Health, Wellness, and Health Disparities

Which is the most accurate definition of health?

Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is admitted to the hospital for the second time in 2 months with wheezing, dyspnea, and use of accessory muscles when breathing. Which type of situation does the nurse identify is occurring with this client?

The client is having an exacerbation of the COPD.

The nurse is using Leavell and Clark's Agent-Host-Environment Health Model to help plan nursing interventions for clients in a hospital setting. Which examples of nursing actions to prevent hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) best illustrate the principles of this model? Select all that apply.

The nurse should assess the clients for risk factors for infection when planning nursing care. The nurse should consider the client's family history and age when assessing risk factors for infection. The nurse should examine environmental stressors in clients' lives to see how these stressors might affect their recovery and ability to ward off infection.

The nurse should identify the need for further teaching when the client with diabetes who is taking daily insulin and follows a strict diet makes which statement?

"I cannot possibly ever be considered as healthy."

A client who has recently been diagnosed with a chronic illness appears to be depressed. When the nurse asks if there is something wrong, the client states, "Nothing will ever be the same for me since I have this disease." What is the most appropriate response for the nurse?

"If you maintain a positive self-concept, you can live as normally as possible."

The nurse manager of the acute care unit has decided to implement a team nursing approach for client care. One of the staff members asks, "Will we each take care of our own clients?" What is the appropriate response by the manager?

"The care will be divided and the registered nurse (RN) will have a licensed practical/vocational nurse (LPN/LVN) and unlicensed assistive personnel (UAP) to provide care together."

Which is an example of the sociocultural dimension influencing a person's health-illness status?

A single mother of two applies for food stamps in order to feed her family.

Which client would most benefit from the nurse including in the plan of care interventions addressing the client's social health?

A spouse and parent who is angry about no longer being able to work due to a spinal cord injury

What is the definition of wellness?

An active state of being healthy

Which are characteristics of chronic conditions? (Select all that apply.)

Are rarely curable Require lifelong management Have a prolonged course

A community health nurse has noticed a large number of women in the community are not getting regular mammograms. This is a rural community with limited access to health care. Which action would be the most appropriate for the nurse to pursue to promote compliance in getting annual mammograms?

Arrange for a mobile mammography unit to come to the community several days a month.

Which nursing intervention is an example of tertiary preventive care?

Assisting with speech therapy a client with a traumatic brain injury

An older adult patient has been recently diagnosed with vascular dementia. Because the client lives alone and has poorly controlled hypertension, the client has begun to receive home healthcare. This new aspect of the client's care is characteristic of which stage of illness?

Assuming a dependent role

Why are health promotion and illness prevention a key responsibility of nurses?

Chronic illnesses are the leading health problem in the world.

A nurse is planning a health fair in the community to highlight promotion and prevention of the leading cause of death in the United States. Which disease process should the nurse address?

Coronary artery disease

A parent brings a 2-year-old child for a well-baby visit. Which actions address primary prevention strategies for the nurse to discuss with the parent? Select all that apply.

Discussing healthy meal choices for a 2-year-old child Adhering to the immunization schedule Reviewing appropriate discipline for a 2-year-old child Using a child safety seat appropriatel

A teenaged client reports having diarrhea before every test in school. The nurse recognizes that this client needs to focus on which dimension of health?

Emotional dimension

Risk factors for illness are divided into six categories. Working with carcinogenic chemicals is an example of which type of risk factor?

Environmental risk factor

Which are factors that impact how a client defines health? Select all that apply.

Family Culture Community Society

What is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity?

Health

Which definition of health is the best?

Health is a state of complete well-being.

A client comes to the health center for a routine visit. During the visit, the client tells the nurse, "I'm motivated to do things now to make sure I'm the healthiest I can be." When planning this client's care, the nurse should focus on which area?

Health promotion

A hospital nurse assesses clients in various stages of illness. Which statements accurately describe client responses to illness based on Suchman's stages of illness? Select all that apply.

In stage 2, most people focus on their symptoms and bodily functions. When help from a health care provider is sought, the person becomes a client and enters stage 3, assuming a dependent role. In stage 1, pain is the most significant symptom indicating illness, although other symptoms, such as a rash, fever, bleeding, or cough, may be present.

The nurse is working in an acute care setting and performs primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention. Which activity performed by the nurse is classified as tertiary prevention?

Instructing a client on how to use crutches

A nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse explains to the client that COPD is a chronic disease. Why is COPD considered a chronic disease?

It has a gradual onset and lasts for a long time.

Which behaviors are necessary for a person to successfully adapt to a chronic illness? Select all that apply.

Learn to live as normally as possible Maintain a positive self-concept Maintain a sense of hope

Which is the goal of tertiary prevention of illness?

Minimizing complications

The nurse is caring for a client admitted to the hospital with pneumonia and associated pleuritic chest pain. Which would be a priority when creating the nursing care plan?

Monitoring airway clearance.

A client who recently underwent a coronary artery bypass graft is taking furosemide and metoprolol following the procedure. While developing a plan for a heart-healthy diet with the nurse, the client states that diet did not contribute to the heart disease and that the client should be fine just continuing to take the medications. According to the Stages of Change Model, which stage of change is the client in related to diet?

Precontemplation

A nurse is immunizing children against measles. This is an example of what level of preventive care?

Primary

The nurse's community outreach class is giving a presentation on seat belts and child safety seats at the local firehouse every weekend in October. Which level of health promotion is this an example of?

Primary

What level of prevention is represented by educating a group of clients on breast self-examination?

Primary prevention

The nurse is certified in providing Therapeutic Touch and is preparing to initiate this for a client. What activity should the nurse perform first?

Requesting the client's permission to touch the body

The client is admitted with a gastrointestinal bleed. The physician ordered a colonoscopy. Which level of care encompasses this procedure?

Secondary

The nurse is holding a cholesterol screening at a local pharmacy this Saturday morning. What level(s) of health promotion is this screening an example of?

Secondary

Consultation and diagnostic tests are included in which level of health care?

Secondary care

A mammogram represents which level of prevention?

Secondary prevention

What are some examples of healthy self-care behaviors everyone should adopt? Select all that apply.

Sleeping 7 to 8 hours each night Eating regular healthy meals Maintaining an ideal body weight

Which lifestyle factor is associated with an increased risk for chronic diseases?

Smoking

Which needs are being met when a nurse recommends a senior citizen community center for an older client who is living alone?

Sociocultural needs

A nurse is caring for a client who has COPD, a chronic illness of the lungs. The client is in remission. Which statement best describes a period of remission in a client with a chronic illness?

Symptoms are not experienced.

A nurse refers an HIV-positive client to a local support group. This is an example of what level of preventive care?

Tertiary

The nurse is educating a client with diabetes on how to better control blood sugar levels and recognize the symptoms associated with both hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. The client is frequently admitted to the hospital due to elevated blood sugars. This education is an example of which level of health promotion?

Tertiary

A nurse observes that a client who has pneumonia is in the recovery and rehabilitation stage of the illness. Which statement describes the client response that the nurse would expect at this stage of the illness?

The client gives up the dependent role.

An older adult client who has been hospitalized due to a stroke is about to be discharged from a rehabilitation center where the client had to relearn how to perform activities of daily living, including feeding and dressing. The client has often voiced a desire to be as active as possible. The client now expresses a strong desire to go home. The nurse recognizes that these statements made by the client indicate that the client is:

giving up the dependent role.

When chronic illnesses and disabilities are present, individuals benefit most from activities that:

help them maintain independence.

The body's attempt to restore balance through self-regulatory mechanisms is termed:

homeostasis.

A client enjoys eating high-calorie carbohydrate meals, but understands her blood sugar can increase sharply, ultimately causing the feeling of butterflies in her stomach as her blood sugar decreases. This is considered:

self-concept.

A nurse is conducting a conference focusing on a 68-year-old client who was admitted for a fractured hip and jots down the above notes. Which type of management pattern does this facility utilize?

team nursing

A client is seeking health care at a local rural clinic for frequent and debilitating headaches. The nurse is making a referral to a university teaching facility 60 miles away from the clinic for evaluation of the headaches. Which form of care will this client be receiving?

tertiary care

The nurse is planning care for several clients in an outpatient clinic. Which client requires follow-up care due to a chronic condition?

A client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who is wheezing and coughing

A client comes to a scheduled appointment with a new flyer from the insurance company (above) and asks the nurse how all these things can be included. How should the nurse respond?

This is referred to as an integrated delivery system. Everyone is working together to provide their clients the best possible care.

What have the models of health promotion and illness prevention been used for?

To help health care providers understand health-related behaviors.

The nurse in a free clinic caring for clients uses the Health Belief Model, which is based on three components. What is the main focus for this model?

What people believe to be true about their health

The nurse is working in a clinic in a rural setting that has a diverse population of clients. Which client will the nurse refer to the case manager to determine eligibility for Medicaid?

a client with four children who works part-time in a fast food restaurant making minimum wage

When admitting an adolescent to the hospital, the nurse anticipates that the client will respond to questions about the client's health beliefs based primarily on the client's:

age and developmental stage.

A client has a Staphylococcus infection in a decubitus ulcer. In this case, Staphylococcus is the:

agent.

What is a misconception about chronic disease?

Chronic illnesses cannot be prevented.

A client has been admitted to the hospital for treatment of pancreatitis secondary to alcoholism. The client states that it is nearly impossible to quit drinking because of the deep entrenchment of alcohol use in the client's circle of friends and line of work. As well, the client claims to have thought that drinking only beer and foregoing hard alcohol would prevent health problems. This client is exhibiting health consequences rooted in which human dimensions?

Sociocultural and intellectual

A client has had a total knee replacement and is receiving care that includes learning to walk with a walker. What level of prevention is most applicable to this client?

Tertiary prevention

Which model is most useful in examining the cause of disease in an individual, based upon external factors?

The Agent-Host-Environment Model

A client has been admitted to the hospital for the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, with a random blood glucose reading of 575 mg/dL (31.91 mmol/L), vomiting, and shortness of breath. This client has experienced which phenomenon?

Exacerbation