be LEAST stressful?

Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

_____ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

Allostatic load

________ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

Allostatic load

C. exhaustion

The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during respiration occurs between the

Alveoli and the capillaries

Which of the following is made available to people with hypertension so that they can monitor their blood pressure successfully?

Ambulatory monitoring device

Which of the following is a successful coping outcome?

tolerating negative events

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a: A. high pendicular load. B. low pendicular load. C. high allostatic load. D. low allostatic load.

C. high allostatic load.

Which of the following describes placebo drinking?

An individual substitutes or alternates alcoholic drinks with nonalcoholic beverages.

iron

An overdose of _____ supplements is associated with increased mortality risk among older women.

Paul lives alone, has very few friends, and is unhappy with his work life. He constantly complains of back pains and headaches. He is very distracted and finds it difficult to relax. Which of the following factors in recognizing symptoms does Paul exemplify?

Attentional differences

_______ results from below-normal numbers of red blood cells, and it interferes with the transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide throughout the body.

Anemia

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event? A. Lack of career fulfillment B. A significant change in job responsibilities C. Questioning one's identity and goals D. A religious festival in a neighboring nation

B. A significant change in job responsibilities

Which of the following is true of anxiety?

Anxious patients cope more poorly with surgery.

Which of the following is the first stage of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms?

Appraisal delay

_____ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

Appraisal delay

________ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

Appraisal delay

by gathering information or taking direct action. Although each style can have advantages, on the whole, approach-related coping is more successful than avoidant coping, and it is tied to better mental and physical health outcomes

Approach Coping Style (Confrontative, Viligent,) Coping Style

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory? A. It is not correlated with illness and health behaviors. B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events. C. It only counts unresolved stressful events. D. It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.

B. It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Karoshi is a Japanese term which refers to _____. A. sudden nocturnal death B. death from overwork C. stress-related mental illness D. euthanasia

B. death from overwork

Studies of vulnerable populations, e.g., children, older adults, exposed to a chronic stressor indicate they _____. A. eventually habituate to high levels of the stressor B. exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors C. exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of helplessness D. eventually learn to change their task strategies and attention focus to accommodate the noise in their environments

B. exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

The adrenal cortex produces _____ in response to stress. A. epinephrine and norepinephrine B. glucocorticoids C. endogenous opioids D. ACTH

B. glucocorticoids

Particularly for women in disadvantaged groups, _____ can endanger human pregnancy. A. high levels of social support B. high levels of stress C. high levels of self-esteem D. low levels of stress

B. high levels of stress

The effects of unemployment _____. A. are unaffected by social support. B. include psychological and physical symptoms. C. include psychological but not physical symptoms. D. include physical but not psychological symptoms.

B. include psychological and physical symptoms.

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____. A. current emotional state B. meaning of the event C. coping ability D. resources

B. meaning of the event

The relationship between scores on the Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory and illness is _____. A. negligible B. modest C. robust D. unpredictable

B. modest

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is _____. A. HPA activation B. oxytocin C. cortisol D. GSA

B. oxytocin

The occurrence of daily hassles _____. A. bears no relationship to physical health. B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term. C. markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms. D. are poor predictors of physical health than major life events.

B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term

B. reduces psychological well-being over the short term.

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate different expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work. This is an example of _____. A. role ambiguity B. role conflict C. work pressure D. overwork

B. role conflict

_____ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.

BIOFEEDBACK

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to _____. A. physiology B. psychosocial resources C. health behaviors D. health care

D. health care

The fight-or-flight response _____. A. is never adaptive. B. involves arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system. C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system. D. is subject to large individual differences.

C. involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.

Explain the medical and psychological significance of pain.

Beth Azar (2011) wrote an article "Psychology is key to pain management," which can be found on the American Psychological Association's website. The article briefly talks about pain, methods of managing pain, and the need for better integrated care and research on pain. Pain and Ethnicity Gatchell (2004) provides a comprehensive approach to help individuals who experience acute and chronic pain. Similarly, much research has been conducted to examine cancer pain assessment and management (Chang et al., 2006), the pharmacologic management of cancer pain (Cleary, 2007), spiritual pain among patients with advanced cancer and renal cancer (Mako et al., 2006), and personality characteristics (Green et al., 2008). A recent review of literature (Cintron & Morrison, 2006) reveals several racial and ethnic disparities with regard to pain diagnosis and treatments. For instance, health professionals are more likely to underestimate minority patients' level of pain; African Americans and Latinos are less likely to receive pain medication and more likely not to receive appropriate treatments. Ethnicity and sex may also affect how individuals perceive and express pain (Mailis-Cagnon et al., 2007). Findings also indicate that Latinos are more likely to report more pain relative to Caucasians and, more often, their pain is associated with increased depression (Hernandez & Sachs-Ericsson, 2006). The authors posit that cultural differences in accepting and expressing distress may be associated with higher pain relative to Caucasians.

_____ is a psychological technique for the management of pain and can be thought of as an operant learning process.

Biofeedback

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's _____. A. current emotional state B. perception of the event C. personal resources D. physical state in the past

C. personal resources

________ is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

COPING STYLE

A low plasma fibrinogen is an indication of a _____. A. high pendicular load B. low pendicular load C. high allostatic load D. low allostatic load

D. low allostatic load

delay behavior

_______ is a secondary infection that may occur as a complication of other disorders, such as a severe cold or flu.

Bronchial pneumonia

a lay referral network

Bruce has been feeling increasingly fatigued even when he exerts himself mildly. He discusses his condition with his neighbor, Sam, who also suffers from a similar problem. Sam tells him that a large dose of vitamin B complex will eradicate the symptoms. Bruce tries Sam's remedy and experiences a gradual improvement in his condition. This type of consultation is an example of

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been associated with _____. A. temporary changes in the brain, involving the amygdala B. decreased cortisol, norepinephrine, and epinephrine C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period D. physical and sexual changes that are temporary

C. biochemical and hormonal alterations that last over a long period

Graham experiences chronic back pain that he describes as dull and aching and. The nociceptors responsible for this pain likely are:

C-fibers

_____ are unmyelinated nerve fibers, involved in polymodal pain, that transmit dull, aching pain.

C-fibers

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory, attaches electrodes and sensors to them, and has them play a computer game. One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals. The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals but just before each burst occurs a bluebird flies across the computer screen. Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses. A. disease induction B. stressful life events C. acute stress D. daily stress

C. acute stress

Individuals who are prone to react to stress with _____ report more daily hassles than are those who do not react in this manner. A. optimism B. narcissism C. anxiety D. depression

C. anxiety

_____ involves the humanitarian side of medicine, and it deals with the orientation of the nursing staff.

Care

The humoral theory of illness was replaced by the science of ________ during the Renaissance.

Cellular pathology

The _______ coordinates voluntary muscle movement, the maintenance of balance and equilibrium, and the maintenance of muscle tone and posture.

Cerebellum

lay referral networks

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine. This is characteristic of

_____ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness.

Chiropractic medicine

regression

Children who are hospitalized often become dependent when they are on bed rest and rely on staff. This is likely to lead to

_____ pain varies in severity, persists for six months or longer, and is relatively unresponsive to treatment.

Chronic benign

_____ is believed to be caused by multiple factors, including health habits, and is long in duration often with severe consequences.

Chronic illness

_____ is believed to be caused by multiple factors, including health habits, and is long in duration, often with severe consequences.

Chronic illness

contribute to psychological distress and physical illness

Chronic stress appears to

Explain the physiological aspects of pain.

Coakley and Kaufman's (2008) book provides an interdisciplinary approach of what pain is: Pain is a sensation that can hurt, cause discomfort, distress, or terrible agony. Research on pain is extensive but much of it still remains a mystery. While scientists show that pain sensations can be shaped by psychological state and interpretation, many individuals and cultures experience pain differently. In this book, neuroscientists, psychiatrists, anthropologists, musicologists, and religious scholars examine the ways that meditation, music, prayer, and ritual can mediate pain, offer a narrative that transcends the sufferer, and give public dignity to private agony. This book includes various topics such as the molecular basis of pain, the controversial status of gate control theory, the possible links between the relaxation response and meditative practices in Christianity and Buddhism, and the mediation of pain and intense emotion in music, dance, and ritual. Turk and Okifuji's (2002, 2003) provide theoretical models and discuss ways to learn pain using learning theory. In addition, they examine the affective and cognitive components of pain.

those who have had experience with a similar disorder

Coherent conceptions of illness are acquired from

________ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event.

Collective control

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse. After several pairings, alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n)

Conditioned response

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend, Nancy, in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program. According to their agreement, Nancy must pay $1 to Rhonda every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes. If she fails to do so, Rhonda must pay $1 to Nancy. This is an example of

Contingency contracting

These interventions use information, relaxation, and cognitive-behavioral techniques, such as learning to think differently about the unpleasant sensations of a procedure, to reduce anxiety, improve coping, and promote recovery.

Control-Enhancing Interventions

which involves clarifying, focusing on, and working through the emotions experienced in response to a stressor

Emotional-Approach Coping

is influenced not only by the internal resources a person brings to a stressor, such as resources and coping style, but also by external resources. These include time, money, education, a decent job, friends, family, standard of living, the presence of positive life events, and the absence of other life stressors. People with greater resources typically cope with stressful events better, because time, money, friends, and other resources simply provide more ways of dealing with a stressful event.

Coping

A seriously ill cancer patient was asked how she managed to cope with her disease so well. She responded, "I try to have cracked crab and raspberries every week." People have their favorite ways of coping, as this cancer patient described, but there are also general styles of coping that characterize most people. Coping style is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

Coping Style

_____ is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

Coping style

_____ is concerned with ensuring the smooth functioning of the system and the flow of resources, services, and personnel.

Core

_____ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment.

Creative nonadherence

________ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment.

Creative nonadherence

In one study, air traffic controllers who _____ were more likely to become ill or to experience an accidental injury than their colleagues. A. were single B. were married C. were 50 or older D. had few social contacts

D. had few social contacts

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for _____. A. Caucasian women B. happily-married women C. Asian adults and children D. African American men and women

D. African American men and women

Which of the following situations would be LEAST stressful? A. Jill has filed for divorce after 25 years of marriage. B. Joe arrives at his first class of the day to find that the professor will administer a pop quiz. C. Linda, a full-time college student, learns that she will have to find a second part-time job due to cuts in financial aid packages. D. Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

D. Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Who of the following is LEAST likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with their job? A. Susie, a single mother of a five-year old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position. B. Mary Lou, a married mother of two young children, works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week. C. Sally, a single mother of a five-year old daughter, is a lawyer with flexible hours. D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

D. Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress. A. Stressor B. Physiology C. Oxytocin D. Reactivity

D. Reactivity

Selye's (1956, 1976) studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigated _____ responses to stress. A. psychological B. gastrointestinal C. adrenomedullary D. adrenocortical

D. adrenocortical

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat. A. exhaustion B. flight C. resistance D. alarm

D. alarm

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____. A. appraisal B. exhaustion C. resistance D. alarm

D. alarm

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the _____. A. hypothalamus B. medulla oblongata C. isthmus D. cerebral cortex

D. cerebral cortex

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of a _____. A. stressor B. life event C. daily hassle D. chronic stress

D. chronic stress

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that _____. A. outside employment can be harmful for women's well-being B. having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress C. having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem

D. combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by _____. A. lactose B. pepsin C. testosterone D. estrogen

D. estrogen

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is _____. A. resistance B. alarm C. appraisal D. exhaustion

D. exhaustion

According to its critics, Selye's (1956, 1976) model _____. A. fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time B. fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship C. places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress

D. fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress

Stress is a _____ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects. A. positive physical B. negative physical C. positive emotional D. negative emotional

D. negative emotional

One of the criticisms of Selye's model concerns the fact that _____ produce the same endocrinological responses. A. all stressors B. all the phases C. not all the phases D. not all stressors

D. not all stressors

Animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior. A. lactose B. testosterone C. pepsin D. oxytocin

D. oxytocin

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to _____. A. health care B. psychosocial resources C. health behaviors D. physiology

D. physiology

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is _____. A. health care, psychosocial resources, health behaviors, and physiology B. psychosocial resources, health behaviors, physiology, and health care C. health behaviors, physiology, health care, and psychosocial resources D. physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and health care

D. physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and health care

According to Holmes and Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it _____. A. is negative B. threatens one's self-concept C. is long-term D. requires adaptation

D. requires adaptation

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat. A. exhaustion B. flight C. alarm D. resistance

D. resistance

Stressful events are called _____. A. appraisals B. syndromes C. resources D. stressors

D. stressors

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload. A. feel less stressed B. practice better health habits C. have a better circadian rhythm D. sustain more health risks

D. sustain more health risks

The _____ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring. A. awe-and-shock B. divide-and-conquer C. fight-or-flight D. tend-and-befriend

D. tend-and-befriend

Most definitions of stress focus on _____. A. stressful events B. physiological changes C. emotional changes D. the relationship between the person and the environment

D. the relationship between the person and the environment

The ________ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times.

DIRECT EFFECTS

Jay fractured his left leg while playing football and now suffers from chronic postsurgical pain. His doctor recommended a psychological technique for pain management. Now, whenever Jay experiences pain, he listens to his favorite music while trying out new recipes. This helps him deal more effectively with the pain and also helps in reducing the intensity of pain. Which of the following techniques is Jay using to control his pain?

DISTRACTION

Functional magnetic resonance imaging is a scientific tool that permits glimpses into

DNA molecules. the endocrine system. the circulatory system. *the brain.

improves adjustment to many chronic conditions, including chronic pain, and medical conditions such as pregnancy, & breast cancer

Emotional-Approach Coping Continued

Which of the following is a successful coping outcome?

tolerating negative realities

Delay behavior

________ is a model of job stress developed by R. Karasek and his associated that suggests that high needs, low authority, and little guidance at work enhance risk for ill health especially coronary srtery disease

Demand-control-support model

_____ is the most common difficulty experienced as a result of cancer.

Depression

yin-yang

Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the _____ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

The _____ hypothesis maintains that social support is generally beneficial during nonstressful as well as stressful times.

Direct effects

seek treatment that satisfies their emotional needs.

Dissatisfied patients are more likely to:

Distraction

_____ is a psychological pain management technique in which a patient turns his or her attention away from pain by focusing attention on an irrelevant and attention-getting stimulus.

Distraction

The World Health Organization's 1948 definition of health:

Encompasses social, mental, and physical health

acupuncture

In _____ treatment, long, thin needles are inserted into designated areas of the body that theoretically influence the areas in which a patient is experiencing a disorder.

________ interventions make use of cell phones, pagers, palm pilots, tablets, and other mobile technologies to deliver interventions and assess health-related events in the natural environment.

Ecological momentary

Which of the following situations would be least stressful?

Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Medicare is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

Elderly

involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to the stressful event. Typically people use both problem-focused and emotion-focused coping to manage stressful events, suggesting that both types of coping are useful

Emotion-Focused Coping

_____ involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

Emotion-focused coping

________ involves efforts to regulate emotions experienced due to a stressful event.

Emotion-focused coping

Contrary to popular belief, health behaviors of characters in soap operas, dramas, and comedies do not affect health behaviors of viewers.

False

Which of the following statements is true about the health habits of Americans?

Exercise has increased among Americans.

A study in the Annals of Internal Medicine suggested that physicians begin all their patient interactions using electronic mails.

Celebrating positive events with other people improves mood in the short term but does not show significant benefits over the long term.

Emotional support is most beneficial when it comes from experts who are responsive to an individual's needs

Medical delay is more likely when a patient matches the profile of an average person with a given disease.

People who are anxious or neurotic are more likely to ignore physical symptoms and avoid seeking treatment.

People's awareness of their internal physiological state is remarkably accurate.

People's conceptions of illnesses and their symptoms are largely similar and consistent.

Processes in the thalamus are involved in cognitive judgments about pain, which contributes to the strong emotions often experienced during pain.

T/F (From the first video "Supporting Resilence.") It is recommended to wait for problems to strike in communities, rather than offer support and services.

T/F During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome, an organism makes efforts to cope with a threat.

T/F Focusing on the breath is not an important aspect of yoga.

T/F For both men and women, the research on multiple roles is converging on the idea that stress is higher when one finds meaning in one's life.

T/F From the video: Doctors Seeing Rise In Cyberchondriacs, Is Too Much Internet Info Bad for Your Health? Scientific studies and peer reviewed websites are not recommended when looking for health information online.

T/F One astounding scientific finding in the Whitehall study is the higher you are in a social hierarchy, the higher your risk of heart disease and other diseases are.

T/F Only chronic stress impacts memory.

T/F Stainless steel needles for acupuncture can be used multiple times and do not have to be disposed after treatment.

T/F Stress can suppress our immune response, which allows bacteria in the gastrointestinal system to flourish, thus making us less susceptible to ulcers.

The childbirth experience and the perception of pain associated with it is uniform for all women across different cultures.

57. (p. 136) Negative affectivity has been related to alcoholism, depression, and suicidal behavior but not to poor health.

FALSE

60. (p. 139) Well-being is defined as a sense of adapting flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations.

FALSE

61. (p. 139) Celebrating positive events with other people improves mood in the short-term but does not show significant benefits over the long-term.

FALSE

62. (p. 141) It is more beneficial to use emotion-focused coping while dealing with work-related problems.

FALSE

64. (p. 151) Emotional support is most beneficial when it comes from experts who are responsive to an individual's needs.

FALSE

true

Faulty communication between a patient and a provider can lead to malpractice suits.

People vary with regard to whether they are fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic in nature. The test developed to measure this dispositional optimism is known as the

Life Orientation Test.

_____ is a functional pain disorder in which there is no clear tissue damage present.

Fibromyalgia

A broad array of measures for evaluating quality of life is available

For both adults and children

Which of the following is a factor that aggravates burnout?

too much time spent with clients

_____ testing enables an increasing number of people to know that they have a risk for illness even before they develop that illness.

Genetic

Describe the social and psychological factors that influence the recognition and interpretation of symptoms.

Geropsychologists seek to understand the negative age stereotypes with regard to health issues (Dittmann, 2008). Elderly people are often stereotyped as incompetent and forgetful (Cuddy et al., 2005; Erber et al., 1996), and such beliefs may lead elderly individuals and health professionals to associate health symptoms with aging, which can have tragic outcomes. For instance, Sarkisian and colleagues (2006) published an article regarding the growing body of research investigating beliefs about aging and health, and they reported that if older adults attribute their health problems to aging, they may not seek medical treatment, which results in greater mortality. Moreover, medication nonadherence is frequent among older adults because of low self-efficacy or a lack of confidence in the physician's knowledge (Chia et al., 2006). A study by Jerry H. Gurwitz and others (2003) showed that adverse drug events are common and often preventable among older persons in the ambulatory clinical setting. Prevention strategies should target the prescribing and monitoring stages of pharmaceutical care. Interventions focused on improving patient adherence with prescribed regimens and monitoring of prescribed medications may be beneficial. Such results indicate that personal and cultural beliefs are important considerations. Health practitioners hold cognitive representations of illness and the patient prototypes. Thus, practitioner stereotypes about their patients may influence the diagnosis of symptoms as well as the quality of care provided to the patient (Mandy, Lucas, and Hodgson, 2007).A study by Hamilton and Janata (1997) investigated abnormal illness behavior (that is, the overreporting or exaggerating of physical symptoms, preoccupation with illness, medical tests, and so forth), and they proposed that people with low self-esteem or identity problems engage in these behaviors in an effort to construct a positive sense of self. A more recent article by Miczo (2004) argues that sick-role behavior may be better conceptualized as a set of illness attitudes and care-seeking behaviors. He found that attitudinal factors (release, consideration, burden, and deviance) were moderate predictors of care-seeking intentions, as were stressors and social support for the sick role. Taking the study of sick-role behavior further, Frederick Anyan (2012) researched the differences between sick-role behavior in men and women. The findings from the study indicated that men's conceptualization of illness involved the exhaustion of internal bodily organs and the absence of strength—requiring assistance to function in daily activities. The findings also indicated that women's conceptualization of illness involved mainly the impairment of physiological functioning and the feeling of weakness or nausea.

in the context of appraisal of stressors, _______ is the assessment of a damage that has already been done, as for example being fired from a job

Harm

Juan is very stressed about his recent divorce. He is preoccupied with thoughts of his ex-wife. How is this stress likely to affect his immune system?

He will show poor immune functioning when under stress.

they often underestimate their patients' level of understanding about an illness.

Health care providers frequently resort to baby talk because

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the ________ personality.

Health-prone

cyclic

Herpes is an example of the _____ model of illness.

illness delay

Leon experiences abdominal pain during bowel movements. He also observes blood in his stools. However, he is not sure if he requires medical treatment and delays his visit to the doctor. Which of the following delay behaviors is Leon displaying?

is tied to effective coping. It seems to be most protective at low levels of stress; at higher levels of stress, the stressful events themselves can overwhelm the benefits of self-esteem (Whisman & Kwon, 1993). Nonetheless, typically self-esteem is associated with lower levels of stress indicators, such as HPA axis activity (Seeman et al., 1995), which may be the root by which self-esteem affects illness. In addition, people with stronger self-related resources have better health habits, being somewhat less likely to smoke or use alcohol to excess, for example

High Self-Esteem

_____ treats patients using diluted preparations that cause symptoms similar to those from which the patient suffers.

Homeopathy

Identify a true statement about pain.

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted

_____ is a symptomless disease.

Hypertension

_____ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.

Hypochondriacs

________ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.

Hypochondriacs

time between the recognition that a symptom implies an illness and the decision to seek treatment

Illness delay is the

hospital infection

In 2007, it was found that _____ is the sixth biggest cause of death in the United States.

honest mistakes

In most cases, if delay occurs because of health care providers, it is a result of

normative

In the United States, drug taking is a _____ behavior.

when the physician prescribes bed rest and over-the-counter medications

In which of the following cases does a patient feel ignored by a physician?

when the treatment has failed

In which of the following conditions is a patient likely to revisit a physician after initial treatment?

when the symptoms are likely to diminish on their own

In which of the following conditions is delay in seeking treatment likely to be appropriate?

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?

Inaccurate information on the Web can make symptoms worse

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?

Inaccurate information on the web can make symptoms worse

Which of the following is a component of social influence interventions?

Information on the effects of smoking is carefully constructed to appeal to adolescents

_____ is a form of cancer that strikes the bone marrow, producing an excessive number of white blood cells and leading to severe anemia and other complications.

Leukemia

Which of the following is a function of the hypothalamus?

It acts as a transition center between thoughts generated in the cerebral cortex and one's internal organs.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using morphine as a painkiller?

It can be addictive, and patients may build up a tolerance to it

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) Stressful Life Events (SLE) inventory?

It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967) stressful life events inventory?

It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Which of the following statements is true about the Patient Self-Determination Act?

It gives importance to the patients' wishes.

Which of the following is a benefit of conducting an employee fitness program?

It increases job satisfaction.

Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?

It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than six months

Which of the following statements best describes recurrent acute pain?

It involves intermittent episodes of pain that are acute in character but chronic inasmuch as the condition repeats for more than six months.

Identify a true statement about rheumatoid arthritis.

It is a disease in which complete recovery is possible.

Which of the following statements best defines complementary and alternative medicine?

It is a diverse group of therapies, products, and medical treatments such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture, among other treatments

Which of the following statements best defines complementary and alternative medicine?

It is a diverse group of therapies, products, and medical treatments such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture, among other treatments.

Which of the following statements is true about diastolic pressure?

It is the pressure in the arteries when the heart is relaxed.

Which of the following statements is true of emotion-focused coping?

It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity

Which of the following statements is true of emotion-focused coping?

It leads people to affirm important aspects of their identity.

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

It promotes active and persistent coping efforts in individuals

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

It promotes active and persistent coping efforts in individuals.

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

It promotes active coping efforts in individuals

Which of the following is a characteristic of optimism?

It promotes active coping efforts in individuals.

Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization?

It provides emotional protection for the provider

Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization?

It provides emotional protection for the provider.

Which of the following statements is true about the biomedical model?

It reduces illness to low-level processes such as disordered cells and chemical imbalances.

Which of the following best describes the administrative line in a private hospital?

It runs the business of the hospital.

In the context of health care, which of the following statements is true of the United States?

It spends more on health care than any other country in the world.

Which of the following is an important feature of chronic pain?

It typically begins with an acute pain episode

which of the following situations would be least stressful?

Karl, a file clerk has been working intensively for three weeks in a new job responsibility

Who among the following patients is likely to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with HIV infection?

John, who feels that he has some control over the disease and has taken responsibility for his treatment

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine. This is characteristic of

Lay referral network

Explain the nature and consequences of delay behavior.

Living with one or more of potentially serious health problems without seeking care, sometimes for months, is called delay behavior. Patient may normalize symptoms of heart attack for example as gastric distress or muscle pain. Delay is defined as time between when a person recognizes a symptom and when the person obtains treatment. Appraisal delay - time it takes individual to decide that symptom is serious. Illness delay - time between recognition of a symptom implying illness and the decision to seek treatment. Behavioral delay - time between deciding to seek treatment and actually doing so. Medical delay - time that elapses between person calling for appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical treatment. Runny nose or sore throat can clear up on own - but in the case of debilitating symptoms, one should not delay. Some people have insurance or financial reasons to delay tx, or those with no regular contact with primary care. Some are phobic about medical services. Doctors can also cause delays by misdiagnosis, or honest mistakes.

early mortality

Low IQ predicts:

behavioral delay

Lydia is experiencing severe stomach pains. Last week, she noticed blood in her urine. She feels fatigued and is increasingly unable to carry on with her daily routine. She researches her symptoms on the Internet, and many of her symptoms indicate that she may be at an early stage of developing a cancerous tumor. She concludes that she requires treatment but has not visited a doctor yet. Which of the following delay behaviors is Lydia displaying?

Nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and, in response, release chemical messengers, which are conducted to the spinal cord

MECHANICAL

In the _____________ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people work to prevent relapse and to consolidate the gains they have made.

Maintenance

Which of the following is true of interventions to modify diet?

Nudging people in the right direction through subtle messages is likely to work better than explicit warnings.

lay practitioner

Maria is a 70-year-old woman. She has not had a formal education, but she is regarded as highly knowledgeable in illnesses, childbirth, and traditional medicine. Since she has personal wisdom in medical matters, she is known to be a

Mark has a pain in her lungs that hurts so much that it interferes with his sleep. Monash has pain in his elbow that seems to be getting a little worse each week. Who is most likely to see her physician tomorrow?

Mark

Rosa hit her thumb with a hammer while building a table. What type of pain perception is she likely to experience?

Mechanical nociception

_____ is a pain perception that results from a physical damage to the tissues of the body.

Mechanical nociception

underprivileged

Medicaid is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

situational factors

Medical students' disease is an example of the role of _____ in the recognition of symptoms.

elderly

Medicare is a federally administered system of health insurance available to the

_____, such as distortions in posture or gait, facial and audible expressions of distress, and avoidance of activities, arise from chronic pain.

Pain behaviors

_____ means that a patient no longer feels anything in an area of the body that once hurt.

Pain control

Which of the following statements is true of the impact of social factors on coronary heart disease (CHD)?

Migrants have a high incidence of CHD.

role conflict.

Mindfulness meditation teaches people to strive for a state of mind marked by heightened awareness of the present, focusing on the moment and accepting and acknowledging it without becoming distracted or distressed by stress (Davidson & Kaszniak, 2015). Mindfulness can improve quality of life, reduce anxiety, and improve coping, and so it has been the basis of Page 148interventions (Schirda, Nicholas, & Prakash, 2015). Mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) is a systematic training in mindfulness to help people manage their reactions to stress and the negative emotions that may result

Mindful Meditation & Acceptance/Committment Therapy

_____ meditation teaches people to strive for a state of mind marked by awareness, focus on the present moment, and acceptance and acknowledgement without becoming distracted or distressed.

Mindfulness

fibromyalgia

Mindfulness meditation is known to be an effective treatment for a functional disorder known as

Who among the following is least likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours

Who among the following is least likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

Miranda, a married mother with two young children, is a lawyer with flexible hours.

_____________ is learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

Modeling

Describe the various kinds of CAM therapies available and describe complementary and alternative medicine.

Moreover, a protocol or regimen's success and adherence to interventions are strengthened by an integrated approach between clients, practitioners, and wellness providers. Sometimes individuals who use CAM do not disclose this information to their other wellness providers, like medical doctors. The health psychology field encourages open communication, as do those who recognize the value of an integrated approach to wellness and thriving. Students are encouraged to explore the medical and wellness services available in their community. Doctors, chiropractors, nutritionists, trainers, spiritual leaders, healers, acupuncturists, therapists, counselors, hospital support groups, and fitness centers are examples of services that can support an individual's ability to sustain health and wellness strategies, promote holistic thriving, and support an integrated model of service.

Which of the following is a difference between acute pain and chronic pain?

Most pain control techniques work well to control acute pain, but are less successful with chronic pain.

Using a ________ design can remedy some of the problems with correlational research.

Prospective

Identify a true statement about pain.

The degree to which pain is felt and how incapacitating it is largely depends on how it is interpreted.

Describe the use and effectiveness of hypnosis, acupuncture, and guided imagery to control pain.

Nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States use complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), in addition to or instead of traditional medicine (Barnes, Powell-Griner, McFann, & Nahin, 2004; Neiberg et al., 2011). Most commonly, those who use more than one CAM therapy combine herbal or dietary supplements with prayer or meditation (Neiberg et al., 2011). Depression, anxiety, stress, insomnia, severe headaches, and stomach and intestinal disorders also prompt the use of CAM therapies, particularly when these conditions have not been successfully treated through traditional medicine (Frass et al., 2012).

_____ patients usually present an exaggerated picture of their symptoms.

Neurotic

_____ complaints usually develop because of anxiety and depression

Nonmedical

Psychosocial Resources

OPTIMISM: Exactly how might optimism exert a positive impact on symptom expression, psychological adjustment, and health outcomes? Optimists have better physiological stress profiles on indicators such as cortisol, blood pressure, and inflammation (Endrighi, Hamer, & Steptoe, 2011; Jobin, Wrosch, & Scheier, 2014; Roy et al., 2010; Segerstrom, 2006b; Segerstrom & Sephton, 2010). Optimism also promotes active and persistent coping efforts, which improves long-term prospects for psychological and physical health (Segerstrom, Castañeda, & Spencer, 2003). Optimism fosters a sense of personal control, which has beneficial effects on physical functioning (Ruthig & Chipperfield, 2007). Optimists use problem-focused coping, seek social support from others, and emphasize the positive aspects of stressful situations (Scheier, Weintraub, & Carver, 1986). As noted in Chapter 1, meta-analysis is a particularly strong form of evidence because it includes many studies. A meta-analysis of 83 studies concerning the relation of optimism to physical health found effects not only on a broad array of health outcomes, but also on the physiological indicators that can predict them (Rasmussen, Scheier, & Greenhouse, 2009).

________ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

OVERLY INTRUSIVE

physiology

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to

Which of the following statements is true of obesity?

Often overlooked risks of obesity are psychological distress and depression.

be resuscitated in emergency rooms

Older patients are less likely than younger patients to

not all stressors

One of the criticisms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that _____ produce the same biological responses.

_____ is an alternative medical practice that draws on the body's ability to heal itself.

Osteopathy

_____ social contact may actually worsen the experience of stress.

Overly intrusive

The posterior pituitary lobe produces _______, which controls contractions during labor and lactation and is involved in social affiliation.

Oxytocin

_______ is a syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing and other symptoms, such as hyper-alertness, sleep disturbance or impared concentration.

PTSD

Describe the psychological and social consequences of chronic pain.

Pain serves an important purpose by alerting you to injuries such as a sprained ankle or burned hand. Chronic pain, however, is often more complex. People often think of pain as a purely physical sensation. However, pain has biological, psychological and emotional factors. Furthermore, chronic pain can cause feelings such as anger, hopelessness, sadness and anxiety. To treat pain effectively, you must address the physical, emotional and psychological aspects. Medical treatments, including medication, surgery, rehabilitation and physical therapy, may be helpful for treating chronic pain. Psychological treatments are also an important part of pain management. Understanding and managing the thoughts, emotions and behaviors that accompany the discomfort can help you cope more effectively with your pain—and can actually reduce the intensity of your pain.For patients dealing with chronic pain, treatment plans are designed for that particular patient. The plan often involves teaching relaxation techniques, changing old beliefs about pain, building new coping skills and addressing any anxiety or depression that may accompany your pain. One way to do this is by helping you learn to challenge any unhelpful thoughts you have about pain. A psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about problems and to find solutions. In some cases, distracting yourself from pain is helpful. In other cases, a psychologist can help you develop new ways to think about your pain. Studies have found that some psychotherapy can be as effective as surgery for relieving chronic pain because psychological treatments for pain can alter how your brain processes pain sensations.Having a painful condition is stressful. Unfortunately, stress can contribute to a range of health problems, including high blood pressure, heart disease, obesity, diabetes, depression and anxiety. In addition, stress can trigger muscle tension or muscle spasms that may increase pain. Managing your emotions can directly affect the intensity of your pain. Psychologists can help you manage the stresses in your life related to your chronic pain. Psychologists can help you learn relaxation techniques, such as meditation or breathing exercises to keep stress levels under control. Some psychologists and other health care providers use an approach called biofeedback, which teaches you how to control certain body functions. In biofeedback, sensors attached to your skin measure your stress response by tracking processes like heart rate, blood pressure and even brain waves. As you learn strategies to relax your muscles and your mind, you can watch on a computer screen as your body's stress response decreases. In this way, you can determine which relaxation strategies are most effective, and practice using them to control your body's response to tension.

true

Patient A is preoperative. If the roommate is post-operative, patient A is likely to have better pre-and post-operative adjustment.

true

Patient-centered care involves providing patients with information, involving them in decisions regarding care, and considering psychosocial issues such as social support needs.

true

Patients are remarkably good at predicting their adherence to treatment regimens.

negative reactions from physicians

Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke

Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?

Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain

Which of the following statements is true about chronic pain?

Patients with chronic pain disorders show significant loss of gray matter in certain regions of the brain.

attentional differences

psychological

The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes.

false

People turn to CAM therapies after their disorders have been successfully treated by traditional medicine.

report more symptoms and perceive themselves as vulnerable to future illness

People with negative expectations or pessimistic outlooks are likely to

women

Physicians are most likely to dismiss legitimate medical problems as psychological disturbances in

chronic illnesses pose uncertainties and raise questions about prognosis

Physicians prefer to treat an acute illness compared to a chronic illness because

_____ refers to pain that triggers chemical reactions from tissue damage.

Polymodal nociception

true

Poor communication leads to nonadherence of treatment and potential initiation of malpractice litigation.

Positivity & Illness

Positive emotional functioning promotes better mental and physical health (Cohen & Pressman, 2006; Wiest, Schüz, Webster, & Wurm, 2011) and a longer life (Xu & Roberts, 2010). Page 140Positive emotional states have been tied to lower levels of stress indicators such as cortisol and better immune responses to challenges such as exposure to a flu virus (Low, Matthews, & Hall, 2013; Steptoe, Demakakos, de Oliveira, & Wardle, 2012). When people are feeling positive, they also invest time and effort to overcome obstacles in pursuit of their goals (Haase, Poulin, & Heckhausen, 2012), which may accordingly affect their mood and lower their stress levels. In addition to promoting general well-being, positivity promotes several specific psychological resources that improve coping (Taylor & Broffman, 2011), to which we next turn

Most of the research in health psychology is guided by

Practical problems

creative nonadherence

The practice of modifying and supplementing a prescribed treatment regimen is known as

_____ is the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults.

Prayer

Julian has decided to lose 15 pounds. He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol levels are high. He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets, and has decided to go walking thrice a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week. According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Julian is in the _____________ stage of behavior change.

Preparation

Much coping is proactive; that is, people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance, either to prevent them or to reduce their impact (Aspinwall, 2011; Aspinwall & Taylor, 1997). Proactive coping requires first, the abilities to anticipate or detect potential stressors; second, coping skills for managing them; and third, self-regulatory skills, which are the ways that people control, direct, and correct their actions as they attempt to counter potential stressful events.

Proactive Coping

involves attempts to do something constructive about the stressful conditions that are harming, threatening, or challenging an individual.

Problem-Focused Coping

acute stress

oxytocin

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism is

_____ pain is due to an unidentifiable physical cause.

Psychogenic

is the belief that one can determine one's own behavior, influence one's environment, and bring about desired outcomes. The belief that one can exert control over stressful events has long been known to help people cope with stress (Taylor, Helgeson, Reed, & Page 141Skokan, 1991; Thompson, 1981). Perceived control is closely related to self-efficacy, which is a more narrow belief that one's actions to obtain a specific outcome in a specific situation will be successful

Psychological Control

personal resources

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

_______ is the paralysis of all four extremities and the trunk of the body. It occurs when the upper portion of the spinal cord is severed.

Quadriplegia

faulty communication

Qualities of the interaction between a practitioner and a patient can perpetuate

_____ is defined as a disorder in which the small arteries in the extremities constrict, limiting blood flow and producing a cold, numb aching.

Raynaud's disease

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

Reactivity

Which of the following is true of euthanasia and assisted suicide?

Receptivity to euthanasia and assisted suicide has increased in the United States.

Psychological resources such as these not only enable people to confront and cope with stressors. They also help them bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations

Resilence

Resilience

________ is a psychological resource that not only allows individuals to confront and cope with stressors but also helps them bounce back from bad experiences and adapt flexibly to the changing demands of stressful situations.

Resilience

Mindfulness engages the prefrontal cortical regions of the brain, which regulate affect and down regulate activity in the limbic areas related to anxiety and other negative emotions.

True

are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance

Risky families are those that

nurse practitioner

Rita is trained in traditional nursing and has also received special training in primary care. She is affiliated with a group of private practice physicians and sees her own patients. Her responsibilities involve providing routine medical care, prescribing treatment, and attending to the chronically ill. Rita is a

appraisal delay

_____ occurs when a person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work.

Role ambiguity

_____ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

Role conflict

acute illness

Who among the following is most likely to have a negative impression of their body image?

Sandra, who lost her hair as a result of chemotherapy

Networking may be an added source of social support for people, but those who use it to express distress may drive others away.

True

which maintains that through collaboration with family and friends (Hou & Wan, 2012) or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event. Thus control need not be personal to be adaptive: the perception that other people have control or that control is shared with significant other people in one's life can be beneficial

Secondary Control

_____ maintains that through collaboration with family and friends or with medical practitioners, one may successfully cope with a stressful event.

Secondary control

Nociceptors in the peripheral nerves first sense injury and, in response, release chemical messengers, which are conducted to the spinal cord.

True

_____ can undermine defensive reactions to threats.

Self-affirmation

Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?

Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers

Which of the following statements is true of A-delta fibers?

Sensory aspects of pain are heavily determined by activity in the A-delta fibers.

using jargons to explain a condition.

Shirley had gone for a routine medical check-up, and her doctor found that she had unregulated cell growth which is an indicator of malignant neoplasm (cancer). The doctor met Shirley and told her that he suspected a malignant neoplasm in her body that has not yet been located. However, the doctor also mentioned that the infection may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system. The doctor asked Shirley to undergo a few tests and start therapy and medication immediately. Although, Shirley understood that she had a serious condition, she was not very clear on what the doctor meant. In this case, the doctor is:

_______ accounts for 80 percent of all cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Smoking

Which of the following statements is true of the recent trends in international health?

Smoking has increased in developing countries.

T/F Humor, humility, empathy, and post-traumatic growth may occur and promote resilience in individuals that experience a tragic event.

_____________ involves modifying the environment to affect one's ability to practice a particular health behavior.

Social engineering

Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain?

Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain

Which of the following is a similarity between physical pain and social pain?

Social pain relies on the same pain-related neurocircuitry as physical pain.

_____ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations.

Social support

Which of the following statements is true of social support?

Social support is likely to benefit both the provider and the recipient.

What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support?

Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress

What does the buffering hypothesis state about the moderation of stress by social support?

Social support offers little benefit in periods of low stress.

In the context of cardiac rehabilitation, which of the following statements is true of social support?

Social support predicts a decreased likelihood of smoking.

Which of the following statements is true of T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe's (1967) stressful life events inventory?

Some of the items on the inventory list are vague.

_____ is a pain control technique that completely eliminates the feeling of pain.

Spinal block

_____ is a sensory technique of inhibiting pain where a set of small electrodes is placed near the point at which the nerve fibers from the painful area enter the spinal cord. When the patient experiences pain, he or she activates a radio signal, which delivers a mild electrical stimulus to that area of the spine.

Spinal cord stimulation

T/F (From the first video "Supporting Resilence.") Community support is an important part of enhancing resilience, coping, and transformation for individuals facing challenges.

_____ make use of techniques devised by health psychologists to teach people how to identify stressors and reduce their impact.

Stress management programs

________ make use of techniques devised by health psychologists to teach people how to identify stressors and reduce their impact.

Stress management programs

psychobiological reactivity to stress

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity, such as the one conducted by S. Cohen and colleagues in 2002, suggested that _____ is an important factor that influences the stress-illness relationship.

exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

Studies of vulnerable populations, for example children, older adults, etc., who are exposed to a chronic stressor indicate that they

T/F A placebo may be used as a control to fine-tune a trial so that the effects of the new versus the old or alternative drug can be precisely compared.

T/F African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than white men.

T/F An experiment in rats showed stress shrank the part of their brains responsible for memory.

Susan, Sarah, and Charlotte are suffering from breast cancer. Susan is a middle-class white woman whose family and friends provide her with emotional and instrumental social support. Sarah is a single Hispanic woman from a working-class family. Her parents are deceased, her siblings do not contact her, and her children are too frightened to be of much support. Charlotte is an African-American woman who was widowed recently. According to the scenario, who is more likely to survive the longest?

Susan

Who among the following is most likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

Susie, a single mother of a five-year-old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.

attention is directed toward the body

Symptoms are more likely to be detected when

Emotional reactions, including anger and depression, are part of the coping process.

Mindfulness engages the prefrontal cortical regions of the brain, which regulate affect and down regulate activity in the limbic areas related to anxiety and other negative emotions.

Networking may be an added source of social support for people, but those who use it to express distress may drive others away.

Optimistic people use problem-focused coping and seek social support from others

People sometimes abuse health services by seeking treatment for problems that are medically insignificant

Physicians estimate that as much as half their time is taken up by patients whose complaints are psychological rather than medical.

Relapse prevention techniques that help patients continue their pain management skills can maintain posttreatment pain reduction.

Stress and psychological distress aggravate the experience of pain.

Symptoms that are painful are more likely to prompt a person to seek medical treatment.

Mass Hysteria Video Question: An example of clinical mass hysteria is...

The 2006 Strawberries with Sugar virus 400 people in Strasbourg infected by a plague of dancing Salem Witch Trials of 1692 Spread of uncontrollable, chronic laughter in Tanzania in 1962 (Answer: all of the above)

Patient-centered care involves providing patients with information, involving them in decisions regarding care, and considering psychosocial issues such as social support needs.

True

bridge the gap between medical service use by the rich and by the poor

The Affordable Care Act attempts to

People sometimes abuse health services by complaining about problems that are medically insignificant.

True

modest

The relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is

People who engage in regular, vigorous exercise may reduce their risk of some cancers.

True

Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician?

inattentiveness

Which of the following statements is true according to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

The response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor.

People with strong spiritual beliefs have greater life satisfaction and a slower course of illness than those who do not hold strong spiritual convictions.

True

Recent studies have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness.

True

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

True

In 1996, the outcome of a study involving 56 volunteers, a new painkiller, Trivaricaine, using painful clamps, and index fingers is an example of

The Placebo effect

Stress and psychological distress aggravate the experience of pain.

True

According to the humoral theory of illness, yellow bile is associated with

a passionate temperament. a laid-back approach to life. *an angry disposition. sadness.

Studying quality of life

makes it possible to determine what kinds of interventions may be needed.

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness.

True

it constitutes a lay referral network of its own

The use of the Internet for health care information may be beneficial because

Successful cardiac rehabilitation depends critically on the patient's active participation and commitment.

True

The major cause of death in youths aged 15 to 19 is unintentional injury.

True

The structures of the limbic system play an important role in stress and emotional responses.

True

alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

commonsense

The _____ model is important because it lends coherence to a person's comprehension of the illness experience.

information-motivation-behavioral skills

The _____ model makes it evident that, for practicing good health behaviors and adhering to treatment, one needs the right information, motivation to adhere, and skills to perform a behavior.

cyclic

The _____ model of illness is represented by alternating periods of either no symptoms or many symptoms.

use of preventive health services

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

Which of the following is the central tenet of naturopathy medical system?

The body can heal itself through diet, exercise, sunlight, and fresh air

Which of the following is the central tenet of naturopathy medical system?

The body can heal itself through diet, exercise, sunlight, and fresh air.

Which of the following is an advantage of using behavioral assignments?

The client gradually takes up responsibility for behavior change.

physiology, health behaviors, psychosocial resources, and use of health services

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is

true

The duration of a typical physician's assistant program is two years.

medical line

The first line of authority in a private hospital, which is based on technical skill and expertise, is the

young adulthood

The frequency of illness and use of health services decline substantially during

false

The functioning of a hospital typically revolves around the goals of cure, care, and core. These goals are discrete and never in conflict.

people with money and access to health services

The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

Describe the nature and effectiveness of interventions designed to teach providers how to communicate effectively with patients.

The nonverbal behavior exchanged between patients and their providers may be a revealing source of information about interpersonal expectations and attitudes. A recent study examined the characteristics of physicians that lead to positive patient outcomes (Clark et al., 2007). Some of these characteristics were listening, inquiring about at-home management, nonverbal attention, interactive conversation, tailoring short-term goals, and long-term therapeutic planning. Conversely, patients often complain about being treated in a patronizing or dehumanizing fashion by medical providers. Using "baby talk" (that is, short, simplistic sentences) is perceived differently. When individuals perceived "baby talk" more positively, they reported higher self-esteem, but when elderly individuals associated "baby talk" with perceptions of superiority, they reported lower self-esteem (O'Connor & Rigby, 1996). Physician's depersonalizing behaviors can lead to poor quality encounters, low patient satisfaction, and low adherence to medical treatment (William, Savage, & Linzer, 2006). Farrah Schwartz, Mandy Lowe, and Lynne Sinclair (2010) in their article talk about how the ability to successfully convey ideas to the individual with differing roles, capabilities, and priorities is identified as a facilitator to the efficiency of overall healthcare.

secondary gains

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

double-blind

The placebo response is so powerful that no drug can be marketed in the United States unless it has been evaluated against a placebo. The standard method for so doing is termed a _____ experiment.

medical delay

The time that elapses between a person's calling for an appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical care is known as

Trying cigarettes make a person significantly more likely to use other drugs in the future.

True

Why are endogenous opioid peptides important to our body?

They are the natural pain suppression system of the body

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive-behavioral interventions?

They can help in maintaining adherence

Why are minor pains critical for survival?

They provide low-level feedback about the functioning of our body systems.

Which of the following statements is true of psychological complaints?

They require multiple visits to therapists.

__________ is a process by which the body increasingly adapts to the use of a substance, requiring larger and larger doses of it to obtain the same effects, and eventually reaching a plateau.

Tolerance

The _______, a muscular tube extending downward from the larynx, divides at its lower end into two branches called the primary bronchi.

Trachea

A person may test HIV-seropositive (HIV+) but be free of a diagnosis of AIDS for years.

True

Neuroticism coupled with social inhibition and isolation is sometimes referred to as the _____ personality.

Type D

Describe the different structures and functions of the hospital setting.

Until a few decades ago, majority of Americans received health care from private physicians whom paid directly or on visit-by-visit basis, private fee-for-service care. Now, HMO (Health maintenance organization). Pay $ to employer or employee pays monthly rate, then employee uses services at no additional or greatly reduced cost. Called managed care. PPO - preferred-provider organization, affiliated practitioners agree to charge pre-established rates for services, enrolees must choose from practitioners in plan. Communication between doctors and patients can go awry. HMO's are pressured to see as many patients as possible, undermining good care. In PPO's, docs may care more about getting most referrals than being good doctor. Medical office not good for good communication - average time is 12-15 minutes tops. Inattentiveness, use of jargon or baby talk, nonperson treatment, and stereotypes of patients all by docs. Patients contribute to communication problems by health illiteracy, neurotic behavior, and nonadherance to treatment plans. In the hospital, structure depends on the plan underwhich care is delivered. HMO's have own hospitals and doctors, often. Private hospital may have two avenues of authority - the doctors, and the administrative side, who often don't see eye to eye.

Reducing or eliminating stressors Tolerating or adjusting to negative events or realities Maintaining a positive self-image Maintaining emotional equilibrium Continuing satisfying relationships with others Enhancing the prospects of recovery, if one is ill Keeping physiological, neuroendocrine, and immune reactivity relatively low or restoring these systems to pre-stress levels

What constitutes successful coping?

false

When a patient pays the provider directly for his or her services, a colleague orientation is developed.

Which of the following is an effective way of improving adherence to a treatment?

making adult literacy a national priority

When a physician's advice is perceived to be vocational, the adherence rate is around _____ percent.

nonadherence

When patients do not adopt the behaviors and treatments that their providers recommend, it results in _____.

health illiteracy

When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as _____.

In which of the following conditions is delay in seeking treatment likely to be appropriate?

When the symptoms are likely to diminish on their own

performing treatment actions to restore patients to good health

Which of the following best defines cure as a function in a hospital?

It runs the business of the hospital

Which of the following best describes the administrative line in a private hospital?

HIV

Which of the following diseases is known to have high treatment adherence among patients?

cynicism

Which of the following is a component of burnout?

Inaccurate information on the Web can make symptoms worse

Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the Internet for health care information?

too much time spent with clients

Which of the following is a factor that aggravates burnout?

inattentiveness

Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician?

lack of feedback from patients

Which of the following is a reason for the lack of learning opportunities for providers?

making adult literacy a national priority

Which of the following is an effective way of improving adherence to a treatment?

The body can heal itself through diet, exercise, sunlight, and fresh air

Which of the following is the central tenet of naturopathy medical system?

appraisal delay

Which of the following is the first stage of delay in seeking treatment for symptoms?

guided imagery

Which of the following is the least used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults?

give clear, written instructions on the exact treatment regimen

Which of the following methods should be followed by a provider to improve adherence?

breathing techniques & posture enhancing

Which of the following practices is included in yoga?

A patient's conceptions of his or her illness differs from the health care provider's conception of it

Which of the following results in the misrepresentation of health information?

Karl, a file clerk, has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility

Which of the following situations would be least stressful?

It is a diverse group of therapies, products, and medical treatments such as yoga, meditation, and acupuncture, among other treatments

Which of the following statements best defines complementary and alternative medicine?

It provides emotional protection for the provider

Which of the following statements is an advantage of patient depersonalization?

The response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor

Which of the following statements is true according to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

They require multiple visits to therapists

Which of the following statements is true of psychological complaints?

swollen breasts

Which of the following symptoms is most likely to occur just before the onset of menstruation?

nonperson treatment

Which of the following treatments is more likely to be employed during stressful moments to keep the patient quiet and to enable the practitioner to concentrate?

Negative Affectivity

a pervasive negative mood marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility. People high in negative affectivity (also called neuroticism) express distress, discomfort, and dissatisfaction in many situations.

Which of the following statements is true about death in men and women?

Women die earlier than men only in countries where childbirth technology is poorly developed.

According to Leventhal, Diefenbach, and Leventhal, which of the following is a difference between how women and men access medical services?

Women report symptoms more often than do men because they are more sensitive to the changes in their bodies.

sustain more health risks

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload

they develop a number of infectious diseases

Young children are more likely to require health services because

a lay referral network.

Allostatic load

____ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

Hypochondriacs

_____ are convinced that normal bodily symptoms are indicators of illness.

Creative nonadherence

_____ can result from personal theories about a disorder and its treatment.

nonmedical

_____ complaints usually develop because of anxiety and depression.

Chiropractic medicine

_____ involves performing adjustments on the spine and joints to correct misalignments that are believed to both prevent and cure illness.

care

_____ involves the humanitarian side of medicine, and it deals with the orientation of the nursing staff.

Guided imagery

_____ is a meditative procedure that is especially useful in controlling discomfort related to cancer.

Demand-control-support model

_____ is a model of job stress developed by R. Karasek and his associates that suggests that high needs, low authority, and little guidance at work enhance risk for ill health, especially coronary artery disease.

Post-traumatic stress disorder

_____ is a syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude, marked by emotional numbing and other symptoms, such as hyperalertness, sleep disturbance, or impaired concentration.

Osteopathy

_____ is an alternative medical practice that draws on the body's ability to heal itself.

Nosocomial

_____ is an infection that results from exposure to disease in a hospital setting.

Chronic illness

_____ is believed to be caused by multiple factors, including health habits, and is long in duration, often with severe consequences

core

_____ is concerned with ensuring the smooth functioning of the system and the flow of resources, services, and personnel.

Role conflict

_____ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

Appraisal delay

_____ is known as the time it takes an individual to decide that a symptom is serious.

Reactivity

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

multivitamin

_____ is the most common dietary supplement used by the U.S. population.

prayer

_____ is the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults.

mindfulness

_____ meditation teaches people to strive for a state of mind marked by awareness, focus on the present moment, and acceptance and acknowledgement without becoming distracted or distressed.

Neurotic

_____ patients usually present an exaggerated picture of their symptoms.

homeopathy

_____ treats patients using diluted preparations that cause symptoms similar to those from which the patient suffers.

Coronary heart disease is

a disease of modernization

The personality quality "agency" is associated with

a focus on oneself

a lay referral network

Sarah is taking a stress management class. Her instructor provides her with a variety of techniques to combat stress and identify the stress carriers in her environment. Sarah is instructed to try the techniques to identify the ones that work best for her so she can confront stressful situations. In this case, the instructor is using _____ training.

assertiveness

Symptoms are more likely to be detected when

attention is directed toward the body.

attentional differences

Older patients are less likely than younger patients to

be resuscitated in emergency rooms

Older patients are less likely than younger patients to

be resuscitated in emergency rooms.

Older patients are less likely than younger patients to:

be resuscitated in emergency rooms.

Stress Moderators

because they modify how stress is experienced and the effects it has. Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on stress itself, on the relation between stress and psychological responses, on the relation between stress and illness, and on the degree to which a stressful experience intrudes into other aspects of life.

behavioral delay

Men and women in the United States face a similar chance of developing hypertension

between ages 55 and 64

The perception and evaluation of one's physical functioning and appearance comprise one's

body image

Which of the following practices is included in yoga?

breathing techniques

The Affordable Care Act attempts to:

bridge the gap between medical services used by the rich and the poor.

Daisy is a physician who works in an emergency room. Last week, she experienced the death of several of her patients and has responded by feeling emotionally exhausted, unaccomplished, and cynical. Daisy is likely experiencing:

burnout

How does compensation provide an incentive for being in pain?

by increasing the perceived severity of pain

Graham experiences chronic back pain that he describes as dull and aching and. The nociceptors responsible for this pain likely are:

c fibers

The three goals of a hospital's functioning

can create conflicting demands

The three goals of a hospital's functioning:

can create conflicting demands.

_____ involves the humanitarian side of medicine, and it deals with the orientation of the nursing staff.

care

According to the commonsense models of illness, its _____ are the factors that an individual believes give rise to an illness.

cause

According to the commonsense models of illness, its _____ are the factors that an individual believes give rise to an illness.

causes

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the

cerebral cortex

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified by the _____.

cerebral cortex

when events are perceived as harmful or threatening they are first identified by the

cerebral cortex

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to

change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment

The goal of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is to

change the private experience of stress and maintain commitment.

In Traditional Chinese Medicine, _____ is used to manipulate the flow of qi.

massage

A family environment that fosters _____ contributes to hypertension.

chronic anger

As the elderly population increases, a corresponding increase is expected in the incidence of

chronic disorders

Physicians prefer to treat an acute illness compared to a chronic illness because

chronic illnesses pose uncertainties and raise questions about prognosis

Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with

chronic progressive pain

Cancer and rheumatoid arthritis are degenerative disorders that are typically associated with

chronic progressive pain.

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of

chronic stress

Terry is involves in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee. This is an example of

chronic stress

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that

combining motherhood with emplyment can help improve self-esteem

The _____ model is important because it lends coherence to a person's comprehension of the illness experience.

commonsense

Illness representations or schemas are acquired through

commonsense beliefs about symptoms and illnesses.

Recording negative self-statements or irrational thoughts that accompany a stressful experience usually occurs in the _____ phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program.

completing take-home assignments

A component of an illness's schema involves perceptions of the range of symptoms, treatments associated with the disease, and its implications for quality of life. This is known as the ______ of the disease.

consequence

In a commonsense model, a person's symptoms, the treatments that result, and their implications for quality of life are referred to as a(n) ____ of the disease.

consequence

People who are diagnosed with hypertension are advised to

consume low-sodium foods.

chronic stress appears to

contribute to psychological distress and physical illness

Chronic stress appears to

contribute to psychological distress and physical illness.

control enhancing

control-enhancing

According to the commonsense models of illness, an individual's belief about the possibility of managing or treating an illness is termed

control/cure

Intervention programs for older adults should focus on

controlling alcohol consumption

________ is a propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

coping style

_____ is concerned with ensuring the smooth functioning of the system and the flow of resources, services, and personnel.

core

Depression exacerbates the course of several chronic disorders, most notably

coronary heart disease

A prospective approach where the same people are observed at multiple points in time is known as

correlational research. cross-sectional research. quasi-experimental research. * longitudinal research.

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis results in the secretion of

cortisol

Positive emotional states are known to reduce levels of _____, which is a stress indicator.

cortisol

Positive emotional states are known to reduce levels of ___________, which is a stress indicator.

cortisol

Future programs targeting the management of chronic illness must incorporate

cost-effective interventions to improve quality of life.

Which of the following methods is one of the oldest known techniques of pain control?

counterirritation

Surgical techniques to control pain involve

creating lesions in pain fibers at various points in the body so that pain sensations can no longer be conducted.

The practice of modifying and supplementing a prescribed treatment regimen is known as

creative nonadherence

Hassles are minor life events that

have a cumulative effect on health and illness

hassels are minor life events that

have a cumulative effect on health and illness

Hassles are minor life events that

have a cumulative effect on health and illness.

Ex-smokers are more likely to be successful over the short term if they

have a supportive partner

People who use the Internet to manage their HIV+ status are likely to _____ than those not using the Internet.

have more active coping skills

According to research on social support, which of the following is one of the best protectors against stress?

having a satisfying marriage

When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as

health illiteracy

When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as:

health illiteracy

When patients lack basic skills needed to adhere to medical prescriptions, comprehend the meaning of their risk factors, or interpret the results of tests from physicians, it is known as

health illiteracy.

The _____________ measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under their personal control, control by the health practitioner, or chance.

health locus of control scale

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the _____ personality.

health-prone

A personality style characterized by optimism, a sense of control, conscientiousness, self-esteem, and positivity is the ________ personality.

health-prone

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

high allostatic load

a high waist to hip ration is an indication of

high allostatic load

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

high allostatic load.

Negative and competitive social interactions are associated with

high levels of inflammation

Negative and competitive social interactions are associated with

high levels of inflammation.

Negative social interactions are associated with

high levels of inflammation.

Negative social interactions are associated with

high levels of stress

Particularly for women in disadvantaged groups, _____ can endanger human pregnancy.

high levels of stress

Aerobic exercise involves __________ activities.

high-intensity and long-duration

_____ treats patients using diluted preparations that cause symptoms similar to those from which the patient suffers.

homeopathy

Compared with whites, young black males are more likely to die because of

homicide

In most cases, if delay occurs because of health care providers, it is a result of

honest mistake *

In most cases, if delay occurs because of health care providers, it is a result of

honest mistakes

In most cases, if delay occurs because of health care providers, it is a result of

honest mistakes.

Which of the following is a provider behavior that erodes communication between a patient and a physician?

hyperactivity

According to the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, which of the following is commonly referred to as the neurotic triad?

hypochondriasis, hysteria, and depression

According to commonsense models of illness, the label for an illness is its

identity

According to commonsense models of illness, the label for an illness is its

identity.

illness delay

The coherent conceptions of diseases and afflictions that are acquired through the media, through personal experience, and from family and friends who have experience with similar disorders are known as

illness representations

Understanding of diseases and afflictions that is acquired through the media, through personal experience, and from family and friends who have experience with similar disorders are known as

illness representations.

One of the chief changes brought about by chronic health disorder is a(n)

increased dependency of the chronically ill person on other family members

Exercise is especially beneficial for executive performance, which is a part of planning and higher-order reasoning, because exercise

increases cognitive functioning.

The _____ model makes it evident that, for practicing good health behaviors and adhering to treatment, one needs the right information, motivation to adhere, and skills to perform a behavior.

information-motivation-behavioral skills

informational support

informational support.

_____ is a personality attribute that is associated with chronic pain.

introversion

The fight-or-flight response _____.

involves arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.

An overdose of _____ supplements is associated with increased mortality risk among older women.

iron

_______ is a functional somatic disorder.

irritable bowel syndrome

For a medical provider, pain

is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis

For a medical provider, pain

is a by-product of a disorder, and it complicates diagnosis.

Typically, chronic progressive pain

is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than 6 months.

Typically, chronic progressive pain

is associated with degenerative disorders, involves constant pain that increases in severity over time, and lasts longer than six months.

Coping

is defined as the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful (Folkman & Moskowitz, 2004; Taylor & Stanton, 2007). Coping has several important characteristics. First, the relationship between coping and a stressful event is a dynamic process. Coping is a series of transactions between a person who has a set of resources, values, and commitments and a particular environment with its own resources, demands, and constraints (Folkman & Moskovitz, 2004). Thus, coping is not a one-time action that someone takes but rather a set of responses, occurring over time, by which the environment and the person influence each other.

A health habit is a health behavior that

is often performed automatically, without awareness

Different kinds of stressful events create different needs, and social support is most effective when it meets those needs. This is called the

matching hypothesis

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

it affects a valued organ

A symptom is likely to prompt an individual to seek treatment if

it affects a valued organ.

The use of the Internet for health care information may be beneficial because

it constitutes a lay referral network of its own

The use of the Internet for health care information may be beneficial because

it constitutes a lay referral network of its own.

which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's stressful life events inventory?

it fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.

Which of the following is an important feature of chronic pain?

it typically begins with an acute pain episode

Jemma was recently diagnosed with lung cancer. Though Jemma has a supportive family, she sometimes wishes that she could talk to other cancer patients about her physical symptoms and treatment regimen. Jemma might benefit from

joining a support group

Which of the following is a reason for the lack of learning opportunities for providers?

lack of feedback from patients

lay practitioner

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine. This is characteristic of

lay referral network

Certain ethnic communities incorporate beliefs about the causes and cures of diseases that would be regarded as supernatural or superstitious by traditional medicine. This is characteristic of

lay referral networks

People vary with regard to whether they are fundamentally optimistic or pessimistic in nature. The test developed to measure this dispositional optimism is known as the

life orientation test

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are

likely to engage in unconstructive coping.

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are

likely to have a disease-prone personality

Individuals who display high negative affectivity are

likely to have a disease-prone personality.

High self-esteem is closely related to

low levels of HPA axis activity

High self-esteem is closely related to

low levels of HPA axis activity.

Distraction is most effective in coping with

low-level pain

Distraction is most effective in coping with

low-level pain.

Compared to people low in socioeconomic status (SES), people who are high in socioeconomic status have

lower mortality rates

A _____ diet restricts vegetarian consumption primarily to grains, cereals, and vegetables, and it requires greater attention to nutritional content.

macrobiotic

Rachel is diagnosed with typhoid. She is admitted to the hospital for immediate treatment of the disease. Although she has been diagnosed, she is still put through various tests. She is not assigned any medication, and her condition steadily deteriorates. Rachel's case exemplifies

medical delay

The time that elapses between a person's calling for an appointment and his or her receiving appropriate medical care is known as

medical delay

medical delay.

The line of authority in a private hospital, which is based on technical skill and expertise, is the

medical line

The line of authority in a private hospital, which is based on technical skill and expertise, is the:

medical line.

medical students' disease.

Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be

medical.

Adherence is likely to be highest when advice is perceived to be:

medical.

The periductal gray is a structure in the _____ that provides pain relief when stimulated.

midbrain

_____ meditation teaches people to strive for a state of mind marked by awareness, focus on the present moment, and acceptance and acknowledgement without becoming distracted or distressed.

mindfulness

who among the following is least likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

miranda, amarried mother with two children is a lawyer with flexible hours

The relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is

modest

the relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is

modest

Research suggests that problem behaviors such as obesity, smoking, and alcoholism are:

more prevalent in adolescents from low social classes than adolescents from high social classes.

Stress is a _________ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed toward altering the stressful event or accomodating to its effects.

negative emotion

Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke

negative reactions from physicians.

Patients who seek treatment for psychological disorders usually evoke:

negative reactions from physicians.

________ is used to engage neuroregulators that produce temporary improvements in performance.

nicotine

When patients do not adopt the behaviors and treatments that their providers recommend, it results in

nonadherence

When patients do not adopt the behaviors and treatments that their providers recommend, it results in:

nonadherence

Gus's doctor prescribed antibiotics to treat his ear infection. Though Gus was instructed to take the antibiotics for 7 days, he stopped taking them after 4 days, when his symptoms went away. This is an example of

nonadherence.

_____ complaints usually develop because of anxiety and depression.

nonmedical

Which of the following treatments is more likely to be employed during stressful moments to keep the patient quiet and to enable the practitioner to concentrate?

nonperson treatment

One of the criticisms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that _____ produce the same biological responses.

not all stressors

One of the criticisms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that ________ produce the same biological responses.

not all stressors

One of the criticisms of Selye's model concerns the fact that _____ produce the same endocrinological responses.

not all stressors

one of the criticism of Selye;s genral adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that ______produce the same biological responses

not all stressors

nurse practitioner

nurse practitioner.

In the self-monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, students are trained to

observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful

In the monitoring phase of the Combat Stress Now (CSN) program, students are trained to

observe their own behavior closely and to record the circumstances that they find most stressful.

Which of the following features is a component of pain management programs?

patient education

The health belief model best predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

people with money and access to health services.

The health belief model predicts the treatment-seeking behavior of

people with money and access to health services.

Which of the following best defines cure as a function in a hospital?

performing treatment actions to restore patients to good health

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

personal resources.

According to the humoral theory of illness, a person with a passionate temperament is experiencing an imbalance in

phlegm. black bile. *blood. yellow bile

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is

physiologicqal, health behaviors, psychological resources, and the use of health services

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to

physiology

one of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the first one to occur is usually related to

physiology

A(n) _____ is any medical procedure that produces an effect in a patient because of its therapeutic intent and not because of its chemical or physical nature.

placebo

People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by _____ reappraisal.

positive

People living in low socioeconomic circumstances who are unable to modify the stressors that affect them may be especially benefitted by ________ reappraisal.

positive

Surveys show that nearly half the people in the United States deal with their health problems through

prayer

Surveys show that nearly half the people in the United States deal with their health problems through:

prayer

_____ is the most commonly used complementary and alternative medicine therapy among U.S. adults.

prayer

Surveys show that nearly half the people in the United States deal with their health problems through

prayer.

Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in

primary prevention

Health psychologists view social support as an important ffundamen in

primary prevention.

Health psychologists view social support as an important resource in

primary prevention.

Keisha and Kathy are both sick with the flu. Keisha has been sick with the flu in the past and decides to wait a few days before seeking medical care. Kathy has never had the flu and seeks medical care immediately. The difference between Keisha and Kathy's reactions can be explained by

prior experience.

When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance either to prevent them or to reduce their impact, it is known as

proactive coping

When people anticipate potential stressors and act in advance either to prevent them or to reduce their impact, it is known as

proactive coping.

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity, such as the one conducted by S. Cohen and colleagues in 2002, suggested that ________ is an important factor that influences the stress-illness relationship.

psychobiological reactivity to stress

studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity, such as the one conducted by S. Cohen and colleagues in 2012 suggested that _______ is an important factor that influences the stress- illness relationship

psychobiological reactivity to stress

The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by _____ processes.

psychological

The detection of symptoms, their interpretation, and the use of health services are heavily influenced by the _____ process.

psychological

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behaviors can cause _____________ and lead people to respond defensively.

psychological distress

Which of the following is a component of quality of life?

psychological status

________ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic, neuroendocrine, and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

reactivity

Providing emotional support involves

reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for

Providing emotional support involves

reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for.

Providing emotional support involves

reassuring an individual that he or she is valuable and cared for. Correct

Migraine headache is an example of _____ pain.

recurrent acute

Migraine headaches and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.

recurrent acute

Temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia are examples of _____ pain.

recurrent acute

Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they

reduce psychological distress

Coping efforts are considered to be successful if they

reduce psychological distress.

Refocusing health promotion strategies toward morbidity

reduces health care costs

The occurrence of daily hassles

reduces psychological well-being over the short term

the occurrence of daily hassles

reduces psychological well-being over the short term

The occurrence of daily hassles

reduces psychological well-being over the short term.

The occurrence of daily hassles _____.

reduces psychological well-being over the short term.

Which of the following is a goal of an individualized pain management program?

reducing perception of disability

Significant gains in the quality of life would best be achieved by reorienting the focus of health promotion toward

reducing the period of morbidity

Children who are hospitalized often become dependent when they are on bed rest and rely on staff. This is likely to lead to

regression

In _____, an individual shifts his or her body into a state of low arousal by progressively loosening different parts of the body.

relaxation

People with negative expectations or pessimistic outlooks are likely to

report more symptoms and perceive themselves as vulnerable to future illness.

According to T.H. Holmes and R.H. Rahe (1967), an event is potentially stressful if it

requires adaptation

according to T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe, an evernt is potentially stressful if it

requires adaptation

According to Selye (1956, 1976), the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

resistance

Dr. Genwali developed a study to test whether eating one serving of dark chocolate each day for 4 weeks improves mood in adults reporting high levels of stress. Dr. Genwali has assigned participants in random order to one of two conditions: eating dark chocolate or drinking a glass of water (control condition) at 7:00 p.m. Dr. Genwali's study is best described as a(n):

retrospective study *randomized clinical trial correlational study observational trial

________ occurs when a person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluating work.

role ambiguity

________ occurs when a person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evaluation work

role ambiguity

role conflict

Mizrahi has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee her work and communicate different expectations. One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mizrahi to meet performance quotas. The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mizrahi to slow down and focus on the quality of her work. This is an example of

role conflict

______ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals

role conflict

________ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals

role conflict

________ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person receives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

role conflict

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

secondary gains

The notion that an illness may actually be reinforced because it exempts the individual from daily responsibilities is termed

secondary gains.

________ can undermine defensive reactions to threats.

self-affirmation

Harmon, a 45-year old male, has good social support, works at a job that he loves, and genuinely feels that he has something to contribute to society. Harmon most likely has a

sense of meaning and purpose in life

When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience

short-term physiological conditions

When optimists' expectations are not met or when they face resistance in pursuing their goals, they are likely to experience

short-term physiological conditions.

Medical students' disease is an example of the role of _____ in the recognition of symptoms.

situational factors

_______ is required to complement formal alcohol intervention efforts so more people can receive formal treatment.

social engineering

________ is an effective way to alter behavior related to diet and exercise.

social engineering

_____ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations.

social support

________ can foster exercise.

social support

________ is defined as information from others that one is loved and cared for, esteemed and valued, and part of a network of communication and mutual obligations.

social support

which of the following statements is true of T.H Holmes and Rahe's stressful life events inventory?

some of the items on the inventory list are vague

spinal cord stimulation

Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

stiffness

Accelerated heartbeat and fatigue are typical physiological changes related to

stress

When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain, it is known as

stress-induced analgesia

When acute anxiety reduces sensitivity to pain, it is known as

stress-induced analgesia.

Accelerated heartbeat and fatigue are typical physiological changes related to

stress.

When an individual grows up in a harsh family, he or she displays

strong inflammatory response to stress in adolescence

According to commonsense models of illness, which of the following statements describes a timeline?

the length of time that an illness is expected to last

The benefits of social support are greatest when

the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs

The benefits of social support are greatest when

the person from whom one is seeking support is perceived to be responsive to one's needs.

The most significant change in American health care that has implications for health psychology is

the rapid growth of prepaid, colleague-centered services.

which of the following statements is true according to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

the response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor

Which of the following statements best defines coping?

the thoughts and behaviors used to manage the internal and external demands of situations that are appraised as stressful

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to

the use of health services

of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to

the use of health services

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

the use of preventative health services

The biggest gap between the rich and the poor in the use of medical services is reflected in the

the use of preventive health services.

Which of the following is NOT a main pathway through which stress affects health?

the use of technology.

Women use health care services more often because

their medical care is more fragmented.

The lightest and earliest stage of sleep is marked by

theta waves

Young children are more likely to require health services because

they develop a number of infectious diseases.

Interventions to reduce home accidents are typically conducted with parents because

they have control over the child's environment.

Cancers are hard to study because

they have long or irregular growth cycles.

Health care providers frequently resort to baby talk because

they often underestimate their patients' level of understanding about an illness.

Health care providers frequently resort to baby talk because:

they often underestimate their patients' level of understanding about an illness.

How was the rise of mind-body dualism an advantage over prevailing beliefs in the Middle Ages?

this approach emphasized doctor-patient communication *the physical body could now be examined scientifically the mind and body were now viewed as one it emphasized environmental factors

Coherent conceptions of illness are acquired from

those who have had experience with a similar disorder.

In the context of appraisal of stressors, _____ is the assessment of possible future damage, as for example a person anticipates the problems that loss of income will create for him and his family.

threat

In the context of appraisal of stressors, ______ is the assessment of possible future damage, as for example a person anticipates the problem that loss of income will create for him and his family

threat

In the context of appraisal of stressors, ________ is the assessment of possible future damage, as for example a person anticipates the problems that loss of income will create for him and his family.

threat

In stress management interventions, _____ helps people set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore.

time management

In stress management interventions, ________ helps people set specific goals, establish priorities, and learn what to ignore.

time management

When young children experience the impending death of a sibling, the best approach is

to inform them in advance about the impending death.

using jargon to explain the seriousness of the condition.

Which of the following is an important aspect of coping?

voluntary actions taken to confront stressful events

Abraham has recently been diagnosed with terminal cancer. According to the Kübler-Ross model, Abraham is now in the denial stage. According to the research on the model, how is he likely to progress next?

we cannot predict if or how he will progress

Hostile people exhibit a ________ response to sympathetic activity in response to stress.

weak antagonistic

In which of the following conditions is treatment adherence likely to be the highest?

when a person lives in a cohesive family

Atherosclerosis occurs:

when deposits of cholesterol form plaques that narrow the arteries.

In which of the following cases does a patient feel ignored by a physician?

when the physician prescribes bed rest and over-the-counter medications

In which of the following conditions is delay in seeking treatment likely to be appropriate?

when the symptoms are likely to diminish on their own

In which of the following conditions is a patient likely to revisit a physician after initial treatment?

when the treatment has failed

Health promotion programs that target the elderly

will become important as the size of the elderly cohort will continue to increase over the next 10 years.

Physicians are most likely to dismiss legitimate medical problems as psychological disturbances in

women

Trends within medical care suggest that the problem of patient-provider communication is likely to

worsen

Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the _____ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

yin-yang

Dietary interventions, which include foods that shift the ________ balance, are a staple of Traditional Chinese Medicine.

yin-yang

Implement interventions designed to communicate effectively with patients by developing a presentation to promote health in a specific community.

you can choose to do a powerpoint, a blog post, or youtube video (just easy examples) that will give information about the behavior itself, how it is bad for health, what strategies you can use to help, give good sources, cite properly, and choose delivery based on your population targeted. (Ex - kids - youtube, elderly, live talk with printed handouts, etc.)

The frequency of illness and use of health services decline substantially during

Health Psychology Practice Exam 2 CH 6-9, PSY303 Module 4 - Seeking and Using Health Care Services (2 Weeks), Pre-test Health Final (part 1), Psych 313 chapter 9, Psych 313 chapter 8, CH.8, Health CH-7, PSYC 313 Midterm Ch. 7, Quiz 7, Chapter 7 Pract...

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