heme immunology
After teaching a post-radiation therapy client regarding proper skin care to the treatment area, which client statements indicate understanding?
"I will wear loose-fitting clothing over the area." "I will avoid using adhesive bandages." "I will avoid exposing the area to cold temperatures.
what can cause a sickle cell crisis?
"SICKLE" Significant blood loss Illness Climbing or flying to high elevation Keeping continued stress Low fluid intake (dehydration) Elevated tempature (fever, exercise, or COLD)
What are complications of plasmapheresis?
-hypotension -citrate toxicity (caused by hypocalcemia - headache, paresthesias, and dizziness).
What is a normal creatinine level?
0.6-1.2
What is a normal blood urea nitrogen level?
10-20 mg/dL
how many days does a rbc live?
120 days
What is a normal hemoglobin level?
14-18 g/dl (male) 12-16g/dl (female) overall 12-18
When are individuals most affected with HIV?
2-4 weeks after becoming infected
What is the lifespan of RBC's with sickle cell anemia?
20 days
A 25 year-old pregnant female and her partner both have sickle cell trait. What is the percentage that their offspring will develop sickle cell anemia?
25%
What is a normal PTT?
30-40 seconds
how much blood cells make up blood?
45%
how much blood is in the average adult?
5-6 quarts inthe average adult
Females have what % chance of transmitting the hemophilia gene?
50% 50% of sons have it 50% of daughters are carriers
What is a normal PTT level within therapeutic range when taking medication?
50-80
What is Plamapheresis? (TEST)
: a process in which blood is removed, centrifuged, and returned to the patient. In the process, antibodies that trigger the autoimmune disease are removed from the blood by a machine equipped with a special filtration system.
What is phenylketonuria?
A birth defect that causes an amino acid called phenylalanine to build up in the body.
hyperhemolytic crisis
Accelerated rate of RBC destruction
Which population would the nurse include in a community education session on sexually transmitted infections (STIs)?
Adolescents Homosexual men Transgender clients Multiple sex partners Intravenous drug users
What is cromolyn?
An antihistamine that has poor oral absorption therefore given via inhalation.
Which clinical manifestations are associated with a diagnosis of tuberculosis?
Anorexia Hemoptysis Night sweats
Which illnesses are caused by echoviruses?
Aseptic meningitis Gastroenteritis
Which conditions may result from immunoglobulin IgE antibodies on mast cells reacting with antigens?
Asthma hay fever
What blood tests do we use for pernicious anemia?
CBC blood smear-appearance of the blood vit b12 level intrinsic factor assy Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy
what is the standard treatment for Hodgkin's lymphoma?
Chemotherapy 2-4 cycles early stage 4-6 cycles intermediate stage 6-8 cycles with advanced stage with combination of radiation
A client reports disturbed sleep due to allergic pruritus. Which medication would help the client sleep and treat the allergic symptoms?
Chlorpheniramine
antihistamines and prevent the binding of histamine to receptor cells and decrease allergic manifestations.
Chlorpheniramine and diphenhydramine
What are the hematopoietic growth factors?
Colony and erythropoiesis
stabilizes mast cells and prevents the opening of mast cell membranes in response to allergens binding to immunoglobulin E
Cromolyn sodium
What do we use for patients with acute bleeding episodes or before surgery who have von willebrand disease?
DDAVP desmopressin acetate
What is von Willebrand disease?
Deficiency or defective von Willebrand's factor (vWF). most common autosomal dominate trait on chromosome 12 affects males and females
What is the most common tests to test for sickle cell anemia?
Dithionite (sickledex) assess for abnormal hemoglobin S. hemoglobin electrophoresis-to confirm they have it and not just have the trait
What is the HIV diagnostic test?
ELISA(detects the HIV antibodies) CD4 count and viral load WBC liver studies genotype and phenotype testing(to determine which meds to be used)
What is Raynaud's phenomenon?
Episodic vasospastic disorder of small cutaneous arteries, most frequently involving the fingers and toes. caused by autoimmune disorders such as RA, scleroderma. remind person to dress warm
Which bacteria colonies are commonly found in a client's large intestine?
Escherichia coli
Identify the clinical manifestations associated with inhalation anthrax?
Fever Fatigue Dry cough
What is the GINA?
Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act
What causes nasopharyngitis, meningitis, and pneumonia.
Haemophilus influenzae
what is intrinsic factor?
Helps release vit b12 into the gastric secretion to be absorbed.
Which symptom indicates a client with inhalation anthrax is in the fulminant stage?
Hematemesis
What is hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder Hereditary, sex-linked disorder type A and B
What medications are used to treat sickle cell anemia?
Hydroxyurea-creates fetal hemoglobin and will decrease slickling s/e: lowers WBC count
A patient with systemic lupus erythematosus is receiving plasmapheresis to treat an acute attack. What symptoms will the nurse monitor to determine if the patient develops complications related to the procedure?
Hypotension, paresthesias, and dizziness
Which mechanism of action applies to penicillin?
Inhibits cell wall synthesis of the pathogen
vaso-occlusive crisis
Ischemia and pain caused by sickle-shaped red blood cells that obstruct blood flow to a portion of the body. RBC's are sticking in vessles
The liver is protected by?
Kupffer cells
What results from a type II hypersensitivity reaction due to an interaction between immunoglobulin IgG and the host cell membrane.
Myasthenia gravis
Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Which roles would norepinephrine's mechanism of action perform in managing anaphylaxis?
Norepinephrine functions as a peripheral vasoconstrictor
What genetic screenings are required by law for newborns?
Phenylketonuria Congenital hypothyroidism
what is a assessment finding of hemostasis?
Purpura
What is the nursing intervention for pernicious anemia?
Replace vit b12-injections IM weekly for the first month and then monthly for life blood transfusion eat foods with high iron, vit c and folic acid good oral hygiene due to changes in the tongue. *teach safety for "unsteady"
what is a type III hypersensitivity reaction resulting in inflammation from the formation of immune complexes between antigens and antibodies.
Rheumatoid arthritis
what is petechiae?
Small dot like pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin.
Which bacteria may cause toxic shock syndrome in female clients?
Staphylococcus aureues
What secretes toxins that damage cells and causes skin infections, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, acute osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome.
Staphylococcus aureus
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs when the client's sensitized T cytotoxic cells are involved as the mediators of injury?
TYPE IV
What are the two ways gene mutations can occur?
They can be inherited from a parent (germline mutation) or acquired (somatic mutation) during a person's lifetime.
What is Addison's disease?
Under secretion of the adrenal cortex. attacks adrenal cortex autoimmune disorder
Which organs can be affected by Candida albicans?
Vagina mouth intestines
What happens in a sickle cell crisis?
Vaso-occlusive Hyperhemdytic Aplastic Spleen
What is graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD)?
When Donor lymphocytes attack the Recipient of the transplant. Problem in Bone marrow transplant: Donor T cells in transplant attack recipient tissues
The lungs are protected by?
alveolar macrophages
When caring for a patient with a known latex allergy, the nurse would monitor the patient closely for a cross-sensitivity to which foods?
bananas, avocados, chestnuts, kiwi fruit, tomatoes, water chestnuts, guava, hazelnuts, potatoes, peaches, grapes, and apricots.
What is hematopoiesis?
blood cell formation
Increased homocysteine and MMA along with decreased cobalamin (vitamin B12) indicate?
cobalamin deficiency which is a nutrient needed for RBC production
What type of precautions would a patient be under after having a appendectomy with the diagnosis with HIV?
contact precautions
What is secondary immunodeficiency mostly caused by?
corticosteroids also diabetes mellitus, severe infection, malnutrition, and chronic stress
What is the etiology of laukemia?
damage to the genes
what are causes of anemia
decreased RBC production blood loss increased RBC destruction
What are the three functions of immunity?
defense, homeostasis, surveillance
What is hemophilia B?
deficiency in clotting factor IX. 10-15 % of all cases
What is a example red bone marrow stimulated by?
erythropoietin
What are early chronic HIV infection clinical manifestations?
fatigue, headache, low-grade fever, night sweats, and persistent generalized lymphadenopathy
Who are carriers of hemophilia?
females
what will a child present with who has sickle cell anemia?
fever swelling in hands and feet dactylitis hands and foot syndrome
What are symptoms of a transfusion reaction?
fever, chills, nausea, hypotension, lumbar pain, chest pain, abnormal bleeding
What are the manifestations of leukemia?
fever, lethargy tachy gingival bleeding confusion muscle wasting, bone pain and joint pain
What are the primary functions of the spleen?
filter blood
What supplement should you give to a patient in sickle cell crisis?
folic acid
When evaluating nutritional metabolic pattern related to hematologic health what assessment should the nurse perform first?
inspect the skin for petechiae
What is hemoglobin?
iron and protein
what is the most common nutritional disorder in the world?
iron deficiency anemia
What is hemochromatosis?
iron overload
What is the priority action of a nurse when administering immunotherapy?
it is imperative to closely monitor the patient for any signs of an adverse reaction.
Mesangial cells are present in the?
kidneys
what is anemia?
low RBC count
What does decreased reticulocytes mean?
low bone marrow activity in RBC production
What is hemoglobin S sensitive too?
low o2
What do we do to diagnosis Hodgkin's lymphoma?
lymph node biopsy ct blood work
What do erythrocytes help do?
maintain acid-base balance
Who are affects by hemophilia?
males
What is a wilms tumor?
most common primary kidney tumor in children occurs 2-5 years tx: nephrectomy radiation chemotherapy
Parotitis is caused by?
mumps
mediators of injury in the immune-complex type of hypersensitivity reaction (Type III).
neutrophils
What are long term side effects of taking antiretroviral therapy for HIV?
osteoporosis. insulin resistance. cardiovascular disease.
What is leukemia?
overproduction of immature WBC's
What is the treatment for hemochromatosis?
remove excess iron from body and minimize any symptoms iron chelating agents management of organ involvement dietary modifications
What is the highest priority decision a nurse should make when a person is getting tested for multiple allergies and develops localized redness and swelling in a skin test?
remove the patch and extract from the skin
What is hemolysis?
removes abnormal, defective, damaged and old RBC's from circulation
what is a immature RBC?
reticulocyte
What type of precautions for a bone marrow aspiration?
reverse precautions
What is reverse precautions?
routinely upon entry to the client room, for the purpose of preventing client exposure to external microbes.
What is bone marrow?
soft material that fills central core of bones
What is hemostasis?
stoppage of bleeding
What is apheresis?
used to collect stem cells from peripheral blood that does not cure autoimmune disease.
How to prevent a sickle cell crisis?
vaccines no high altitudes prevent infection hydration decrease stress no smoking don't overdo exercise
Why use more than 1 medications when taking antiretroviral medications when having HIV?
viral replication will be inhibited
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells
What are manifestations of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
enlarged lymph nodes weight loss fatigue fever/drenching night sweats generalized pruritus(itching)
What labs are used to see if a person has allergies?
eosinophils
What is another name for RBC's
erythrocytes -o2 transportation
What controls erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin
Clinical manifestations of an acute infection with HIV?
flu-like symptoms between 2 to 4 weeks after exposure
Neisseria gonorrhoeae causes?
gonorrhea and pelvic inflammatory disease.
What type of hemoglobin do normal people have?
hemoglobin A
what causes increased bilirubin?
hemolysis of RBC's
What are advance manifestations of Hodgkin's lymphoma?
hepatomegaly splenomegaly anemia
What are the major interventions during a sickle cell crisis?
hydration oxygen pain control-this is painful bed rest and monitor respiratory status blood transfusions
What is a overraction?
hypersensitvity
What is a incompetency?
immune deficiency
What are antibodies?
immune globulins produced by lymphocytes in response to antigens.
What are the three different types of thrombocytopenia?
immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) life threatening-develops after 10 days of heparin therapy
Where is red bone marrow found?
in adults: the flat and irregular bones such as ends of long bones, vertebrae, sacrum, sternum, ribs, flat cranial bones and scapulae
Why does iron deficiency occur?
inadequate dietary intake malabsorption blood loss hemolysis
How do you know if a person with HIV is having an affective antiretroviral therapy?
increased CD4+ T -cell count and viral load is decreased
what are the signs and symptoms of anemia?
increased HR and stroke volume fatigue SOB gets worse with how severe it is any hemoglobin below around 8 we think of blood transfusions
Elevated ESR is related to?
increased inflammatory process, not anemia.
What can a splenectomy result in?
increased platelet levels and impaired immunologic function because of the loss of storage and immunologic functions of the spleen
What is diuresis?
increased production of urine
What is a negative crossmatch?
indicates that no preformed antibodies are present, and it is safe to proceed with transplantation.
What is a positive crossmatch?
indicates that the recipient has cytotoxic antibodies to the donor and is an absolute contraindication to transplantation.
What do the RBC's look like when a patient has low b12?
they will look very large and oval shapped they don't divide properly
What is the most frequent symptom during acute infection of aids?
thrush
What is Congenital hypothyroidism?
thyroid hormone deficiency at birth that is a result of absent thyroid tissue
What is hematology used for?
to evaluates the patient's ability to transport oxygen and co2 maintaining intravascular volume coagulate blood combat infections
Why does the body need vitamin b12?
to make healthy red blood cells
What is the purpose of the HIV treatment?
to prolong life and suppress infection usually used in combinations
What is Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
uncontrolled multiplication and metastasis of undifferentiated lymphocytes
When do use contact precautions?
with excessive wound drainage, fecal incontinence or other discharges
To reduce the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission, which basic strategies would the nurse teach a health class? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. 1. Using condoms 2. Using separate toilets 3. Practicing sexual abstinence 4. Preventing direct casual contacts 5. Sterilizing the household utensils
1 and 3
What is a normal hematocrit level?
36-54 %
Aplastic crisis?
A condition in which the body stops producing red blood cells; typically caused by infection. bone marrow cannot keep up because the cells are not living long
Which conditions trigger humoral immunity?
Atopic diseases Bacterial infection Anaphylactic shock
What is pernicious anemia?
Autoimmune destruction of parietal cells in the stomach, leading to loss of intrinsic factor and thus inability to take up vitamin B12 vit b12 deficiency
What is thrombocytopenia?
Autoimmune disease low platelet count under 150,000
What is Goodpasture's syndrome?
Autoimmune disease that attacks the basement membranes of the lungs, alevoli, and glomerulus - it is caused by viral infections and surgery of the lung or kidneys.
. Which type of hemoglobin is present in a patient who has sickle cell TRAIT? A. Hemoglobin AA B. Hemoglobin AS C. Hemoglobin SS D. Hemoglobin AC
B
Which immunomodulatory agent is beneficial for the treatment of clients with multiple sclerosis?
Beta interferon
What is purpura?
Bleed into skin caused by skin hemorrhages
What are the manifestations of hemophilia?
Bleeding into soft tissue and joints* Prolonged bleeding with invasive procedures Joint pain, tenderness Bruising, nosebleeds, hematuria
Which organ is protected by microglial cells?
Brain
Which type of hemoglobin is present in a patient who has sickle cell anemia? A. Hemoglobin AA B. Hemoglobin AS C. Hemoglobin SS C. Hemoglobin AC
C
A patient is being tested for sickle cell disease. As the nurse, you know the ________ will assess for abnormal hemoglobin on the red blood cell, but will not differentiate between sickle cell disease and sickle cell trait. Therefore, the patient will need to have what other test to determine this?
dithionite test; hemoglobin electrophoresis
mediators of injury in the delayed type of hypersensitivity reaction type IV
Cytokines
What are the interventions for hemophillia?
IV administration of factor VII or IX clotting factors from human serum prevent and control bleeding
Which type of hypersensitivity reaction would the nurse teach a client with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?
Immune complex
What kind of disorder is type 1 DM and how would a child get it?
It is a multifactorial genetic disorder caused by one or more genes and environmental factors.
The parents of a child diagnosed with cystic fibrosis ask the nurse what happened to cause this disease. What is the best response by the nurse?
It is autosomal recessive, so both copies of the gene are abnormal.
Identify the mediators of injury in IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reactions?
Mast cells Histamines Leukotrienes
Which organism is a common opportunistic infection in a client infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?
Oropharyngeal candidiasis
WHat is the acronym for pernicious anemia?
PERNICIOUS Pale Energy gone * Red smooth, tongue * Numbness/tingling hands and feet * Intestinal issues Confusion Increased sadness(depression) lOss of appetite (weight loss) Unsteady gait Shortness of breath w/ activity
1. Which statement about how sickle cell anemia is passed to offspring is CORRECT? A. This disease is an x-linked recessive disease. B. Sickle cell anemia is an autosomal dominant disease. C. This condition is an autosomal recessive disease. D. Sickle cell anemia is rarely passed to offspring and is an autosomal x-linked dominant disease.
c
What is sickle cell crisis?
Severe sickling leads to this. pain that can begin suddenly and last several hours to several days. It happens when sickled red blood cells block small blood vessels that carry blood to your bones
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
cancer of the lymph nodes can metastasize to other lymph nodes causes is unknown more curable
What are intermediate chronic HIV infection manifestations?
candida infections, shingles, oral or genital herpes, bacterial infections, Kaposi sarcoma, or oral hairy leukoplakia
What are the clinical manifestations for von willebrand disease?
easy bruising epistaxis normal platelet count* decreased von willebrand factor prolong gPTT
What happens when there is an abnormal ALK in a patient with late-stage non small cell lung cencers?
causes the cancer to develop and grow. The drug Crizotinib (Xalkori) will work by blocking certain proteins called kinases, including the protein produced by the abnormal ALK gene.
what type of immunity decreases with decreased thymic output of T cells and decreased activation of both T and B cells?
cell mediated immunity
Tuberculosis and contact dermatitis result in what type of immunity?
cell-mediated immunity
Which sexually transmitted infection is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis?
cervicitis
What is acquired immunity?
developed active and passive
What are the nursing interventions for thrombocytopenia?
discourage use of OTC products that contain ASA prevent/control hemorrhage avoid subcutaneous and IM injections monitor platelet count, coag, hemoglobin and HCT
What does a systemic anaphylactic reaction start with?
edema and itching at the site of the exposure of the antigen.
Which medication treats hay fever by preventing leukotriene synthesis?
Zileuton
What is hemophilia A?
a deficiency in clotting factor VIII. 80-85 % of all cases
What is plasmapheresis?
a method of removing blood plasma from the body by withdrawing blood, separating it into plasma and cells, and transfusing the cells back into the bloodstream. It is performed especially to remove antibodies in treating autoimmune conditions
What are autosomal recessive disorders caused by?
a mutation in 2 gene pairs (homozygous) on a chromosome.
What are X-linked recessive disorder caused by?
a mutation on the X chromosome.
what is a finding of a exacerbation of HIV disease?
a sharp decrease in the patients CD4+ count.
what is sickle cell anemia?
abnormal hemoglobin on the red blood cell hemoglobin S
what is a major complication of sickle cell crisis?
acute chest syndrome-will present with fever, chest pain, cough, decreased o2, new infiltrate gallstones stoke eye problems leg ulcers-found in older children
What are the categories of leukemia?
acute or chronic lymphocytic or myelogenous
What is Acute hypersensitivity reaction?
an anaphylactic-type allergic reaction to an antigen.
GVHD occurs when?
an immunoincompetent patient is transfused or transplanted with immunocompetent cells. Examples include blood transfusions or the transplantation of bone marrow, fetal thymus, or fetal liver
What causes sickle cell anemia?
an inherited condition where the hemoglobin molecules fold incorrectly
Which type of immunity will clients acquire through immunizations with live or killed vaccines?
artificial active immunity
What is systemic lupus erythematosus?
attacks connective tissue
What is rheumatoid arthritis?
attacks joints
What is idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura?
attacks platelets
what is myasthenia gravis?
attacks portion of nerve cells
What is multiple sclerosis?
attacks the myelin around the nerve cells
What is Hashimoto's thyroiditis?
autoimmune destruction of thyroid gland
With aging, autoantibodies increase, which lead to?
autoimmune diseases ex: systemic lupus erythematosus, acute glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypothyroidism
What kind of genetic disorder is sickle cell anemia?
autosomal recessive homozygous disease they have hemoglobin SS of their RBCs
why is it common for the elderly to have pernicious anemia?
because they have lower gastric secretion, which means they will produce less intrinsic factor
What is the function of thrombocytes (platelets)?
blood clotting
What do we do to check for anemia?
blood smear CBC test reticular site count
What systems are apart of hematology?
bone marrow blood spleen lymph system
what is the primary thing to remember with systemic lupus?
butterfly rash raynauds phenomenon
What are the signs and symptoms of pernicious anemia?
nervous system changes (irreversible changes to nerve cells) Paraesthesia clumsiness depression muscle weakness Heart issues-work has to work harder to pump blood HF GI system-red beefy, smooth looking tongue upset stomach-increase stomach cancer
What are the nursing interventions for leukemia?
neutropenic precautions private room no fresh flowers or plants handwashing/masks monitor CBC and vital signs
Does your body produce vitamin b12?
no
What are acquired (somatic) mutations?
occur in the DNA of a cell at some time during a person's life. An acquired mutation is passed on to all cells that develop from that single cell.
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
occurs in the bone marrow
What are late chronic HIV infections manifestations?
opportunistic diseases (infections and cancer).
What are the education for hemophillia?
oral hygiene with trauma prevention avoid high impact activities or sports wear gloves to protect hands from cuts wear medic bracelet
Would we most likely give a oral medications or injection?
oral medication because of the less chance of infection
What is oxyhemoglobin?
oxygen bound to iron
What are the function of RBC's?
oxygen transportation
What is a patient often present with leukemia?
pancytopenia (decrease in all three blood cells)
What cells produce the intrinsic factor?
parietal cells in the stomach
What are germline mutations?
passed from parent to child
What are the two major components to blood?
plasma -55 % RBC's
What is serum?
plasma without clotting factors
What genetic testing can be used to predict getting ovarian cancer?
predictive testing
what is innate immunity?
present at birth first line of defense
What does the red bone marrow do?
produces blood cells increases demand/production by a negative feedback system W
What does the bone marrow do?
produces red blood cells, WBC's and platelets
What is erythropoiesis?
production of red blood cells
thrombocytes(platelets)
promote coagulation
What do WBC's do?
protection from infection
What is the function of leukocytes? (WBC's)
protection from infection
What is Primary immunodeficiency?
rare and includes phagocytic defects, B-cell deficiency, T-cell deficiency, or a combination of B-cell and T-cell deficiency
What are hypochromic cells?
red blood cells that have less hemoglobin than normal pale color
who is common with having pernicious anemia?
runs in the family elderly people with endocrine disorders(addison's disease and diabetes tye 1) thyroid problems people who have GI diseases or stomach problems (because it destroys the parietal cells)
Type IV hypersensitivity reactions are a result of reactions between sensitized T cells and antigens.
sarcoidosis
What information is the most useful when adopting a baby?
see if the family has The family has familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP).
What are the characteristics of the RBC's in sickle cell anemia?
sickle cell-shaped stiff sticky
What are the target organs for graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD)?
skin, liver, and GI tract
What do you use when you insert a catheters or injection into spinal or epidural spaces via lumbar puncture procedures?
standard precautions plus mask
What cure is there for sickle cell anemia?
stem cell transplant patients need to be matched with donor
How many and what is the name of the cells that are developed from non differentiated immature blood cells in the bone marrow?
stem cells three types
What is colony hematopoietic growth?
stimulating factors, stimulating maturation, regulation and activation of cells of the hematologic systems
What should you do if a person is having a transfusion reaction?
stop the infusing FIRST THEN call the provider blood will then be saved for testing
What is hematology?
study of blood and blood forming tissues
what are antigens?
substances that the body recognizes as foreign that makes an immune response.
Spleen not working crisis?
swells with fluid congestion trying to keep up with all RBC's breaking down huge risk for infection
Burkitt lymphoma and mononucleosis are caused by?
the Epstein-Barr virus
Genital herpes is caused by?
the herpes simplex virus.
Histoincompatibility occurs when?
the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system of the donor is not compatible with the recipient's HLA genes.
Genital warts are caused by?
the human papillomavirus
What absorbs the intrinsic factor?
the ileum
what is the primary organ of the immune system?
the thymus
What should we know about immunosuppressants?
work at different phases of the immune response, lower doses of each drug can be used to produce effective immunosuppression while minimizing side effects. The use of several medications is not because they enhance each other and does not increase the risk of allergies or of malignancies.
What is autosomal dominant disorders caused by?
y a mutation of a single gene pair (heterozygous) on a chromosome.
What are the two types of bone marrow?
yellow: adipose red: hematopoietic
