Health/disease Mind-Body Connection

Psychoneuroendocrinology (PNE)

-the study of associations between psychological and endocrine/hormone processes

biomedical model of health

assumes disease to be fully explained by deviations from the norm of biological/somatic variables

Gaussian function

bell-shaped curve

Psychophysiology (PP)

the study of relations between psychological manipulations and physiological responses

Appraisal vs Attribution

-Appraisal: cognitive evaluation of ongoing stressful events (*emotion theory*) -Attribution: individual differences in the ways people explain the causes of past events & formulate outcome expectancies in relation to future events (*research*)

classical conditioning

-associative learning process in which the subj. is presented w/ a stimulus that reliably elicits a naturally occurring rxn, and then the stimulus is replaced w/ a neutral stimulus to elicit the same response -you're "conditioning" the subject

hardiness

-describes individuals who experience many stressful events w/o ill effects -these people have a greater sense of control over what occurs int heir lives and view change as a challenge, not a threat

3 goals of Health psychology interventions

-designed to alter psychosocial processes - improve health behaviors, and -influence neuroendocrine and immune factors

biopsychosocial model of health

-health is the result of a combination of biological, social, and psychological factors -holistic approach to illness to understand "illness" rather than "disease"

examples of psychosocial processes

-optimism, hostility, negativity -depression, anxiety

psychosomatic medicine

-refers to physical disorders caused by psychological factors AND -mental disorders caused by physical factors -branch of medicine concerned with *mind-body relations*

how many people die as a result of being overweight or obese each year

2.6 million

how many people die as a result of raised total cholesterol each year

4.4 million

how many people die as a result of tobacco use per year

4.9 million

chronic diseases count for ____% of deaths worldwide

60%

how many people die as a result of raised BP each year

7.1 million

Disease

a constellation of signs and symptoms

Illness

a deviation from the "normality" that is perceived by the patient as distressing and entitling them to special treatment

behavioral medicine vs health psychology

behavioral medicine draws on a range of behavioral sciences (psych, sociology, epidemiology), while health psychology is firmly grounded in psychological theory

main risk factors for chronic conditions are often ______ rather than __________

behavioral rather than biological

research evidence shows that doctor-patient interactions influence _________ and __________ outcomes, as well as patient satisfaction

biological and behavioral outcomes

what sets humans apart from other animals in the context of ill health

causes of ill health in humans are often psychological in nature, unlike animals

most major cause of mortality

chronic diseases

The 5 psychobiological interactions

emotion cognition biological alteration coping/adaptation health

stressful life events definition

events that would normally demand readjustment of the average person's routine

examples of health psychology interventions

exercise meditation yoga massage psychotherapy social support groups cognitive behavioral stress management

interventions to improve health may be targeted at what 3 levels?

individual level interpersonal or organizational level societal level

social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)

lists stressful life events in order of how much readjustment each requires

normal distribution

means that most individuals will be at or around the avg value for the group

BMI for overweight BMI for obesity

overweight = higher than 25 obesity = higher than 30

patient-centered/relationship-centered care

reflects a balanced focus on the roles of both patient and clinician in care

Health

state of complete physical, mental, and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease of infirmity

psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)

study of interactions btwn the brain and immune system at a neural and biochemical level, together w/ the resulting implications for health

Illness representations

the process of cognitive evaluation, but specifically in relation to illness

where do statistically abnormal individuals fall on a distribution curve?

the tail ends of the curve

3 main examples of risk factors for chronic diseases

tobacco use physical inactivity unhealthy diet