Heath & Safety

Guardrails & toeboards

must be used when - where work performed at 7.5 feet or higher above the ground - on all open sides of unenclosed elevated work locations like roof openings, landings, balconies or porches on working levels of more than 30 inches above the floor, ground or other working areas - on floor roof and wall openings (only for wall openings from which there is a drop of more than 4 feet and the bottom of the opening is less than 3 feet above the working surface) - for guardrails that have a swinging gate or equivalent and on floor or roof openings on addition to being covered and painted "Opening: Do Not Remove"

Foot & Leg Protection

- basic rule of thumb is you are exposed to sharp, slipping on a slippery surface, getting electrocuted by a live wire, being splashed with molten metal or a heavy object can fall on your feet you would require proper footwear that is both impact and heat resistant - for electrical hazards, safety toe shoes must be nonconductive and should be able to prevent the wearer from completing an electrical circuit to ground - shoes must be able to protect against 600 volts in dry conditions and should be used with other preventative measures to reduce electrical hazards - equipment should be replaced when it no longer works

Covers

- covers for holes in floor, roofs and other working surfaces must meet OSHA requirements. - all covers must be secured when installed to prevent wind, equipment or unauthorized employees from moving them - all covers located in roadways must support twice the maximum axle load of the largest vehicle - all other covers must be capable at least twice the weight of employees, equipment and materials.

Rule of thumb: Power Tools

- disconnect power when not in use, before servicing or changing blades or attachments - keep cords and hoses away from heat, oil and sharp edges - never carry tools by the cord or hose - avoid yanking cords from plugs or sockets - keep a safe distance from non operators - do not use in wet or damp locations - operate within design limitations - use with proper gloves and footwear

OSHA is a federal agency

- and the primary regulatory and enforcement body for workplace health and safety in the US. However, 26 states and jurisdictions, including California, have chosen to develop their job safety and health programs. These state level programs are subject to approval and monitoring by OSHA. In other words, the state can make their own standards that might be more strict that federal regulations. Vice Versa federal regulations could become more strict forcing state regulations to switch to that.

Dead load safety factor

- scaffold must support its own weight and 4 times the maximum intended working load Light-duty scaffolds: 25 pounds per square foot of work platform Medium-duty scaffolds: 50 pounds per square foot of work platform Heavy-duty scaffolds: 75 pounds per square foot of work platform Special duty scaffolds: exceeding 75 pounds per square foot of work platform as determined by a qualified person or Civil Engineer currently registered with the state of California and experienced in scaffold design.

State-level OSHA is called CAL/OSHA

-enacted in 1973 - main differences to states are: illness prevention program, stringent hazardous communications and permissible exposure limits to chemicals. - authority that enforces CAL/OSHA's standards is called Division of Occupational Safety and health (DOSH)

Form 5020

- any serious injuries,m illnesses or deaths must be reported to CAL/OSHA within 8 hours. After that you must complete form 5020, which is considered the formal reporting for a serious injury, illness or death. In this case, the employers must fill form 5020 within 5 days after the employer obtains knowledge of the serious injury, illness or death. - to assume timely filing of the doctor's first report, the employer, upon request of the physician, must immediately disclose the name and address of the employer's workers' compensation insurance provider. In the case of a self-insured employer, the report must be filed directly with the division of labor statistics and research within five days after the employer obtains knowledge of the injury, illness or death. In addition, the self-insured employer must transmit the doctor's report (Form 5021) to the division of labor statistics and research within 5 days or receipt

Abestos

- any time a contractor is going to be engaging in abestos related work they must notify DOSH 24 hours in advance, regardless of the amount of asbestos-containing material disturbed. The written notification shall be made to the nearest CAL/OSHA district office. Verbal notification is allowed for immediate abatement prior to the start of work, but must be followed by written confirmation with 24 hours - any employer or contractor engaging in asbestos- related work by disturbing more than 100 square feet of asbestos-containing construction material (greater than 0.1 percent asbestos by weight) during the course of work at a single, worksite must be registered annually with the Asbestos Contractors Registration/Occupational carcinogen control unit - any person who contracts to provide consulting activities relating to asbestos-containing construction material greater 100 square feet must be certified. The asbestos consultant and trainer approval unit certifies qualified individuals

Hearing Protection

- CAL/OSHA's noise standard requires the use of hearing PPE when the employee's noise exposure an 8 hour time weighted average sound level of 90DBA (Dose of 100 percent) - noise exposure equals or exceeds an 8 hour TWA of 85 dBA must be included in a hearing conversation program (HCP). 5 basic elements 1. exposure monitoring 2. Audiometric testing. Test result be kept for the duration of the employee's employment 3. Hearing protection 4. Employee training. Annual training must be provided. 5. Recordkeeping (noise exposure records must be kept for 2 years) - common types of hearing protection: single use earplugs, molded (pre-formed) earplugs or earmuffs, single use earplugs are made of waxed cotton, foam, silicon rubber or fiberglass wool. Second type is molded or pre-formed which are fitted by a professional. these types of earplugs can be reuseable or disposable and should be cleaned after each use. - earmuffs must cover ears entirely and any type of glasses break the seal

electrical injuries

- Electrocution: is a severe electrical shock. This is when the victim suffers the most severe symptoms which will cause burns, nerve damage, muscle contractions, cardiac arrest, paralysis, etc. Electrocution causes both internal and external harm and most likely will lead to death - Electrical Shock: is when a body completes a circuit. Shock can occur if a body completes the path with: both wires of an electrical circuit; one wire of an energized circuit and ground. A shock's severity depends on the amount of current, the currents path, the amount of time exposed, and the frequency of the current - Burns: are the most common type of shock-type injury, with three types of intensities and severities 1. electrical burns occur when heat is generated by the flow of electrical current through the body. 2. Arc or flash burns occur when there is an electrical arc or explosions with enough intensity to burn 3. Thermal contact burns are caused by skin coming in contact with overheated electrical equipment, or when clothing ignites from sparks - indirect injuries: are the result of electrical shock that either surprise the victim causing them to fall or the loss of muscle function causing them to fall.

Rules of thumb for scaffolding

- a scaffold must be erected plumb, level and square - railings that are provided by the scaffold manufacturer must be installed on open sides and ends of work platforms 7 1/2 feet or more above grade - each platform end 10 feet or less should not extend more than 12 inches beyond its support - each platform that is 10 feet long should not extend more than 18 inches over its support. - Supported scaffolds more than four times the minimum base width (4:1) must be tied guyed or braced - planking must be at least 2" thick and 10" inches wide - fall protection systems must be installed on any scaffold more than 10 feet above a lower level - while building scaffolds are commonly done from the ground up; dismantling scaffolding should be conducted from the top down

Personal Protective Equipment

- employer must meet or exceed standards that are developed by American National Standards Institute (ANSI) - PPE is the last line of defense after engineering controls, safe work practices and administrative controls - Engineering controls: involve physically changing a machine or work environment to reduce workplace hazards - Work practices: involve training workers so that they can reduce their exposure to workplace hazards - Administrative Controls: involve how and when workers do their jobs, for example, scheduling employees and rotating workers to reduce exposure to hazards. - employer will proved PPE at no cost to employee - employer is also required to document all PPE training. They will provide certificates that names each employee trained along with the date of training and a clear identification of the subject of the certification

Records, Reporting, Forms 300 & 500

- employers in california are required to keep records of work related injuries and illnesses on the form 300. You must record information about every work related death and about every work related injury and illness that involves loss of consciousness, restricted work activity or job transfer, days away from work, or medical treatment beyond first aid - you must also record significant work related injuries and illnesses that are diagnosed by a physician or licensed healthcare professional. You must complete an injury and illness incident report (CAL/OSHA Form 301) or equivalent form for each injury or illness recorded on this form. - if an employer has 11 or more employees then: at the end of the calendar year, copy the totals from the log 300 and transfer the information to the log 300A which must be posted February 1 through April 30 each year. If required to keep one, provide employees, former employees and their representatives access to teh log and summary of occupational injuries and illnesses, CAL/OSHA form 300, at a reasoble time and in a reasonable manner. Also, provide access to employee medical records and exposure records to employees or their authorized representatives

serious or fatal accidents

- employers must report work related or suspected work related fatalities, catastrophes, and serious injuries or illnesses immediately by phone or fax to the nearest CAL/OSHA district office. The information shall be provided to the CAL/OSHA district office within 8 hours and shall consist of the name of the person injured and the employer, nature and location of the accident, time and date of the accident and the person reporting the accident, where the injured was taken for treatment, other agencies that responded to the accident, and a description of the events of the accident

OSHA (Occupational Safety and heath act)

- enacted by congress and signed by president nixon in 1970, the OSHA was established to help employers and employees reduce on the job injuries, illness and deaths. Since then, OSHA reduced 60% of job related deaths and 40% of on the job related injuries. The purpose of OSHA is to: 1. enforce safety regulations 2. assist employers and employees in training of regulations & guidelines 3. partner-up with other voluntary programs that ensure the safety of the workplace - the OSHA act is also known as public law 91-596. OSHA covers most private sector employers and employees but does not cover the self employed and federal agencies that have their own worker safety and health requirements. Religious groups are covered if they employ workers for secular purposes, such as a maintenance or gardening.

Responsibilities for California employers under Occupational safety and heath act of 1973

- establish, implement and maintain an injury and illness prevention program. - inspect workplace to identify and correct unsafe and hazardous conditions - make sure employees have, use and maintain safe tools and equipment - use color codes, posters, labels or signs to warn employees of potential hazards - provide medical examinations and training when required by CAl/OSHA standards - immediately report by telephone or fax to the nearest CAl/OSHA enforcement unit district office any serious injury, illness, or death, of an employee occurring - in a place of employment or in connection with any employment - post, where visible, the CAL/OSHA poster informing employees of their rights and responsibilities - provide the Cal/OSHA enforcement personnel with names of authorized employee representatives who may be asked to accompany enforcement personnel during an inspection. - post-CAL/OSHA citations at or near the work area involved. Each Citation must remain posted until the violation has been corrected, or for three working days, whichever is longer. Post abatement verification documents or tags. - corrected cited violations by the deadline set in the CAL/OSHA citation and submit requried abatement verification documentation.

Falls

- falls are the number leading death in construction industry - if worker can fall from 7 1/2 ft or more then they need protection - fall protection includes: guardrails, safety nets, personal fall arrest systems (PFAS), positioning device systems, barricades, covers or a combination of these systems

Head Protection

- hard hats should be able to resist penetration by objects, absorb the shock of a blow, be water resistant & slow burning, and have clear instructions explaining proper adjustment of the suspension and headhand. three classes of hard hats Class A: hard hats provide impact and penetration resistance along with limited voltage protection (up to 2,200 volts) Class B: Hard hats provide the highest level of protection against electrical hazards, with high-voltage shock and burn protection (up to 20,000 volts). They also provide protection from impact and penetration hazards by flying or falling objects. Class C: Hard hats provide lightweight comfort protection but offer no protection from electrical hazards

Common types of protection: Electrical

- insulation is nonconductive material such as plastic that is wrapped around the conductor. Insulation helps reduce or stop the flow of current. Insulated conductor wires used in equipment grounding are usually either green or green with yellow stripes. - grounding is establishing a direct connection to a known ground. It prevents unwanted build up of voltages that might lead to an accident. Grounded conductors are usually white in color. Cal/OSHA requires two types of grounds: - Service ground consists of one white or grey grounded wire, which is grounded at the generator and at the service entrance of the building. Protects machines, tools and insulation - Equipment ground provides another path from equipment to ground. Also provides additional protection for workers if a malfunction causes the metal parts of a device to become energized

Injury and illness Prevention Program (IIPP)

-improved workplace safety and health, better morale, increased productivity, and reduced costs of doing business - consultation from Cal/OSHA is available to help employers and employees with any safety and health training - these services are free of charge, and will benefit the employer if he/she chooses to receive the help -

Shoring

- is the process of bracing walls in order to prevent collapse or cave-ins with the use of metal-hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring methods - cal/osha mandates that no person can work in a trench over 5 feet without the protection of an approved shoring system - hydraulic shoring sections require at least 2 pump cylinders - if sheeting is attached to the jacks, then the best way to insert the shoring system into a trench is to use a hoe - spread the jacks properly ensuring enough work space for workers - setting up hydraulic shoring system 1. place folded or collapsed shoring system near trench 2. turn jack to make the hydraulic quick coupler face upward 3. Open shore and attach pump hose to the quick coupler 4. Compress the hydraulic cylinders 5. Place shore into trench and brace into sheathing 6. To remove shoring systems, release the fluid from the hydraulics

Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS)

- it consists of an anchorage, connectors, a body belt or body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration device, lifeline or suitable combinations of the above - deceleration devices often include a rope grab and sometimes a self-retracting lifeline or lanyard - snaphook is one of the most common types of connectors - warning line system to alert employees they are approaching unprotected sides or edges - body belts not acceptable as part of a personal fall arrest system PFAS must do 1. limit arresting force to 1800 pounds when using a body harness 2. Not allow a worker to fall more than 6 feet nor touch any lower level 3. Bring worker to a stop and limit maximum deceleration distance a worker travels to 3.5 feet 4. withstand twice the potential impact energy of a worker free falling a distance to 6 feet or the free fall distance permitted by system - safety belts, lifelines and lanyards states that lifelines shall be secured to an anchorage or structural member capable of supporting a minimum dead weight of 5,000 pounds - lifelines subject to cutting or abrasion must a minimum of 1/2 inch wire core manila rope - safety belt lanyards must be minimum of 1/2 inch nylon or equivalent, with a maximum length to provide for a fall of no greater than 6 feet

Prohibit Scaffold

- lean to or jack scaffolds, shore scaffolds, nailed brackets, loose tile, loose brick, loose blocks, stilts, or other similar unstable objects shall not be used as working platforms or for the support of such platforms

Flexible cords

- must be connected to devices and to fittings so as to prevent tension at joints and terminal screws. - flexible cords may be damaged on the job by sharp objects and electrical conductors can be exposed - acceptable uses for flexible cords include, elevator cables, wiring of cranes and hoists, prevention of noise, and appliances where fastening and mechanical connections are designed to permit removal for maintenance or repair - should not be used where frequent inspections are impractical. - they should not be run through walls, ceilings, doorways, windows or hidden areas like conduits or other raceways

Warning lines

- must be erected around all sides of roof work areas - warning lines consist ropes, wires, or chains - when mechanical equipment is used, the warning line must be erected not less than 6 feet from the roof edge parallel to the direction of the mechanical operation, and not less than 10 feet from the roof edge perpendicular to the direction of the mechanical equipment operation. - warning lines must be flagged at no more than 6 ft intervals, must resist 16 pounds applied horizontally, lines must have minimum tensile strength of 500 pounds and should not top when pulled from one side

safety nets

- needed when 25 feet above ground or water or where other systems are impractical - must be tested before working - nets must extend 8 feet beyond the edge of the work surface - nets should never be more than 30 feet below such work surface - bridge construction requires only one level of nets - the mesh of nets needs to be 6 x 6 inches - nets 17,500-foot pounds minimum impact resistance

Permits, Registrations, Certifications

- permit is an official document giving authorization to do something. when operating in California. Requires construction activity permits for 1. construction of trenches or excavations which are 5 feet or deeper and into which a person is required to descend 2. Construction of any building, structure, scaffolding, or falsework more than three stories high or the equivalent height (36 feet) 3. Demolition of any building or structure, or dismantling of scaffolding or falsework more than three stories high or the equivalent height (36 feet) 4. Erection or dismantling of vertical shoring systems more than three stories high or the equivalent height (36 feet) - to obtain permits you need to schedule a safety permit conference appointment. The permit applicant will provide the following: 1. Applicant's completed permit application form 2. Applicant's completed activity notification form or activity notification form for holder of annual permits 3. Copy of the permit applicant's IIP program 4. Copy of the permit applicant's code of safety practices

Eye and face protection

- protection from eye and face hazards may include but are not limited to spectacles, goggles, face shields, special helmets and welding shields.

Excavations, trenching and shoring

- required to call the underground service alert at least 2 days but no earlier than 14 days proper to the start of the excavation process state requirements: - 2 feet: required distance for spoils piles from the edge of excavation/trench - 3 feet: length the ladder must extend above excavation/trench - 4 feet: depth at which a ladder or ramp is required for access and exit - 5 feet: depth at which mandatory shoring, benching, and/or a protection system is required - 6 feet: Depth at which fall protection is required for bridges/walkways across excavation/trenches - 20 feet: shoring designed by a registered engineer is required - 25 feet: maximum travel distance to an exit ladder

Body Protection

- required to wear body protection when exposed to extreme temperatures, hot splashes from molten metals, and other hot liquids, impact tools, machinery, and hazardous chemicals - ex: lab coats, jackets, aprons, vests, coveralls, surgical gowns and full on bodysuits - five different materials covered by osha 1. paper like fabric used for disposable suits protecting against dust and various splashes 2. Treated wool and cotton is suited for changing temperatures, fire resistant, comfortable and protects the wearer against abrasions, dust and irritating surfaces 3. Duck is a closely woven cotton fabric that protects against cuts and bruises 4. Leather is used to protect against dry heat and flames 5. Rubberized fabrics, neoprene and plastics best protect against chemicals and certain acids

Electrical Safety

- seeking out exposed electrical parts, damaged equipment, overloaded circuits, improperly grounded electrical devices, and inadequate wiring are some examples where preventative measures can be taken - EX. de-energizing a circuit before working on it is a sure way to reduce electrical hazards - if circuit breakers or ground fault circuit interrupters are tripping then most likely there is an electrical hazard - other examples include burning odors, extremely hot wiring, damaged insulation or a tester indicating an abnormal amount of current in the system - a continuity test to ensure that the equipment grounding conductor is electrically continuous. it must be performed on all cords, receptacles that are not part of permanent wiring, and plug connected equipment which is grounded - the second test must be performed on receptacles and plugs to ensure that the equipment grounding conductor is connected to its proper terminal. These tests can be done using a continuity tester, a lamp, and a battery, a bell, and a battery, an ohmmeter, or receptacle tester. Tests are to be done after any repairs, at 3 months and 6 months intervals.

Sloping

- sloping soil helps prevent instability in excavations. Use the following diagram to depict the necessary requirements for said slopes - all simple slope excavations 20 feet or less in depth should have a maximum allowable slope of 1 - 1/2:1 - a slope of this gradation or less is safe for any type of soil - if the excavation is made entirely in stable rock, or is less than 5 feet deep, as long as a competent person examined the ground and found no indication of a potential cave-in - Type A soil requires that every 3/4 of a foot of depth the trench must be excavated back 1 foot - Type B soil requires that every 1 foot of depth the trench must be excavated back 1 foot - Type C soil requires that every 1 1/2 foot of depth the trench must be excavated back 1 foot

Trench Shields

- sometimes shoring systems are not sufficient enough because trenches are too deep - in such cases, the user will be required to use a shield. Trench shields are also known as trench boxes 1. shield systems shall not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand 2. Shields shall be installed in a manner to restrict lateral or other hazardous movement of the shield in the event of the application of sudden lateral loads 3. Employees shall be protected from the hazard of cave - ins when entering or exiting the ares protected by shields 4. Employees shall not be allowed in shields when are being installed, removed, or moved vertically 5. The sides of the shield extend a minimum of 18 inches above the vertical walls of compound excavations. On vertically cut trenches, the shield shall extend to at least the catch point of the trench. Excavations of earth material to a level not greater than 2 feet below the bottom of a shield shall be permitted, but only if the shield is designed to resist the forces calculated for the full depth of the trench, and there are no indications while the trench is open of a possible loss of soil from behind or below the bottom of the shield.

Basic types of scaffolds

- support scaffolds are made of one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid supports - Suspension scaffolds are made of one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead structure - Aerial lifts are vehicle-mounted devices such as cherry pickers or boom trucks used to get a worker to an elevated position

Guardrail systems

- top rails and midrails must be at least 1/4 inch nominal diameter cuts or lacerations - if the wire rope is used for top rail it must be flagged at no more than 6 ft intervals with high visibility - top edge height must be at least 42 inches or minus above or minus 3 inches above the walking/working level - midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, or equivalent intermediate structural members are required between the top edge of the guardrail system and the walking/working surface when there is no wall or parapet wall at least 21 inches high - guardrail system withstand a force of 200 pounds applied 2 inches on the top edge in any outward or downward direction - 200 pound test is applied downward the top edge of the guardrail must not deflect to a height less than 39 inches - midrails, screens, mesh, intermediate vertical members, solid panels and equivalent structural members must be capable of withstanding a force of at least 150 pounds applied in any downward or outward direction at any point along the midrail or other members - at hoisting areas, a chain, gate or removable guardrail section must be placed across the access opening between the guardrail sections assuming hoisting operations are not taking place. at holes, guardrail systems must be installed on all unprotected sides or edges. the hole cannot have more than two sides with removable guardrail sections - when not used hole must be covered or there must be a guardrail system - gates must be used at the point of access. gates prevent a worker from accidentally walking into the hole

Tower cranes

- tower crane permits are required for fixed and mobile tower cranes. You must contract the nearest DOSH crane unit to obtain a tower crane permit, for scheduling, filing your application and for inspections - A certification is required for operating cranes with a rated capacity of over 3 tons. The DOSH crane unit must be contracted for a list of crane certifiers and the fee involved vary with each certifier

Fall Protection should be provided for the following conditions

- unprotected sides and edges - leading edges - hoist area - holes - formwork and reinforcing steel - ramps, runaways and other walkways - excavations such as wells, pits, or shafts - dangerous equipment - overhand bricklaying or related masonry work - roofing on low slope roofs - steep roofs - precast concrete erection - wall openings - during residential construction

Scaffolding

-DOSH permit is required anytime a scaffold 3 stories (36 feet) or more - are required when work cannot be done safely standing on permanent or solid construction at least 20 inches wide or on ladders Exception 1: short-duration work less than 20 inches in width and fall distance does not exceed 15 feet in height and provided adequate risk control Exception 2: Work of short duration from joists or similar members at 2 feet or closer centers, planks resting on these members forming a plank platform 12 inches wide or equivalent protection - employers must meet DOSH/OSHA regulations - employers must have a competent person checking the scaffold and a competent person is the only one who can supervise the erection, moving, dismantling, or altering - the competent person must inspect the scaffold before the start of work - cal/osha states that when an employer has reason to believe than an employee lacks the skill or understanding needed for safe work involving the erection, use or dismantling of scaffolds the employer shall re-train each employee, will be sent to the retraining - electrocution is another hazard if scaffolding is used in proximity to an insulated power line of less than 300 volts the scaffold must be no closer than 3 feet. For unsure lines, the scaffold must be no closer than 10 feet

Ladder Safety

-two common types; stepladders and extension ladders - do not use the ladder if sleepy or ill, if you are taking medication or if there is bad weather - do not use ladders under doorways or high traffic areas - if soft or uneven use boards to support legs - all non self-supported and extension ladders should be placed at a 75-degree angle - make sure hands, shoes, and ladder rungs are dry - do not lean back, and never stand on the top two rungs of a stepladder or top three rungs of an extension ladder - ladders must be inspected by a qualified person in case there are any wear and tear - should not use metal ladders where electrical hazards exist - employers must never sit, kneel, step or stand on the pail shelf, top cap or the step below the top cap of a step ladder - when using straight or extension ladders the rule of thumb is to make sure the ladder is about 1 ft from the vertical support for every 4 ft of ladder height between the foot and the tip support - the ladder should also extend at least 36 inches past the top level of the roof or flat surface

Under Section 8, Section 3203

1. Identify a competent person or persons with authority and responsibility for implementing the program 2. Have management that is committed to safety and health. This commitment should be shown through strong organizational policies, procedures, incentives, and disciplinary actions necessary to ensure employee compliance with safe and healthful work practices 3. A system for communicating with employees must be set in place. All employees must understand the policies and regulations pertaining to safety and health, and should be encouraged to report unsafe conditions. The employee must be confident that the problem will be fixed and need not fear reprisal for reporting the problem. As part of the communication system, the employer must adopt a written Code of Safe Practices which should include language that is specific to the work the contractor carries out. Code shall be posted in a place that is visible, and be provided to each supervisory employee, who shall have it available when needed. 4. Have a system for identifying, evaluating and controlling existing or potential workplace hazards. The system shall include the following: - no employee may work or knowingly be authorized to work in an unsafe place, unless the purpose is to make it safe, but even then proper precautions must be taken - before starting a job, the employer must survey the jobsite to determine the hazards that may be involved, and prepare the proper precautions that may be needed - scheduled inspections must be conducted to indentify any unsafe conditions or work practices - occupational illness and injuries must be investigated and a report must be written for each event. Management must meet frequently to discuss any reports that have been filed and inspections which have occurred - the employer may only allow qualified persons to operate heavy machinery and equipment - if safety equipment is needed for a job, the contractor must provide it for the employees. The contractor must adopt the correct usage of the equipment and make sure that employees are using the equipment safely 5. Develop, maintain, and document training programs for both supervisors and employees. The program should provide information about safe work practices and specific instructions regarding hazards that pertain to the specific job assignment. - when employees are first hired they must be given all instructions about the job hazards, safety precautions, and the employer's code of safe practices - employees whom are expected to do a new job must be trained for the work - at least every 10 days, supervisors must conduct "toolbox" or "tailgate" safety meetings with their crews - if an employee is subject to hazards on the job site he/she must be instructed in the recognition of the hazard and protective procedures. He/she must also be knowledgeable about the first aid procedures in the event of an injury. - employees must be instructed when new protective equipment or work practices are to be used on existing hazards 6. Ensure that emergency medical services are available to employees. Employers must have the proper amount of trained staff available to give first aid if needed. There must be a first aid kit available at all times

Hand & Arm Protection

1. leather will protect against sparks, moderate heat, blows, chips and other rough objects 2. aluminized gloves provide reflective and insulative protection against heat or cold. Inserts for aluminized gloves are made of synthetic materials that aid in protecting the wearer from heat and cold. Best for welding jobs. 3. aramid fiber gloves protect against heat and cold and wear well. These types of gloves are also cut and abrasive resistant 4. gloves made of other synthetic material offer protection against heat and cold. They are cut and abrasive resistant. Synthetic gloves are not suited well for alkalis and solvents - fabric and coated fabric gloves protect against dirt, slivers, chafing and abrasions. they do not offer protection for use with rough, sharp or heavy materials - coated fabric gloves are general purpose meaning they offer slip resistance. these of gloves can be used in handling bricks or ropes - Chemical and liquid resistant type of gloves as well 1. Butyl gloves are made of synthetic rubber and protect against acids, peroxides, oxidations and corrosions 2. Natural (latex) rubber gloves are considered the general purpose gloves and protect well against acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones 3. Neoprene gloves are made of synthetic rubber and offer good pliability, finger dexterity, high density and tear resistance 4. Nitrile gloves are made of a type of plastic called copolymer and can provide protection from solvents

fire extinguisher types and safety

Class A: Ordinary combustibles - involve solid combustible materials that are not metals such as wood, paper, textiles, and some plastics. Green or metallic, if in color Class B: Flammable or combustible liquids & gases - involve flammable or combustible liquids and gases such as gasoline, diesel fuel, paint, paint thinner, and propane. Either Metallic or red if in color. Class C: Energized electrical equipment - as long as it's "plugged in" it would be considered a Class C fire. EX: include fires involving fuse boxes, circuit breakers, appliances, and machinery. Metallic or blue if in color. Class D: Combustible metals - involves combustible metals such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, and titanium. Metallic or yellow, if in color Class K: cooking media - fires involve cooking appliances that use cooking media such as vegetable or animal oils and fats. 1. Water (APW) - used on class A fires 2. Carbon Dioxide (CO2) - used on Class B & C fires only 3. Dry chemical (ABC, BC, DC) - ABC means use for Class A, B, C fires - BC means use for class B & C fires - DC means Dry Chem 4. Wet Chemical - Used to extinguish Class A, C & K fires P - Pull the pin, allowing you to unlock the operating lever and fire extinguisher A - Aim the fire extinguisher at the base of the flame S - Squeeze the trigger and hold in an upright position S - Sweep the extinguisher from side to side covering the area of the flame. Repeat if fire reignites.