Health/disease Mind-Body Connection
Psychoneuroendocrinology (PNE)
-the study of associations between psychological and endocrine/hormone processes
biomedical model of health
assumes disease to be fully explained by deviations from the norm of biological/somatic variables
Gaussian function
bell-shaped curve
Psychophysiology (PP)
the study of relations between psychological manipulations and physiological responses
Appraisal vs Attribution
-Appraisal: cognitive evaluation of ongoing stressful events (*emotion theory*) -Attribution: individual differences in the ways people explain the causes of past events & formulate outcome expectancies in relation to future events (*research*)
classical conditioning
-associative learning process in which the subj. is presented w/ a stimulus that reliably elicits a naturally occurring rxn, and then the stimulus is replaced w/ a neutral stimulus to elicit the same response -you're "conditioning" the subject
hardiness
-describes individuals who experience many stressful events w/o ill effects -these people have a greater sense of control over what occurs int heir lives and view change as a challenge, not a threat
3 goals of Health psychology interventions
-designed to alter psychosocial processes - improve health behaviors, and -influence neuroendocrine and immune factors
biopsychosocial model of health
-health is the result of a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors -holistic approach to illness to understand "illness" rather than "disease"
examples of psychosocial processes
-optimism, hostility, negativity -depression, anxiety
psychosomatic medicine
-refers to physical disorders caused by psychological factors AND -mental disorders caused by physical factors -branch of medicine concerned with *mind-body relations*
how many people die as a result of being overweight or obese each year
2.6 million
how many people die as a result of raised total cholesterol each year
4.4 million
how many people die as a result of tobacco use per year
4.9 million
chronic diseases count for ____% of deaths worldwide
60%
how many people die as a result of raised BP each year
7.1 million
Disease
a constellation of signs and symptoms
Illness
a deviation from the "normality" that is perceived by the patient as distressing and entitling them to special treatment
behavioral medicine vs health psychology
behavioral medicine draws on a range of behavioral sciences (psych, sociology, epidemiology), while health psychology is firmly grounded in psychological theory
main risk factors for chronic conditions are often ______ rather than __________
behavioral rather than biological
research evidence shows that doctor-patient interactions influence _________ and __________ outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction
biological and behavioral outcomes
what sets humans apart from other animals in the context of ill health
causes of ill health in humans are often psychological in nature, unlike animals
most major cause of mortality
chronic diseases
The 5 psychobiological interactions
emotion cognition biological alteration coping/adaptation health
stressful life events definition
events that would normally demand readjustment of the average person's routine
examples of health psychology interventions
exercise meditation yoga massage psychotherapy social support groups cognitive behavioral stress management
interventions to improve health may be targeted at what 3 levels?
individual level interpersonal or organizational level societal level
social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
lists stressful life events in order of how much readjustment each requires
normal distribution
means that most individuals will be at or around the avg value for the group
BMI for overweight BMI for obesity
overweight = higher than 25 obesity = higher than 30
patient-centered/relationship-centered care
reflects a balanced focus on the roles of both patient and clinician in care
Health
state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity
psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
study of interactions btwn the brain and immune system at a neural and biochemical level, together w/ the resulting implications for health
Illness representations
the process of cognitive evaluation, but specifically in relation to illness
where do statistically abnormal individuals fall on a distribution curve?
the tail ends of the curve
3 main examples of risk factors for chronic diseases
tobacco use physical inactivity unhealthy diet